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196 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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ecology |
is the science of relationships between living organisms and their environment. |
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oikos |
greek word for ecology. also means household |
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human ecology |
is about relationships between people and their environment. In ____ the environment is perceived as an ecosystem. |
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ecosystem |
is a geographic area where plants, animals, and other organisms, as well as weather and landscape, work together to form a bubble of life. |
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ecosystem |
living (biotic) and non living things (abiotic) |
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social system |
everything about people, their population and the psychology and social organization that shape their behavior. |
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atmosphere hydrosphere lithosphere biosphere |
4 earth system |
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air |
atmosphere |
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water |
hydrosphere |
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land |
lithosphere |
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life |
biosphere |
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provisioning service regulating service supporting service cultural service |
4 ecosystem services |
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provisioning service |
is any type of benefit to people that can be extracted from nature.
•natural resources •renewable (water, solar, sunlight, geothermal, biomass) and non-renewable (coal, natural gas, oil, and nuclear energy). |
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regulating service |
maintain ecological balance and make ecosystems clean, suitable, functional and resilient to change
• Pollination – dispersal of seeds (birds, insects) • Decomposition • Purification • Erosion and Flood Control • Climate Regulation |
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supporting service |
are ecosystem services that are necessary for the production of all other ecosystem services Photosynthesis |
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cultural service |
include ways in which nature impacts people's health and wellbeing through recreational and education benefits as well as improving mental health and building spiritual connections. • Recreational • Enjoyment |
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sustainability biodiversity |
2 valuing ecosystem services |
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sustainability |
a sustainable ecosystem is able to replace the resources that people remove, and recycle the wastes that people put in. |
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biodiversity |
the variety of species in an ecosystem |
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habitat loss pollution invasive species over exploitation climate change |
(5) effects of human interaction to the different parts of the ecosystem |
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habitat loss |
a reduction in livable space and resources within an ecosystem |
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pollution |
the introduction of harmful substance or other disruptive component into the environment |
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invasive species |
a non native species that becomes established in an area and causes harm to native communities |
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over exploitation/ over harvesting/ over collecting |
the human consumption of natural resources at a rate greater that what the environment can support or replenish |
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climate change |
a long term shift in typical regional or global weather patterns, often attributed to global warming |
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weather |
short term |
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eutrophication |
sa water pollution tataas yung nutrient dadami ang algae/ Algae growth |
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sustainable development goals |
SDGs stands for |
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sustainable development goals |
refers to the maintenance of a delicate balance between human needs and the environment to improve lifestyles and feelings of well being, preserving and conserving our natural resources and ecosystem to produce healthy environments. it encompasses processes and policies on finance, trade, agriculture, energy, industry, economic.... |
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goals of sustainable development (key objective) |
to fulfill the needs of the present without compromising future generations ability to satisfy their needs |
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socioeconomic needs political needs cultural and health needs spiritual needs |
how to meet the goals of sustainable development? (it must satisfy the:) |
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•Minimize the use of non-renewable resources. •Sustaining use of renewable resources. •Maintaining within the rivers’ absorptive ability to break down biodegradable waste and the ability of global environmental systems, such as climate, to absorb greenhouse gases. |
on the other hand, to meet the needs " without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs" means: |
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1. Agenda 21 2. Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 3. The statement of principle on forest 4. The framework convention on climate change 5. The convention on Biological biodiversity |
the concept of sustainable development |
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agenda 21 |
act to plan towards sustainable/ action plan towards ecosystem Action plan, document (combat climate change) |
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Rio Declaration on Environment and Development |
- Long term economic progress economic and environment connection? |
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The statement of principle on forest |
pangangalaga ng rainforest |
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the framework convention on climate change |
kasunduan/ stabilized use of greenhouse gases |
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the convention on Biological biodiversity |
conserve biological community |
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reproduction |
can be defined as the biological process of producing a new individual or an offspring identical to the parents |
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scrotum |
pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue hanging from the lower abdominal region behind the penis it encloses and protects the testis as well as the lower end of the spermatic cord |
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penis |
the male copulatory organ, is a cylindrical pendant organ located anterior to the scrotum and function to transfer sperm to vagina.
• it has three parts: Corpus, Coverrusa, Corpus Spongiosum • The prepuce, which is a retractable casing of skin, protects the glans at birth. It is also the part that is surgically removed during circumcision. |
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circumcision |
is the surgical removal of the prepuce |
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1.Easier hygiene 2.Decreased risk of urinary tract infections 3.Decreased risk of sexually transmitted infections 4.Prevention of penile problems 5.Decreased risk of penile cancer |
(5) circumcision might have various health benefits, including: |
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testes (male gonads) |
paired, ovoid structures measuring 5cm in length and 3cm in diameter.
contains specialized cells called the interstitial cells or leydig cells which produce and secrete the male sex hormones |
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spermatogenesis |
testes is responsible for |
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epididymis |
this is a tightly coiled tube that is responsible for conducting the sperm from the tubule to the vas deferens. has length of approximately 20feet long. |
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vas deferens/ ductus deferens |
it is a hollow tube that is protected by thick fibrous coating and surrounded by arteries and veins |
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seminal vesicles |
it secretes alkaline fluid containing nutrients and prostaglandins |
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ejaculatory ducts |
these ducts pass through the prostate gland to join the seminal vesicles and the urethra |
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bulbourethral glands |
these glands also secrete alkaline fluid to counteract the acidic environment in the urethra these two glands at either side of the prostate gland and seminal vesicles and empty through the short ducts towards the urethra |
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cowpers gland |
bulbourethral glands is also called as |
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urethra |
terminal duct of the system serving a common passageway for urine and semen. |
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1. semen 2. bulbourethral glands 3. testicular secretions 4. seminal vesicles fluid 5. prostate secretions |
(5) secretions |
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mons veneris/ mons pubis |
is a pad of fat tissues over the symphysis pubis it protects the pubic bone from trauma |
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labia minora |
is a spread of two connective tissue folds that are pinkish in color. the internal surface is composed of mucous membrane and the external surface is skin it contains sebaceous glands all over the area |
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labia majora |
are two folds of fat tissue covered by loose connective tissue and epithelium, _________.
its function is to protect the external genitalia and the distal urethra and vagina from trauma. |
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vestibule |
it is a smooth, flattened surface inside the labia wherein the openings to the urethra and the vagina arise. |
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clitoris |
is a small, circular organ of erectile tissue at the front of the labia minora. the prepuce, a fold of skin, serves as its covering |
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fourchette |
this is a ridge of tissue which is formed by the posterior joining of the labia minora and majora |
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hymen |
this covers the opening of the vagina |
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vagina |
fibromuscular tube extending from the uterus to the vestibule
it is located to posterior to the bladder and urethra and anterior to the rectum. it conveys uterine secretions to the outside, receives the penis during sexual intercourse and transports the offspring during the birth process |
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cervix |
is a small canal that connects your uterus and vagina |
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uterus |
a hollow, muscular, pear shaped organ. it is located at the lower pelvis , which is posterior to the bladder and anterior to the rectum.
gives protection for the growing fetus
it is divided into three: the body, the isthmus, and the cervix. the body forms the bulk of the uterus, being the uppermost part. this is also the part that expands to accommodate the growing fetus |
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fallopian tubes |
serve as the pathway of the egg cells towards the uterus.
it is a smooth, hollow tunnel that is divided into four parts: the interstitial, which is 1cm in length; the isthmus, which is 2cm in length; the ampulla, which is 5cm in length; and the infundibular, which is 2cm long and shaped like a funnel.
the funnel has small hairs called the fimbria that propel the ovum into the _______ |
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ovary/ ovaries |
are small, oval shaped glands located on either side of your uterus. they produce and store your eggs and make hormones that control your menstrual cycle and pregnancy |
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mammary glands/ lactiferous glands |
accessory organ of the female reproductive systems that are specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy. the breast extends into the axilla by the tail of spence. |
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1. estrogen (increase in size and accumulation adipose) 2. progesterone (pregnancy hormones) 3. prolactin (lactation, breast development ) 4. oxytocin (labor and delivery ) |
(4) hormones of female |
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1. urethral orifice 2. vaginal orifice 3. the opening of the ducts of the bulbolins glands. |
3 kinds of openings |
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1. Identify ways to increase prosperity and quality of life while reducing total pollution and waste. 2. Meet our own needs and desires without harming future generations' prospects. 3. Reduce the environmental burden that we impose on our neighbors and help preserve and conserve common resources. 4. Balance our economic, environmental, and social needs. |
Specifically, sustainable development seeks to: |
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1.End poverty in all its forms everywhere.
2.End hunger, achieve food security and improved nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture.
3.Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages.
4.Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all.
5.Achieve gender equality and empower all women and girls.
6.Ensure availability and sustainable management of water and sanitation for all. water quality
7.Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.
8.Promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and productive employment and decent work for all.
9.Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization and foster innovation.
10.Reduce inequality within and among countries.
11.Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable.
12.Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns.
13.Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.
14.Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.
15.Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss.
16.Promote peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development, provide access to justice for all and build effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels.
17.Strengthen the means of implementation and revitalize the global partnership for sustainable development. |
At the 2015 un sustainable development summit, world leaders adopted the 2030 sustainable development agenda, which contains a set of seventeen (17) sustainable development goals (SDGs) aimed to reduce poverty, combat inequality and injustice and tackle climate change by 2030. These SDGs are the following: |
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Prostate Gland |
•This is a chestnut-sized gland that is situated below the bladder. •It secretes a thin, alkaline fluid that adds protection to the sperm from being immobilized by the low pH level of the urethra. |
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1.Semen - mixture of gland secretions and sperm cells 2.BulboUrethral Glands - produce mucus that neutralizes the acidic pH of the urethra and to lubricate the penis for coitus 3.Seminal Vesicle Fluid - contains fructose and fibrinogens 4.Prostate secretions - neutralize the semen
5. Testicular Secretion - contain sperm cells |
secretions |
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CRYPTORCHIDISM |
• a condition in which one or both of the testes fail to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum. |
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1.to produce egg and sperm 2.to transport and sustain these cells (sperm & egg cell) 3.to nurture developing offspring 4.to produce hormones |
PRODUCING OFFSPRING FUNCTIONS (PROSTATE GLAND) |
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EJACULATION |
Every _____ has a volume of 1.6 – 6 ml and every ml has 50- 150 million sperms. |
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Skene’s Glands |
• Also called paraurethral glands, they are found lateral to the urethral meatus and have ducts that open into the urethra.
• The secretions from this gland lubricate the external genitalia during coitus. |
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Bartholin’s Gland |
•Also called vulvovaginal gland, this is another gland responsible for the lubrication of the external genitalia during coitus. •It has ducts that open into the distal vagina. •Both of these gland secretions are alkaline to help the sperm survive in the vagina. |
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Perineal Body |
•This is a muscular area that stretches easily during childbirth.
•Most pregnancy exercises such as Kegel’s and squatting are done to strengthen the _______ to allow easier expansion during childbirth and avoid tearing the tissue. |
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MENSTRUATION |
• driven by hormone • is the monthly shedding of the lining of your uterus. • The visible manifestation of cyclic physiologic uterine bleeding due to shedding of the endometrium. • 12 years old as early as 8 as late as 16 years old |
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MENSTRUAL BLOOD |
• is partly good and partly tissue from the inside of your uterus- flows from your uterus through your cervix and out of your body through your vagina. |
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MENSTRUAL CYCLE |
• a term to describe the sequence of events that occur in your body as it prepares for the possibility of pregnancy each month. |
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• The average length is 28 days. • 21 days to about 35 days and still be normal. |
How long is a normal menstrual cycle? |
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•Most people have their period (bleed) for between three and seven days. |
How long does a normal period last? |
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Menstrual Cramps |
•Dysmenorrhea •are throbbing or cramping pains in the lower abdomen just before and during your period. |
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Causes (menstrual cramps) |
• During your menstrual period, your uterus contracts to help expel its lining. Hormone-like substances (prostaglandins) involved in pain and inflammation trigger the uterine muscle contractions. |
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Symptoms |
•Throbbing or cramping pain in your lower abdomen that can be intense •Pain that starts 1 to 3 days before your period, peaks 24 hours after the onset of your period and subsides in 2 to 3 days •Dull, continuous ache •Pain that radiates to your lower back and thighs
Some women also have: •Nausea •Loose stools •Headache • Dizziness |
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MENSTRUATION PHASE FOLLICULAR PHASE OVULATION PHASE LUTEAL PHASE |
PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE |
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MENSTRUATION PHASE |
• This phase, which typically lasts from day one to day five, is the time when the lining of your uterus sheds through your vagina if pregnancy hasn't occurred. Most people bleed for three to five days, but a period lasting only three days to as many as seven days is usually not a cause for worry. |
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FOLLICULAR PHASE |
- 1-13 days
• This phase typically takes place from days six to 14. During this time, the level of the hormone estrogen rises, which causes the lining of your uterus (the endometrium) to grow and thicken. In addition, another hormone follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) causes follicles in your ovaries to grow. During days 10 to 14, one of the developing follicles will form a fully mature egg (ovum). |
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OVULATION PHASE |
• This phase occurs roughly at about day 14 in a 28-day menstrual cycle. A sudden increase in another hormone - luteinizing hormone (IH) - causes your ovary to release its eng This event is ovulation. • The pituitary gland secretes a hormone that causes the ovary to release the mature egg cell. The egg cell is swept into the fallopian tube by the slender hair-like projections (cilia) on each fimbriae. |
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LUTEAL PHASE |
• This phase lasts from about day 15 to day 28. Your egg leaves your ovary and begins to travel through your fallopian tubes to your uterus. The level of the hormone progesterone rises to help prepare your uterine lining for pregnancy. If the egg becomes fertilized by sperm and attaches itself to your uterine wall (implantation), you become pregnant. If pregnancy doesn't occur, estrogen and progesterone levels drop and the thick lining of your uterus shreds during your period. |
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average age of 12. as early as 8 years old or as late as 16 years old. |
At what age does menstruation typically begin? |
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MENOPAUSE |
•is a point in time 12 months after a woman's last period.
•The ____ transition most often begins between ages 45 and 55. It usually lasts about seven years but can be as long as 14 years |
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two and three tablespoons of blood during your period. |
How much should I bleed during my period? |
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CONCEPTION / FERTILIZATION. |
• is when sperm and an egg join together. • is the union of the sperm with the egg. |
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•Sexual intercourse. |
During sex, sperm can enter the vagina From here, it can swim toward the uterus and find its way to the egg. This can take several days, with healthy sperm surviving inside the body for up to 5 days. |
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•Intrauterine insemination (IUI) |
This involves a doctor inserting sperm into the uterus through a thin tube. A doctor may do this for people trying to get pregnant via sperm donation or for those opting for surrogacy. |
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Surrogacy |
is when a person other than the biological parents carries the pregnancy. |
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• IVF ( in vitro fertilization ) |
This involves a doctor taking sperm and eggs from two people and combining them in a laboratory setting.
it cannot guarantee fertilization will occur but creates the best circumstances possible for it to happen. |
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Ovulation |
• is the release of a mature egg from the ovary for potential fertilization. |
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Fertilization |
• refers to the fusion of male and female gametes that facilitates the development of a new organism. |
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• Because the egg is only viable for up to 24 hours since its release, fertilization can only happen in that time frame. As such, the sperm have to be present in the fallopian tube during that one-day window in order to fertilize the egg. |
How Long After Ovulation Does Conception Happen? |
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• Conception occurs in the fallopian tube near the ovary, most commonly in the portion called the ampullary-isthmic junction. |
Where does Fertilization Occur? |
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• 24 hours • Once fertilized, the egg will remain in the ampulla for 48-72 hours |
How Long Does Fertilization Take? |
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Implantation |
• is when the fertilized egg, now called a blastocyst, attaches itself to the uterine wall. It is a crucial step in conception as without implanting in the uterus, the egg would just be eliminated through the vagina. |
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it occur between 6 to 11 days after conception, with 8 days being the average. |
How Long After Conception Does Implantation Occur? |
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it occurs in the lining of the uterus, called the endometrium. |
Where does implantation Occur? |
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endometrium, implantation window |
The ______ goes through various structural changes to become receptive to the egg around the sixth day following ovulation and remains so for four more days. This period is known as an __________. |
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ectopic pregnancy |
the fertilized egg attaches itself in regions outside the uterus, such as the fallopian tube, a situation referred to as an __________. Because only the uterus can support the growing embryo, outside-the-uterus implantation cannot progress into healthy pregnancies.' |
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• 48 hours • Some women might experience light bleeding often called implantation bleeding, although its absence does not mean that implantation has not occurred. |
How Long Does Implantation Take? |
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pregnancy can be confirmed on the first day of a missed period, but it is sometimes possible to get a positive reading after the 8th day since fertilization. The only reliable way to know if pregnancy has begun is to take a pregnancy test |
How to tell pregnancy has begun? |
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Pregnancy Loss |
• While many pregnancies continue to full term, not all do. Around 26 % of pregnancies end in miscarriage. A miscarriage is when the pregnancy spontaneously ends before 20 weeks. |
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1. a low sperm count, which means there is a low volume of sperm in a male's ejaculate sperm that are not motile, meaning they do not move or swim efficiently 2. anovulation, which is when someone does not ovulate 3. infrequent or irregular ovulation, which can make conception more difficult 4. inflammation or damage to the ovaries or uterus 5. blockages in the fallopian tubes |
What can prevent conception? |
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PREGNANCY |
• is the term used to describe the period in which a fetus develops inside a woman's womb or uterus.
• it lasts about 40 weeks, counting from the first day of your last normal period. The weeks are grouped into three trimesters. |
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1.Missed period 2.Swollen or tender breasts 3.Nausea and/or vomiting 4.Feeling tired 5.Bloating 6.Constipation 7.Peeing more often than usual |
What are early pregnancy symptoms? (Common signs and symptoms) |
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First Trimester |
• (week 1 to week 12) • The events that lead to pregnancy begin with conception, in which a sperm penetrates an egg. • The fertilized egg then travels through the woman's fallopian tube to the uterus, where it implants itself in the uterine wall. The zygote is made up of a cluster of cells that later form the fetus and the placenta. The placenta connects the mother to the fetus and provides nutrients and oxygen to the fetus. |
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Second Trimester |
• (Week 13 to Week 28) • Between 18 and 20 weeks, the typical timing for ultrasound to look for birth defects, you can often find out the sex of your baby • At 20 weeks, a woman may begin to feel movement. • At 24 weeks, footprints and fingerprints have formed and the fetus sleeps and wakes regularly. |
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Third Trimester |
• (Week 29 to Week 40)
•At 32 weeks, the bones are soft and yet almost fully formed, and the eyes can open and close. |
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preterm |
Infants born before 37 weeks are considered |
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late preterm |
Infants born between 34 and 36 weeks of pregnancy are considered to be |
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early term |
Infants born in the 37th and 38th weeks of pregnancy-previously considered term-are now considered |
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full term |
Infants born at 39 or 40 weeks of pregnancy are considered |
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Hypothalamus |
• part of the brain whose main function is to keep our body stable (homeostasis) |
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Pituitary gland |
produces hormones |
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1.Anterior Lobe 2.Posterior Lobe |
Two Parts of Pituitary Gland |
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Gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone (GnRH) |
• key regulator of the reproductive axis. |
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Luteinizing hormone (LH) |
• plays a key role in gonadal function. • For male, it causes the testes to produce testosterone. |
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Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) |
• In synergy with LH stimulates follicular growth and ovulation. • Thus, normal follicular growth is the result of complementary action of FSH and LH. • In female, it controls menstrual cycle and triggers the result of egg from the ovary |
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Menarche |
• first menstrual period in a female adolescent. |
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Andropause |
• Male Menopause |
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1.Identical 2.Fraternal |
Two Types of Twins |
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• XX - female • XY - male |
Chromosomes |
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1. Zygote - from fertilization to 5 weeks 2. Embryo - from 5 weeks to 10 weeks 3. Fetus - 10 weeks to birth |
Blastocyst Cycle |
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Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) |
• a chemical created by trophoblast tissue, tissue typically found in early embryos and which will eventually be part of the placenta.
Measuring ___ levels can be helpful in identifying a normal pregnancy, pathologic pregnancy, and can also be useful following an aborted pregnancy.
• Found in urine |
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• Birth control |
also known as contraception, is the use of medicines, devices, or surgery to prevent pregnancy. |
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• Preventing sperm from reaching an egg. • Preventing your ovary from releasing an egg. • Damaging sperm so it can’t swim to an egg. • Thickening your cervical mucus so sperm can’t swim through it. • Changing the thickness of your uterine lining so an egg can’t implant. |
How does birth control work? |
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Barrier Methods |
it block sperm from getting into your uterus. You use a ______ each time you have sex. |
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MALE CONDOM |
A thin sheath that covers the penis to collect sperm and prevent it from entering the woman's body. ______ that are made of latex and polyurethane can help prevent STDs. |
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• FEMALE CONDOM |
A thin, flexible plastic pouch. Part of the condom is inserted into the vagina before intercourse to prevent sperm from entering the uterus. The uterus, or womb, is the place where the baby grows during pregnancy. It can also help prevent STDs. |
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• CONTRACEPTIVE SPONGE |
- A small sponge that you put into the vagina to cover the cervix (the opening of the uterus). The sponge also contains a spermicide to kill sperm. |
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• DIAPHRAGM AND CERVICAL CUPS |
Cups that are placed inside the vagina to cover the cervix. They may be used with spermicide. They come in different sizes, so it's important to see your health care provider to figure out which size works best for you. |
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• SPERMICIDE |
A substance that can kill sperm cells. It comes in a foam, jelly, cream, suppository, or film. |
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Hormonal medication and devices |
These methods use hormones to prevent ovulation or change the conditions in your uterus and cervix. |
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• CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH |
- A patch that a woman puts on her skin each week. The patch releases hormones into the bloodstream. |
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• ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES |
- Pills that a woman takes every day. They may contain only progestin or both progestin and estrogen. |
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• INJECTABLE BIRTH CONTROL |
- An injection of a hormone that a woman gets once every three months. This is done in your provider's office. |
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• IMPLANT |
- A single, thin rod that a provider inserts under the skin of a women's upper arm. It is done in your provider's office. It can last for four years. |
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• VAGINAL RING |
- A thin, flexible ring. The woman inserts the ring into the vagina, where it continually releases hormones for three weeks. She takes it out for the fourth week. After that week, she puts in a new ring. |
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STERILIZATION |
• Surgery to permanently prevent pregnancy. |
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TUBAL LIGATION |
• A surgery that prevents a woman from getting pregnant. It is permanent. |
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VASECTOMY |
• A surgery that prevents a man from getting someone pregnant. It is permanent. |
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FERTILITY AWARENESS |
it uses natural methods to prevent pregnancy. This is also called natural family planning. |
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rhythm method (or calendar method) |
it teaches you to recognize when you’ll ovulate. This allows you to determine your fertile days, or the days you’re most likely to get pregnant. You avoid having sex on the days you’re fertile. |
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Cervical mucus method |
it involves analyzing your vaginal discharge to identify when you’re most fertile. You avoid sexual intercourse during your fertile time. |
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basal body temperature |
is a way to identify ovulation. You must have a thermometer that measures temperatures to at least one-tenth of a degree for it to work. |
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Emergency contraception |
it provides protection against pregnancy if your birth control fails. You can think of this like your last “safety net” against pregnancy |
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MORNING AFTER PILL |
• Form of birth control that you can use within 120 hours (five days) of having unprotected sex. |
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INTRAUTERINE DEVICE (IUD) |
• The most effective form of emergency contraception.
It can last from 3 to 10 years.
two types: hormonal IUDs and copper IUDs. |
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pull out method (or withdrawal method) |
is when a person’s penis “pulls out” of a person’s vagina before ejaculation |
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• Abstinence |
Refraining from sexual intercourse to prevent pregnancy. it is the only birth control that is 100% effective. It means you never have sexual intercourse. It’s also the only way to protect yourself from STDs. |
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Environmental factors |
are external factors that can impact our health. as related to genetics, refers to exposures to substances where we live or work, behaviors that can increase an individual's risk of disease or stressful situations it can have both positive and negative effects on our health, and they can be influenced by a wide range of factors, including geography, climate, and social and economic factors. |
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• Environmental factors can directly impact fertility by interfering with the reproductive process. • For example, exposure to lead and other heavy metals can cause sperm abnormalities, while exposure to pesticides and other chemicals can disrupt ovulation and impair fertility in women. it can also indirectly affect fertility by increasing the risk of health conditions that can make it harder to conceive. |
HOW DO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS AFFECT FERTILITY? |
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Infertility |
- Failure to achieve pregnancy within 1 year of unprotected intercourse - Delays in the time it takes to become pregnant or loss of pregnancy before term have been considered as evidence for sub-fertility. Reproductive function has been shown to be sensitive to changes in the physical, psychological and chemical environments. |
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1. AGE (F, late 30s or 40s. men, 50)
2. EATING DISORDERS (anorexia nervosa and bulimia)
3. EXCESSIVE ALCOHOL CONSUMPTION
4. OVER-EXERCISING
5. RADIATION THERAPY OR CHEMOTHERAPY
6. SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED INFECTIONS (STIS).
7. SMOKING AND USING TOBACCO PRODUCTS. (plays a role in about 13% to 15% of infertility cases)
8. SUBSTANCE ABUSE
9. HAVING OBESITY OR BEING UNDERWEIGHT.
10. ABNORMALITIES OF THE HORMONE-PRODUCING CENTERS OF YOUR BRAIN (HYPOTHALAMUS OR PITUITARY).
11. CHRONIC CONDITIONS AND DISEASES. |
WHAT CAUSES INFERTILITY? |
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tubal disorders such as blocked fallopian tubes, which are in turn caused by untreated sexually transmitted infections (STIs) or complications of unsafe abortion, postpartum sepsis or abdominal/pelvic surgery;
uterine disorders which could be inflammatory in nature (such as such endometriosis), congenital in nature (such as septate uterus), or benign in nature (such as fibroids);
disorders of the ovaries. such as polycystic ovarian syndrome and other follicular disorders;
disorders of the endocrine system causing imbalances of reproductive hormones. The endocrine system includes hypothalamus and the pituitary glands.
Examples of common disorders affecting this system include pituitary cancers and hypopituitarism. |
IN THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, INFERTILITYMAY BE CAUSED BY: |
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Obstruction of the reproductive tract causing dysfunctionalities in the ejection of semen. This blockage can occur in the tubes that carry semen (such as ejaculatory ducts and seminal vesicles). Blockages are commonly due to injuries or infections of the genital tract. Hormonal disorder leading to abnormalities in hormones produced by the pituitary gland, hypothalamus and testicles. Hormones such as testosterone regulate sperm production. Example of disorders that result in hormonal imbalance include pituitary or testicular cancers.
Testicular failure to produce sperm, for example due to varicoceles or medical treatments that impair sperm-producing cells (such as chemotherapy). Abnormal sperm function and quality. Conditions or situations that cause abnormal shape (morphology) and movement (motility) of the sperm negatively affect fertility. For example, the use of anabolic steroids can cause abnormal semen parameters such sperm count and shape. |
IN THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM, INFERTILITY MAY BE CAUSED BY: |
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AIR POLLUTION WATER CONTAMINATION BIOACCUMULATION PESTICIDES RADIATION LIFESTYLE FACTORS |
WHAT ARE SOME COMMON ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT CAN IMPACT FERTILITY? |
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AIR POLLUTION |
Exposure to ______ has been linked to a range of reproductive problems, including decreased sperm quality and quantity, and an increased risk of infertility and miscarriage |
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WATER CONTAMINATION |
Exposure to contaminants like lead, mercury, and arsenic can impact fertility by interfering with hormone levels and causing reproductive problems. |
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BIOACCUMULATION |
An increase in the concentration of a chemical in a biological organism over time, compared to the chemical's concentration in the environment. Compounds accumulate in living things any time they are taken up and stored faster than they are broken down (metabolized) or excreted. |
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PESTICIDES |
Exposure to ______ has been linked to an increased risk of infertility, as well as other reproductive problems like miscarriage and birth defects |
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RADIATION |
Exposure to high levels of _____ can damage reproductive organs and impair fertility. |
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LIFESTYLE FACTORS |
Factors like diet, exercise, and smoking can also impact fertility. Poor diet and lack of exercise can contribute to obesity, which is a risk factor for infertility. Smoking has been linked to decreased fertility in both men and women. |
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1. BE MINDFUL OF YOUR DIET 2. EXERCISE REGULARLY 3. REDUCE YOUR EXPOSURE TO TOXINS AND POLLUTANTS 4. QUIT SMOKING 5. GET TESTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS |
WHAT CAN YOU DO TO REDUCE YOUR EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT IMPACT FERTILITY? |
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BE MINDFUL OF YOUR DIET |
Eating a healthy diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and whole grains can help reduce your risk of obesity, which is a risk factor for infertility. |
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EXERCISE REGULARLY |
it can help you maintain a healthy weight and reduce your risk of health problems that can impact fertility |
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REDUCE YOUR EXPOSURE TO TOXINS AND POLLUTANTS |
Be mindful of your exposure to toxins and pollutants like lead, mercury, and pesticides. Use natural cleaning products and avoid using pesticides in your home and garden. |
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QUIT SMOKING |
Smoking has been linked to decreased fertility in both men and women. If you smoke, quitting can improve your chances of conceiving. |
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GET TESTED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS |
If you suspect that you may have been exposed to environmental factors that can impact fertility, talk to your doctor about getting tested |
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1. FROM FERTILIZATION TO BIRTH 2. PREGNANCY AND BIRTH 3. BIRTH 4. FROM BIRTH TO ADULTHOOD 5. INFANCY 6. CHILDHOOD 7. PUBERTY 8. ADOLESCENCE 9. ADULTHOOD 10. EARLY ADULTHOOD 11. MIDDLE ADULTHOOD 12. LATE ADULTHOOD |
REPRODUCTION AND LIFE STAGES |
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FROM FERTILIZATION TO BIRTH |
When a sperm penetrates the cell membrane of an egg, it triggers the egg to complete meiosis. The sperm also undergoes changes. Its tail falls off, and its nucleus fuses with the nucleus of the egg. The resulting cell, called a zygote, contains the diploid number of chromosomes. Half of the chromosomes come from the egg, and half come from the sperm. |
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PREGNANCY AND BIRTH |
Pregnancy is the carrying of one or more offspring from the time of implantation until birth. It is the development of an embryo and fetus from the expectant mother's point of view. |
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BIRTH |
Near the time of birth, the amniotic sac breaks in a gush of liquid. Labor usually begins within a day of this event. Labor involves contractions of the muscular walls of the uterus. With the mother's help, the contractions eventually push the fetus out of the uterus and through the vagina.
Within seconds of birth, the umbilical cord is cut. Without this connection to the placenta, the baby can't exchange gases, so carbon dioxide quickly builds up in the baby's blood. This stimulates the baby's brain to trigger breathing, and the newborn takes her first breath |
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FROM BIRTH TO ADULTHOOD |
For the first year after birth, a baby is referred to as an infant. Childhood begins at the age of two years and continues until puberty. Adolescence begins with puberty and lasts until adulthood. |
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INFANCY |
The first year of life after birth is called _____. During _____, a baby grows very quickly. The baby's length typically doubles and her weight triples by her first birthday. |
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The baby starts smiling, usually by about 6 weeks of age. The baby starts noticing people and grabbing toys and other objects. The baby teeth start to come in, usually by 6 months of age.The baby begins making babbling sounds. By the end of the first year, the baby may be saying a few words, such as "Mama" and Dada." The baby learns to sit, crawl, and stand. By the end of the first year, the baby may be starting to walk. |
MANY OTHER IMPORTANT CHANGES ALSO OCCUR DURING INFANCY: |
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CHILDHOOD |
it begins after the baby's first birthday and continues until puberty. Between 1 and 3 years of age, a child is called a toddler. During the toddler stage, growth is still very rapid, but not as rapid as it was during infancy. Toddlers learn many new words and starts putting them together in simple sentences. Motor skills also develop quickly during the toddler stage. By the age of 3 years, most children can run and climb steps. They can hold crayons and scribble with them. They can also feed themselves, and most can use the toilet. From age 3 until puberty, growth slows down. The body also changes shape. The arms and legs grow longer relative to the trunk. Children continue to develop new motor skills. For example, many young children learn how to ride a tricycle and then a bicycle. Most learn how to play games and sports.
By the age of 6 years, children start losing their baby teeth. Permanent teeth come in to replace them. Most children have started school by this age. They typically start learning to read and write around age 6 or 7 (see Figure below). During the later years of childhood, children also start to develop friendships and become less dependent on their parents. |
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PUBERTY |
is the stage of life when a child becomes sexually mature. It lasts from about 10 to 16 years of age in girls and from about 12 to 18 years of age in boys. In both girls and boys, puberty begins when the pituitary gland signals the gonads (ovaries or testes) to start secreting sex hormones (estrogen in girls, testosterone in boys). Sex hormones, in turn, cause many other changes to take place. |
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• The uterus and ovaries grow. • The ovaries start releasing eggs. • The menstrual cycle begins. • Pubic hair grows. • The hips widen and the breasts develop. |
IN GIRLS, ESTROGEN CAUSES THE FOLLOWING CHANGES TO OCCUR: |
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• The penis and testes grow . • The testes start producing sperm. • Pubic and facial hair grow. • The shoulders broaden. • The voice becomes deeper as the larynx in the throat grows larger. |
IN BOYS, TESTOSTERONE CAUSES THESE CHANGES TO TAKE PLACE: |
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ADOLESCENCE |
is the stage of life between the start of puberty and the beginning of adulthood. It begins with the physical changes of puberty. It also includes many other changes, including mental, emotional, and social changes |
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Teens develop new thinking abilities. For example, they develop the ability to understand abstract ideas, such as honesty and freedom. Their ability to think logically also improves. They usually get better at problem solving as well. Teens try to establish a sense of identity. They typically become increasingly independent from their parents.
Many teens have emotional ups and downs. This is at least partly due to their changing conditions hormone levels. Teens usually start spending more time with their peers. Adolescents usually spend much more time with their friends and classmates than they do with family members. |
DURING ADOLESCENCE |
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ADULTHOOD |
it doesn't have a definite starting point. Teens may become physically mature by the age of 16 years, but they are not adults in a legal sense until they are older. Once ___ begins, it can be divided into three stages: early, middle, and late adulthood. |
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EARLY ADULTHOOD |
refers to the 20s and early 30s. Most people are at their physical peak, and they are usually in good health. Often, they are completing their education and getting established in the workforce. Many people become engaged or marry during this time. |
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MIDDLE ADULTHOOD |
is the period from the mid-30s to the mid-60s. During this stage of life, people start showing signs of aging. Their hair may thin and slowly turn gray. Their skin develops wrinkles. The risk of serious health problems increases.
For example, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and type 2 diabetes become more common in people of middle age. This is also the stage when many people raise a family and strive to attain career goals. |
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LATE ADULTHOOD |
it begins in the mid-60s and continues until death. This is the stage of life when most people retire from work. This frees up their time for hobbies, grandchildren, or other interests.
the risk of developing diseases such as cardiovascular diseases and cancer continues to rise. Most people also have a decline in strength and stamina. Their senses may start failing, and their reflex time typically increases. Their immune system also doesn't work as well as it used to. As a result, common diseases like the flu may become more serious and even lead to death. The majority of late adults develop to arthritis, and as one in four develop Alzheimer's disease. |
