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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Indonesia 2011, youthful population pyramid
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wide base, high birth rate narrow top, shorter life expectancy & fewer middle aged people |
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United Kingdom 2011, ageing population pyramid |
narrow base, low birth rate straight sides, low death rate wide top, higher life expectancy |
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problems for the elderly in the UK
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difficulty of transport high residential home cost high health care costs |
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money problems for ageing population
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state pensions social provision (home help) medical provision (care homes) |
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money problems for youthful population
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social provisions (nurseries) medical provisions (maternity wards) |
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problems of overpopulation
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not enough resources shortages of housing, educational & medical services unemployment overcrowding |
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problems of underpopulation
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not enough taxes paid underemployment/skills shortages |
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anti-natalist policy; China
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1979 one child policy benefits given to one child families estimated 400 million births prevented less successful in urban areas prevented huge famines |
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pro-natalist policy; Singapore
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reducing population in 1960's was too successful "have three or more if you can afford it" incentives for having two or more children works alongside immigration policy birth rate increased and increased population |
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what is the open door migration policy
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allows anyone to live in a country uses advertising campaigns abroad |
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what are quotas concerning migration policies |
restricts number of people allowed into a country per year total number allowed number from a particular area particular type of person |
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why would immigration be encouraged?
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addresses underpopulation addresses labour shortages helps pay for taxes and services |
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why would immigration be discouraged?
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pressures on housing, healthcare & education idea of "stealing jobs" discrimination |
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oil resource supply and use; USA
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consumed by every country as a country develops, its demand will increase wealthy gov. pay for extraction because they can charge large amounts selling USA only holds 5% of population but consumes 21% of worlds oil |
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hydropower supply and consumption
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20% of worlds electricity is generated by HEP 99% Norway's electricity comes from HEP Nepal has huge potential for HEP but not enough money 150 countries generate & use HEP biggest users; China, Canada and Brazil |
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what was the Malthusian theory?
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population growth went up geometrically food production went up arithmetically famines occur to limit population naturally poor should realise that having more children is making them poorer |
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what was the Boserupian theory?
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population growth was a good thing forces people to be inventive & find new ways of producing food growth leads to human progress |
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how can national and local governments manage resource consumption
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education; (schools, advertising) reduce, reuse, recycle conservation; (grants, quotas) grants for solar panels and insulating homes recycling; recycling centres and taxes for companies that don't recycle |
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an example of technological fixes to resource consumption; oil
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hydrogen fuel cells (power cars) lots of hydrogen good source of power takes energy to produce four times as expensive as power from regular fuels |
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pre-industrial stage of the Clark Fisher model
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primary industries; natural resources (mining, fishing, farming)
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industrial stage of the Clark Fisher model |
secondary industries develop (manufacturing, construction) dominates economy & employment factories/industries develop (steel, textiles) tertiary sector begins to grow |
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post industrial stage of the Clark Fisher model
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tertiary sector provides services (education, healthcare, transport) increasing population tertiary employment replaces secondary employment in importance |
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quaternary sector of the Clark Fisher model |
research & development into new IT discovering new products & services |
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lower income country; Ethiopia
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primary sector; 75% of population works in agriculture secondary sector small, mainly males working in textile & leather factories tertiary sector; 15% work in services many work in informal sector, liable to exploitation & abuse |
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higher income country; UK
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primary sector tiny; little fishing/mining secondary sector small; relocation of traditional industries tertiary sector dominates; wide variety of employment (working from home, self employment) quaternary sector growing |
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name two institutions to globalisation
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world trade organisation (WTO); encourages trade & reduces import duties international monetary fund (IMF); ensures financial stability & free flowing trade |
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impact of globalisation world wide
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increased women workers improved working conditions increased available goods & services |
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impact of globalisation on the developed world
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improved wages everyone benefits from global goods & services call centres, factories move to developed countries (job losses) |
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impact of globalisation on the developing world
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provides services to a greater number of places informal sector continues pays high prices for developed worlds goods, gets lower prices for its own products |
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reasons why international trade has increased
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transport; container ships/air transport makes it easier & quicker communication; IT (e-mail, phone) made communication between countries easier TNC's; growth has increased trade between countries |
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advantages to secondary sector TNC's in developing countries
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locals can earn higher & regular wages they bring new skills (engineering) they pay taxes, boosting local economies |
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disadvantages to secondary sector TNC's in developing countries
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pay may be low & there may be longer shifts training may only be in low level jobs some factories may cause air & water pollution |
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how might a TNC operate in the tertiary sector
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retail outlets; outsources products from all over the world headquarters in UK; employs hundreds worldwide customer services; staff & building costs effective often administration companies |
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what are four factors to consider when evaluating development |
economic (income) physical wellbeing (access to clean water) mental wellbeing (security) social (education, health care) |
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definition of GDP?
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total value of goods & services produced by a country per year.
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what is meant by the term human development index
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produced every year by the UN combined measure of life expectancy, education and GDP per capita scores each country between 0-1 |
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what is meant by the development gap, with examples
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Norway is the most developed country (0.955) the DRC and Niger are the least developed countries (0.304) development is not always continual many countries regress development gap isn't closing |
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a country that has developed over time; Rwanda, successes
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GDP per capita grown from $333 to $644 poverty rates fallen by 12% between 2006-11 child mortality & access to clean water improved |
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a country that has developed; Rwanda, barriers
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increasing floods & droughts trade is difficult as its a landlocked country possibility of conflict is reduced but still apparent |
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problems of Rostow's modernisation theory
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assumes all countries start at same level of development doesn't consider quality/quantity of countries resources & population based on the 18th & 19th century - out of date |
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what is meant by the dependency theory
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developing countries cant develop because they rely on developed countries developed countries have economic & political power to exploit developed countries can impose trade barriers & conditions that hinder development |
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in regional disparity, what is meant by the core region
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rich and urban consists of big businesses & industries headquarters mostly held here |
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in regional disparity, what is meant by the peripheral region
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poor and rural core gets its raw materials from here |
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advantages of core regions
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fertile soils closeness to markets & trade good communication links |
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disadvantages of peripheral regions
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poor soils distance from core & trade difficult communications (road) |
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what is meant by the multiplier effect?
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core regions get richer as development occurs
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what is meant by downward spirals?
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periphery regions become poorer as anyone who can leave, does leave
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what is meant by top down development
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large scale projects benefit a country's core expensive projects often unsustainable, damage the environment |
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what is meant by bottom up development
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small local scale projects benefit a local/small area cause less environmental damage quite cheap local people have to pay for it benefits may be short term |
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a top down development project in a developing country; Amazon area, Madeira river project ADVANTAGES |
20,000 jobs created cheap electricity to supply energy increased development better communications (roads & river) |
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a top down development project in a developing country; Amazon area, Madeira river project DISADVANTAGES |
3000 forced to leave homes cost $22 billion soy agriculture meant clearance of rainforest |
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how manufacturing has changed in the UK
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rising wages & land prices made it expensive to produce in the UK cant compete with lower wages & cheaper land in developing countries not enough investment in industry automation lead to fewer jobs needed in industries |
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changes in the tertiary industry in the UK (1960)
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they grew with the decline of secondary industries
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changes in the quaternary industry in the UK (2011)
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grown in the last 10 years investing more in research departments developing new products (phones, computer technologies) |
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changes in industrial UK employment
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increased number of temporary work since the 2008 recession, decrease in women workers increased number of part time work slow increase of average wages since the recession |
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North East England employment
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industry once dominated by coal mining, iron & steel production declined rapidly in 20 & 21st century unemployment fairly high (10.3% in 2013) |
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South East England employment
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centre for service industries (education, health, transport) many financial & business industries low unemployment (6% in 2013) |
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reasons for difference in the South and North East employment in the UK
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South East has good communications to rest of UK & Europe has a large pool of skilled & educated people less affected by decline of industrialisation as fewer heavy industries |
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DEINDUSTRIALISATION negative impacts of changing employment in the UK (1990's) |
Sandwell, West Midlands large areas of ground poisoned by mercury & cadmium air was badly polluted very little green space |
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DEINDUSTRIALISATION improvements of changing employment in the UK (2008) |
polluted land cleaned up urban reserves created (RSPB Sandwell) reclaimed land used for new industries (automotive parts) |
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Brownfield regeneration; Longbridge, Birmingham
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costs; house prices rising as demand increases, neighbouring shops losing business benefits; 40 apartments beside park, new hotel & 10,000 new jobs
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Greenfield development; Dudley, West Midlands
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costs; it will add to traffic congestion, new infrastructure is required and its unsustainable development benefits; 334 homes will be built, nicer environment & cheaper to build on |
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new employment; a greener Britain
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EU pledged to reduce CO2 emissions by 20% by 2020 & reduce carbon footprint new jobs provided; renewable energy, water & waste management |
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urbanisation in developed country (UK)
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1750 - industrial & agricultural revolution (people moved to the inner cities) 1900 - towns & cities continued to grow 2012 - 80% population live in towns/cities |
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urbanisation in developing countries
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pull factors - more jobs available, better facilities push factors - movement to the cities, fewer jobs in rural areas due to mechanisation |
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spatial growth of cities (developed world)
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CBD - shops, offices inner city - old decaying housing & factories suburbs - supermarkets & retail parks |
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spatial growth of cities (developing world)
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CBD commercial spine - expensive housing & factories squatter settlements - surrounds CBD urban fringe - cheap/medium priced housing |
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challenges of developed world
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food - imported from abroad energy - population increase (demand increase) transport - cars more popular than public transport waste - expensive & difficult to expose of |
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aspects of slums & shanty towns
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homes built from scrap materials high crime rates people are malnourished |
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reducing eco footprints; York
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saving energy - dry clothes outsidereducing waste - 70% methane produced on landfill sites usedsustainable transport - bicycle lanesreducing food imports - only buying farmers produce within a 40 mile radius
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