Iahi: 01 - Immunology Overview

Front 1

What is immunity?

Back 1

State of being immune to or protected from a disease, especially an infectious disease

Front 2

What are the two types of immunity?

Back 2

- Acquired / Adaptive Immunity
- Natural / Innate Immunity

Front 3

What is Acquired / Adaptive Immunity?

Back 3

- Immunity resulting from the adaptive development of active immunity
- Initiated by the innate response
- Mediated by antibodies and T cells
- Takes several days to weeks to become effective, but is very long-lived (memory) and highly specific for infection

Front 4

What is Natural / Innate Immunity?

Back 4

- Inherent protection that is permanent (more or less) from birth
- Immediate response when host is challenged
- Highly effective response that is mediated by a large number of cells and molecules normally present in host
- Not specific to one type of organism

Front 5

What is an immune response?

Back 5

Reaction of the body to substances that are foreign or are interpreted as foreign

Front 6

What are the differences in locations of an invading antigen or microbe?

Back 6

- Intracellular - within a cells cytoplasm or vacuole
- Extracellular - outside cells, either soluble or associated w/ external surface of cells

Front 7

How do primary and secondary immune responses differ?

Back 7

- Primary - response to initial exposure of substance
- Secondary - more rapid and stronger response to subsequent exposure to substance

Front 8

What are the protective mechanisms the immune system uses?

Back 8

- Killing
- Neutralization
- Phagocytosis
- Inflammation

Front 9

What is immunogenicity?

Back 9

Ability of a particular substance, such as an antigen or epitope, to provoke an immune response

Front 10

What are the factors that influence immunogenicity?

Back 10

- Immunogens - antigens that induce an immune response
- Antigens - molecule that binds to (is recognized) by antibody or T cells

Front 11

How does the size of proteins affect their immunogenicity?

Back 11

Larger proteins have increased immunogenicity (greater immune response) than small (MW <2500) proteins

Front 12

How does the dose of proteins affect their immunogenicity?

Back 12

- Intermediate doses have increased immunogenicity
- High or low doses have decreased immunogenicity

Front 13

How does the route of protein entry affect their immunogenicity?

Back 13

Increased immunogenicty --> Decreased immunogenicity:
Subcutaneous > Intraperitoneal > Intravenous / Intragastric

Front 14

How does the composition of proteins affect their immunogenicity?

Back 14

- Complex proteins = increased immunogenicity
- Simple proteins = decreased immunogenicity

Front 15

How does the form of proteins affect their immunogenicity?

Back 15

- Particulate / Denatured = increased immunogenicity
- Soluble / Native = decreased immunogenicity

Front 16

How does the similarity of proteins to self-proteins affect their immunogenicity?

Back 16

- More differences = increased immunogenicity
- Few differences = decreased immunogenicity

Front 17

What is an adjuvant?

Back 17

Immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents

Front 18

How does the speed of release of adjuvants affect the immunogenicity of proteins?

Back 18

- Slow release = increased immunogenicity
- Rapid release = decreased immunogenicity

Front 19

How does the content of adjuvants affect the immunogenicity of proteins?

Back 19

- Bacteria adjuvant = increased immunogenicity
- No bacteria immunogenicity = decreased immunogenicity

Front 20

How does the efficacy of the interaction w/ host MHC affect the immunogenicity of proteins?

Back 20

- Effective interaction w/ host MHC = increased immunogenicity
- Ineffective interaction w/ host MHC = decreased immunogenicity

Front 21

What type of receptors does Innate immunity use?

Back 21

Pattern-Recognition Receptors (PRR)
e.g. Toll-like receptors

Front 22

What type of receptors does Adaptive immunity use?

Back 22

Antigen Receptors
e.g. T-Cell Receptor (TCR) and B-Cell Receptor (BCR)

Front 23

What memory system is utilized by the Innate Immunity?

Back 23

None

Front 24

What memory system is utilized by the Adaptive Immunity?

Back 24

Clones of lymphocytes remain in the body and will recognize and respond to antigen more rapidly than the first, initiating exposure event

Front 25

What are PAMPs?

Back 25

Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns - molecules associated w/ groups of pathogens that are recognized by cells of the innate immune system on their Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)

Front 26

What binds to PAMPs (Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns)?

Back 26

PRR (Pattern-Recognition Receptors) of the innate immunity

Front 27

MHC molecules of the cells of the innate immunity present peptides to what cells?

Back 27

T Lymphocytes (bind to T-Cell Receptor, TCR)

Front 28

Very basically, what happens after exposure to an unknown antigen (X)?

Back 28

- Start w/ Naive B cells
- Small primary anti-X response by Activated B cells
- Form Memory B cells

Front 29

Very basically, what happens in a second exposure to an antigen (X)?

Back 29

- Memory B cells produced after primary anti-X response proliferate
- Increased and more rapid secondary anti-X response

Front 30

More specifically, what happens following an exposure to an unknown antigen-presenting cell?

Back 30

- Naive B and T lymphocytes recognize antigen
- Clonal expansion of B and T lymphocytes
- Differentiation of B cells to become antibody-producing cells
- Differentiation of T cells to become Effector T lymphocytes
- Effector phase: elimination of antigens
- Return to homeostasis: apoptosis of B and T cells
- Surviving memory cells

Front 31

How are the innate and adaptive immune responses coordinated?

Back 31

Innate generates key molecules that function as the 2nd signal required by T and B cells to respond to antigen

Front 32

What is the first signal that naive lymphocytes respond to?

Back 32

TCR or BCR recognize antigen

Front 33

Where are the naive lymphocytes located?

Back 33

Peripheral lymphoid tissues

Front 34

What happens when lymphocytes are activated by 1st (antigen binding to TCR/BCR) and 2nd (innate cells presenting peptides) signals?

Back 34

Lymphocytes become activated, undergo clonal proliferation, and initiate their effector functions

Front 35

What dictates the type and strength of the T cell or B cell response? What produces this?

Back 35

Cytokines (produced by cells of innate immune system)

Front 36

What are the two components of the Adaptive Immune System? What is their main difference?

Back 36

- Cell-Mediated Immunity - combats intracellular pathogens w/ T lymphocytes
- Humoral Immunity - combats extracellular pathogens and toxins w/ B lymphocytes and secreted antibodies

Front 37

Cell-Mediated immunity requires T cells interact with what other cell types?

Back 37

- Phagocytes
- Infected host cells
- B lymphocytes

Front 38

What do T cells (Cell-Mediated Immunity) utilize effector cells of Innate Immunity for?

Back 38

Utilize effector cells of Innate Immunity to complete pathogen clearance and repair damage from the immune response

Front 39

What does the Humoral Immunity recognize and become activated by?

Back 39

Proteins, polysaccharides, lipids, and small chemicals

Front 40

What is the function of antibodies?

Back 40

- Block the ability of microbes or their secreted toxins to bind to and infect or damage host cells
- Also play a role in limiting infection w/ intracellular pathogens by preventing their infection of host cells

Front 41

What are the types of immune organs?

Back 41

- Primary - generative immune organs
- Secondary - peripheral immune organs

Front 42

What are the primary immune organs?

Back 42

- Bone Marrow
- Thymus

Front 43

What are the secondary immune organs?

Back 43

- Spleen
- Lymph Nodes
- Tissue-Associated Lymphatic tissues

Front 44

What kind of immune organ is the bone marrow? What happens here?

Back 44

- Primary Immune organ
- Site of all myeloid and lymphoid cell type development and B cell maturation

Front 45

What kind of immune organ is the thymus? What happens here?

Back 45

- Primary Immune Organ
- Site of T lymphocyte maturation

Front 46

What are the types of immune cells?

Back 46

- Myeloid
- Lymphoid

Front 47

What kind of immune cells are "myeloid"?

Back 47

- Monocyte / Macrophages
- Granulocytes: PMN, eosinophil, basophil, mast cells
- Dendritic cells

Front 48

What kind of immune cells are "lymphoid"?

Back 48

- B lymphocytes
- T lymphocytes
- Natural Killer Cells

Front 49

Where do B lymphocytes develop? What is their function?

Back 49

- Bone Marrow
- Mediate humoral immune response of adaptive immunity

Front 50

Where do T lymphocytes develop? What is their function?

Back 50

- Thymus
- Mediate cell-mediated immune response of adaptive immunity

Front 51

What is the purpose of Natural Killer Cells?

Back 51

Mediate anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity

Front 52

What type of cells are exclusive to the adaptive immune system?

Back 52

Lymphocytes

Front 53

What type of cells are exclusive to the innate immune system?

Back 53

Neutrophils
Granulocytes

Front 54

What type of cells are utilized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Back 54

- Dendritic Cells
- Macrophages
- Natural Killer Cells

Front 55

What type of soluble proteins are exclusive to the adaptive immune system?

Back 55

Antibodies

Front 56

What type of soluble proteins are exclusive to the innate immune system?

Back 56

- Alternative Complement proteins
- Antimicrobial peptides

Front 57

What type of soluble proteins are utilized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Back 57

- Classical complement proteins
- Cytokines

Front 58

What type of surface proteins are exclusive to the adaptive immune system?

Back 58

- TCR
- CD3, CD4, CD8...
- BCR
- CD19, CD20
- CD21/CR2

Front 59

What type of surface proteins are exclusive to the innate immune system?

Back 59

- C3b, C5b
- PAMP
- B7

Front 60

What type of surface proteins are utilized by both the innate and adaptive immune systems?

Back 60

- Natural Killer cell receptors
- MHC