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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what was Mendel's conclusion following his pea plant experiment? |
whatever causes different traits in offspring can remain hidden in one generation but appear in the next; Mendel believed traits were caused by "particles" inherited from parents |
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what are the 2 functions of DNA? |
1. self replication 2. protein synthesis |
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what is a "karyotype"? |
picture of your paired chromosomes |
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what is the idea of redundancy in DNA coding? |
that idea that different codons code for the same amino acid; as a safeguard for mutations |
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what is the result of mitosis? |
2 identical daughter cells, each with 23 pairs of chromosomes |
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what is the result of meiosis? |
4 cells (non-identical), each with only 23 chromosomes |
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what types of things do somatic cells make in the body |
they form organs, tissues, fat, and hair |
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what is a nucleotide? |
building block of DNA made up of sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base |
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what is translocation? |
rearrangements of chromosomes due to insertion of genetic material from one chromosome to another |
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what is nondisjunction? |
failure of chromosomes to segregate during meiosis, creating some gametes with abnormal numbers of chromosomes |
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what is the law of independent assortment? |
Mendel's second law, which asserts that inheritance of one trait does not affect inheritance of other traits |
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what is transcription? |
the first step in protein synthesis, involving creation of mRNA based on DNA template |
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what is translation? |
second step in protein synthesis involving transfer of amino acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain |
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what is the law of segregation? |
Mendel's first law, which asserts that 2 alleles for any given gene are inherited, one from each parent, only one of 2 alleles are present in ovum or sperm |
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what does polygenic refer to? |
one phenotypic trait affected by 2+ genes |
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what is pleiotropy? |
when a single gene has multiple effects |
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what is a deme? |
a local population of organisms with similar genes, interbreeding, and production of offspring |
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what is reproductive isolation? |
any circumstance that prevents 2 populations from interbreeding (ex. body of water, major mountain range) |
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what is equilibrium? |
condition in which system is balanced, unchanging |
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what is the hardy weinberg law used to measure? |
whether a population is undergoing evolutionary changes or not |
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when does mutation have consequences on future generations |
when they occur in the gametes |
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what is fitness? |
average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to number of offspring produced by parents with another genotype |
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what is directional selection? |
selection for one allele over other alleles, causing allele frequencies to shift in one direction |
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what is stabilizing selection? |
selection against extremes of phenotypic distribution, decreasing genetic diversity |
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what is disruptive selection? |
selection for both extremes of phenotypic distribution, eventually possibly leading to speciation event |
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what is positive selection? |
process in which advantageous genetic variants quickly increase in frequency in a population |
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what is a balanced polymorphism? |
a situation in which selection maintains 2 or more phenotypes for a specific gene in a population (ex. sickle-cell anemia in Africa) |
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what are the four forces of evolution? |
1. natural selection 2. mutation 3. genetic drift 4. gene flow |
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describe the founder's effect |
when small group moves away from parent population, meaning that only small sample of parent population's genetic diversity gets carried to new population |
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what is a population bottleneck? |
drastic reduction in population, resulting in reduction in variation (ex. natural disaster, survivors were simply "lucky") |
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what are the 3 postulates of natural selection? |
1. struggle for existence 2. variation in fitness between individuals 3. variation is inherited |
