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13 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define validity and reliability |
Validity is the extent to which the given diagnosis is accurate. This is hard to define in psychology as identical symptoms can be found in different diseases. Reliability is high when different psychiatrists agree on a patient ́s diagnosis when using the same diagnostic system. This is also known as inter-rater reliability. |
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What are the ethical problems of the study done by Rosen on the issues of diagnosis? |
There is a high risk of putting the participants through serious psychological harm. The participants might experience harmful things in the hospital, which can cause traumas. -Discomfort of participants -The participants use resources that otherwise could have been spent on Dzrealdz patients. -Deception of the staff (the participants) |
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Define normality according to Jahoda |
The absence of mental illness Realistic self-perception A strong sense of identity and positive self-esteem Autonomy and independence Capacity to love Ability to cope with stressful situations Capacity for personal growth and self-actualization |
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According to Szasz, why is it problematic to define normality and abnormality? |
Because he claims that normality and abnormality are culturally defined concepts, which are not based on objective criteria |
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Describe the Rosenhan key study |
Rosenhan Aim: To test reliability and validity of diagnosis in a natural setting and furthermore to see if psychiatrists were able to distinguish between normality and abnormality Procedure: 8 sane volunteers were admitted to 12 different psychiatric hospitals in the US Findings: All volunteers were diagnosed with with schizophrenia except one who was diagnosed with maniac depression. Although the pseudo-patients acted normal, they were not released until 7 - 52 days. They were all labelled with "schizophrenia in remission". |
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Describe the study done by Cooper et al. |
Cooper et al. Aim: to investigate reliabilty of diagnosis of depression and schizophrenia. Procedure: The researchers asked psychiatrists from the UK and the US en exposed them to identical videos showing clinical interviews. Findings: The british psychiatrist was twice as more likely to diagnose depression, whereas the American was twice as more likely to diagnose schizophrenia. This points towards issues in reliability and that there are different cultural interpretations of the same behaviour. |
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In which country is neurasthenia more common that depression even though they have the same symptoms? |
China |
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What are some of the symptoms of Major Depression (MDD)? |
Physiological:Fatigue, loss of energy, significant weight loss or gain, headaches Cognitive: feelings of worthlessness, lack of concentration, negative attitudes towars self Emotional: Distress and sadness, loss of interest in the world Behavioural: Disturbed sleep patterns, suicidal thoughts, avoidance of social company |
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What are the biological factors of MDD? |
The serotonin hypothesis According to this theory, depression is caused by low levels of serotonin which is a neurotransmitter that controls mood. Therefore, anti-depressants (normally SSRIs) are given to the patient which prevent the re-uptake of serotonin in the synaptic gap. In this way, more serotonin becomes available. |
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According to Beck, what causes MDD? |
Albert Beck (1976): Cognitive theory of depression- A cognitive triad: a thinking style that gives the person a negative self-schema (a very pessimistic view on oneself and life in general) which makes it very difficult to see anything positive in life |
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What is "Learned helpnessless" theory? |
Seligman (1975) “Learned helplessness theory”- Found that dogs, forced to stay in a box where they were shocked, soon gave up and stopped trying to escape-Moreover, 56% of the dogs did not try to escape the next day when the box was modified so they could easily escape. They just laid down and whined. They had learned helplessness.-Human depression with its passivity and withdrawal might be due to “learned helplessness”. |
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What are the strenghts and limitations of biomedical approach to MDD? |
Strengths -Immediate effect -Cheap, thus accessible to many people Limitations -Many side-effects -Not efficient on long-term scale |
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Name a study identifying the efficiency of CBT, group approach and biomedical approach to MDD? |
Elkin et al, 1989: 28 clinicians, 280 clients all diagnosed with MDD. All clients were then assigned to a treatment (biomedical, CBT, interpersonal therapy or the control group which was a mix of placebo pills and weekly sessions). All therapy methods had the same efficiency = 50% recovery in all three, only 29% in control group Conclusion: all treatments are equally good and thus, drugs should not be overused |
