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272 Cards in this Set

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What are the four branches of Anthropology?
cultural anthropology, archaeology, linguistic anthropology, and physical anthropology (biological anthropology)
What is cultural anthropology?
study of cultures and societies of human beings and their very recent past
What is archaeology?
the study of past societies and cultures especially the material remains
What is linguistic anthropology?
study of the structure and evolution of language
What is physical (biological) anthropology?
the study of human evolution and variation, both past and current
What is biocultural approach?
the scientific study of the interrealtionship between what humans have inherited genetically and culture
culture
learned behavior that is transmitted from person to person
artifacts
material objects from past cultures
language
a set of written or spoken symbols that refer to things othern than themselves
sociolinguists
the science of investigationg languages social contexts
What is physical anthropology?
the study of human biological evolution and human biocultural variation
What is every person a product of?
evolutionary history and personal history
hominids
a group of extinct and living bipedal primates from the family hominidae
primates
a group of mammals in the order primates that have complex behavior varied forms of locomaiton, and a unique suite of traits, including larger brains, forward-facing eyes, fingernails, and reduced snouts
paleoanthropology
The study of extinct members of the genus Homo sapiens
paleoecology
The branch of ecology that deals with the interaction between ancient organisms and their environment.
What are some subfields under biological anthropology?
primatology, paletoanthropology
What are some allied fields under biological anthropology?
geology, paleoecology, and genetics
What does science rely on inorder to come to conclusions?
empirical observation from independant observers
What is knoweldge?
the intersection between truth and belief
What elements are involved in science as a way of knowing about the world?
casual explanations based on observable regularity, falsifiability, hypotheses, and hypothesis testing
What is science?
a way of aquiring knowledge
what is observable regularity?
patterns of cause and effect
Hypothesis
a statement that suggests a casual linkage
theory
a well-established and interrelated set of facts and laws used to explain diverse events and phoenomena
Why must hypothesis and theories be falsifiable?
if it can not be proven wrong it is of no used to a scientist. It must make claims that are always provisional (open to rejection) It has nothing to say about the unobserable or supernatural
What was the 1st development that separated humans form other animals?
bipedalism (walking on two feet)
What was the second development that separated humans from other animals?
the loss of a large honing canine tooth, and the appearance of a non-honing tooth (appeared because of use of tools to process food)
What are the final three attributes given as a characteristic of human-ness?
speech, hunting, and dependence on domesticated foods( to most recently developed)
scientific method
an empirical research method in which data is gathered from observations of phenomena, hypotheses are formulated and testd, and conclutions are drawn that validate or modify the orginial hypothese
Why did humans shift to bipedalism (according to Darwin)?
It was due to the shift from life in trees to life on the ground
adaptations
changes in physcial structure, function, or behavior that allow an organism or species to survive and reproduce in a given environment
natural selection
the process by which some organism, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survuve and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequecy of those features i the population
adaptive radiation
the diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms taht are adapted to specific environmental niches
What things did scientists discover by 1700 that influenced Darwins theory of evolution?
the earth is quite old, its surface is very different than it was in the past, and plants and animals have change over time
taxonomy
the classification of past and living life-forms
systematics
the study of biological relationships
demography
the study of population (with regard to birth, survival, and death
evolutionary biology
the study of organisms and their changes
catastrophism
theory that cataclysmic events rather than evolutionary processes are responsible for geological changes on the earth
which 5 obeservation did Darwin borrow from Malthus to explain his theory of evolution?
1. every pair of parents produces multiple offspring
2.the population size remains the same, no increase occurs over time
3. population is limited by food supply
4.members of population compete from access to food
5. no two members of a species are alike in their physical attributes--variation exists
genus
a group of related species
Lamarckism
first proposed by Lamarck, the theory of evolution through the inheritance of acquired characteristics in which and organism can pass on features aquired during its lifetime (obsolete)
What charcterisitics do suriving offspring usually have?
attributes advantageous for aquiring food
What is the primary mechansim for evolution?
natural selection
gemmules
as proposed by Darwin, the units of inheritance, supposeldy accumulated in the gametes so they could be passed on to offspring
blending inheritance
an outdated disreputed thoery that the phenotype of an offsping was a uniform blend of the parents phenotypes
What forms the modern basis of genetics?
Mendel's theory of inheritance
What theories came together to form evoluitonary sythesis?
natural selection and medelian inheritance
What is Descent with modification?
theory proposed by Darwin, explaining evoluition to its present state (involved the tree of speciation)
What is binomial nomenclature?
Linnaeus, the name scientists refere to when discussing an organism made up fo the genus and spieces name
List the order of hierarchial classification determined by Linnaeus?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, spieces
what is the basis Evolutionary classification?
similarities are inherited from a common ancestor
What is the Argument from design?
Argued by William Paley- things people make are complex and have purpose, so therefore things that are complex and have purpose must have been created by God
What did Willaim Paley call his theory for a Creator Designer?
Natural Theology (1803)
What is the cosmic pyramid?
the Pre-Darwinian conception of Design is generated
Define the cosmic pyramid
God-->mind-->design-->order-->chaos-->nothing
essentialism
a belief that things have a set of unchanging charteristics that make them what they are, variation among thing is just unimportant deviation from the "essence"
static
unchanging
teleogical
making reference to purpose; goal-oriented purpose- it is relative to who is using it
What is the theory of natural selection in regard to population shifiting?
individuals in a population differ, because of this some individuals will have more offspring than others, over time the population will shift to look like successful individuals
variation
without which there is no means for natural selection to occur
unformitarianism
(Lyell) the assumption that current geological processes, occuring at the same rates observed today, in teh same manner, account for Earth's goelogical features
Deep Time
(Lyell) the earth is very old judging by how slow change occurs
what is the theory of Population Growth?
any natural population has potential to increase in sixe, until the resources become stress and some of the population must die off inorder to stabilize the situation
What does resource limitation determine?
how large a population can grow
Orthogenesis
evolution of a group of organisims is set in a specific predetermined direction (obsolete) (Lamarck)
Scala Natura
also known as the great chain of being. God, angels, man, animals, plants, minerals (in that order) (Lamarck)
What were problems for Darwin concerning his theory of evolution?
1. Didnt know how features were inherited
2. Didn't know how new features were generated
What is the theory behind fitness?
individuals with features that allow them to compete well are better able to surive and will have offspring that are also fit.
what were Darwin's initital observations?
1.population growth outstips resources
2.individuals in a population differ from each other
3.these differences are heritable
Evolution
Change in the genetic composition of a population during successive generations, as a result of natural selection acting on the genetic variation among individuals, and resulting in the development of new species.
Charles Lyell
know as the "father of Geology". Provided theories of deep time, uniformitarianism
Georges Cuvier
provided theory of catastrophism
Erasmus Darwin
physician,Darwin's grandfather, speculated that life had evolved thorough eccentric poetry he wrote. He was an inventor and his creation included the theory of the watercycle.
Comte de Buffon
wrote books about the possibility of evolution but recanted in fear of punishment from the church
Mathus
propsed the idea of population growth, provided concepts of chateristsic advantageous for survival, founded demographics
William Paley
proposed theory of "natural theology" and the argument for a designer
Jean-Baptiste de Lamarck
propsed idea of transmuation for evolutionary occurances. (obsolete) he believed in inheritance of aquired characteristics (first serious model of physical traits passed from parents to offspring)
Linnaeus
provided method of classificiation and taxonomy, and binomial nomenclature
Who discovered the structure of DNA?
1950s- Watson,Crick, and Franklin
What is DNA made of?
double helix made of nucleotides
What is a nucleotide?
sequence of a phosphate, sugar, and a base
What are the four bases found in DNA?
thymine, guamine, cytosine, adenine
What are proteins made of?
amino acids
How many amino acids are there?
20
What do proteins compose?
the many molecules of the body including connective tissue, muscle, and nevers
What is a codon?
a sequence of three amino acids that code for a protein
Eukaryote
have mulitple cxs. inside the nucleues, the are more complicated like us
Prokaryote
simple ring of DNA with no nucleus, less complicated like bacteria
What is a genome?
the entirelty fo an organisms hereditarty information (over 3 billion base pairs)
Somatic Cells
All cells except gametes, form the entirety of the body, they are diploid 46 cxs (23 pairs)
Gametes
Cells that join during reproduction. they are haploid 23 cxs.
Chromosome
tightly coiled DNA, 46 in the human body divided into 23 pairs
Karyotype
1.The characterization of the chromosomal complement of an individual or a species, including number, form, and size of the chromosomes.
2.A photomicrograph of chromosomes arranged according to a standard classification.
Gene
sequence of DNA code for a specific protein
locus
the physical loaction of a specific sequence of a cxs.
alleles
alternative forms of a gene
nucleus
A large, membrane-bound, usually spherical protoplasmic structure within a living cell, containing the cell's hereditary material and controlling its metabolism, growth, and reproduction.
ribosome
convert stored genetic information into protein molecules
Mitochondrion
energy producing organelles in eukaryotic cells; they possess their own independent DNA. The mitochondria DNA is inherited just through the mother.
How was DNA photographed?
x-ray diffraction
What is the function of ribosomes in protein synthesis?
After transcription, the mRNA goes to the ribosome
nucleotide
the building block of DNA and RNA, comprised of a sugar, a phosphate group, and a base
amino acid
organic molecules combined in a specific sequence to create a protein
codons
the sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by mRNA that are coed to produce specific amino acids in protien synthesis. The bond with tRNA anti-codons
Genome
the complete set of chromosomes for an organism or species that represents all the inheritable traits
matriline DNA (mtDNA)
minature cxs containing 37 genes inherited only from mother. Comes from the ovum. Can be traced for lineage. it is heteroplasmic. ex. mitochondrial DNA
heteroplasmic
DNA that can differe among different parts of a person's body or even within the same kinds of cells
homologous cxs.
occur within somatic cells. matching pairs of cxs. Contain mothers contribution and father contribution. called autosomes.
autsomes
all cxs except the sex chromosomes, that occur in paris in all somatic cells (no the gametes)
chromosomes
the strand of DNA found in the nucleus of eukaryotes that contains hundreds or thousands of genes.
chromatin
the readily stainable substance of a cell nucleus consisting of DNA and RNA and various proteins; during mitotic division it condenses into chromosomes
sex cxs.
the pair at the end of the karyotype that determines and organism's sex. xx for girls and xy for boys
centromere
a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape; "the centromere is difficult to sequence"
Endoplasmic Reticulum
organelle that surrounds nucleus. holds the ribosomes
replication
the process of copying nuclear DNA prior to cell divison, so that each new daughter cell recieves a complete complement of DNA
Describe the process of DNA replication
1. Strand of DNA unzips to form templates. (weak nucleotide bonds between bases break, exposing two parental strands of DNA)
2. templates plus nucleotieds yield daughers (free-floating nucleotides in the nucleus match with the newly exposed template strands of DNA.
primary structure
protein sequences laid out linear
tertiary structure
protein sequences coiled tightly together and around each other to take up less space
uracil
the base used in RNA that takes the place of thymine
Exon
An exon is a nucleic acid sequence that is represented in the mature form of an RNA molecule after either portions of a precursor RNA (introns) have been removed by cis-splicing or when two or more precursor RNA molecules have been ligated by trans-splicing. The mature RNA molecule can be a messenger RNA or a functional form of a non-coding RNA such as rRNA or tRNA. Depending on the context, exon can refer to the sequence in the DNA or its RNA transcript
Intron
a DNA region within a gene that is not translated into protein. These non-coding sections are transcribed to precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) and some other RNAs (such as long noncoding RNAs), and subsequently removed by a process called splicing during the processing to mature RNA. After intron splicing (ie. removal), the mRNA consists only of exon derived sequences, which are translated into a protein.
polygenic
one phoenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes (determined by genes at two or more loci) such as skin color, height, head form, tooth size etc. (many genes=one effect)
pleiotropy
refers to one gene that affects more than one phenotypic trait (one gene=many effects) ex. is PKU allele.
structural gene
genes coded to produce particular products such as an enzyme or hormone (rather than for regulatory proteins)
regulatory gene
the genes that determine when structural genes and other regulatory genes are turned on and off for protein synthesis
anticodon
sequences of three nitrogen bases carried by tRNA, they match up with the complementary mRNA codons and each designate a specific amino acid during protein synthesis
Transcription
the first step of protein synthesis, involving the creation of mRNA based on the DNA template
tRNA
the molecules that responsible for transporting amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis
translation
the second step of protein synthesis, involving the transfer of amin acids by tRNA to the ribosomes, which are then added to the protein chain
RNA
a single-stranded molecule involved in protein synthesis, consisting of a posphate, ribose sugar, and one of the four nitrogen bases
messenger RNA (mRNA)
the molecules that are responsible for making chemical copy of a gene needed for a specific protein, that is, for the transcription phase of protein synthesis
Describew the process of Translation (4 steps)
1. mRNA moves through ribosomes exposing codons in sequence
2. Free-floating tRNA carrying amino acids move into the ribosome complex
3. tRNA anticodon bonds with mRNA codons and amino acids are bonded creating a growing protein
4. tRNA is ejected
Describe the process of transcription
nuclear DNA is unzipped in the region of the gene by RNA polymerase and free floating RNA nucleotides match the ones exposed on the strand of DNA. used to create a complimentary RNA-the mRNA moves out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm
cell differentiation
1.different cells make different types of proteins, even thought all somatic cells contail full DNA w/ instructions for creating all proteins
2. during development cells become differentiated
zygote
the single cell life starts as that replicates itself millions of times to form a fetus
Results of mitosis
occurs in somatic cells and produces 2 identical daughter cells
Process of mitosis
1. DNA in the nucleus duplicates and contracts into sister chromatids
2. cxs. line up (92 cxs.)
3. clevage divides into two cells with 46 cxs each.
Results of meiosis
occurs in gametes, produces four different cells
Process of meiosis
1.DNA contracts and duplicates
2. cxs. line up
3. crossing over occurs-creating genetic variation
4. cell divides into two dipolid cells
5. cells each divide again producing 4 haploid cells (all different)
number of human cxs.
46 cxs. arranged in 23 pairs. the last two on the karyotype are the sex chromosomes
Diploid
used to describe a cell that has the full number of human cxs. (46)
haploid
used to describe a cell that has half the number of human cxs. (23) they are unpaired
Parent Cell
the original cell that divides in mitosis or meiosis
Cell cycle
the process by which a single parent cell divides to form daughter cells and then those daughter cells divide to produces more cells and the process continues on and on (like a pyramid)
cell clevage
the pinching of the membrance of a cell that divides the cell into two cells. This occurs once in mitosis and twice in meiosis
daughter cells
the cells produced from the parent cell by the process of mitosis or meiosis
recombination
the exchange of genetic material between homologous cxs. resulting from a cross-over event.
crossing-over
the process by which homologous cxs. partially wrap around each other and exchange genetic information during meiosis
haplotypes
a group of alleles that tend to be inherited as a unit due to the their closely spaced loci on a single cxs.
sister chromatid
Sister chromatids are two identical copies of a single chromosome that are connected by a centromere.
mutation
a change in the nucleotide sequence caused by copying errors during DNA replication or exposure to chemical mutagens or radiation or viruses
mutation rate
rare. there are 3.2 billion nucleotide in the human genome and mutation occurs from 2.5x10^-9 to 3.4x10^-8 per nucleotide per generation
Number of nucleotides in the human genome
3.2 billion
point mutation
change in one base in the nucleotide sequence which may or may not affect the amino acid for which the triplet codes
Insertion mutation
a base is added into the DNA sequences which causes all other bases following the intsertion to be off my one causing severe damgage. Many amino acids will be altered
deletion mutation
removal of a base from the sequence which causes all remaining bases following the deletion to have to move down one causing severe damage. Many amino acids will be altered
Inversion mutation
the DNA reverses in small sections which causes different amino acids to be coded for
Possible effects of mutation
non-viable zygote
protein non-function or reduced function
neutral effect
protein has improved function
protein has new function
Third base position in a codon
mutation here usually has no effect because the amino acid is usally coded for by the first two bases only and the third in incidential. However in some cases all three code for the amino acid and mutation can have an affect on the protein
Sickle Cell
a genetic blood disease in which the red blood cells become deformed and sickle-shaped, decreasing their ability to carry oxygen to tissues. In countries that have more cases of malaria sickle cell is also more prominent because it helps prevent the affects of the disease. carries of sickle cell (AS) are better suited for reproduction and survival here.
hemoglobin
the chemical in red blood cells that carries oxygen to the tissues
blending inheritance
a form of inheritance in which the features of the offspring are the average of those seen in the parents, now know to be mistaken
mendelian inheritance
the basic principles associated with the transmission of genetic material, forming the basis of genetics, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment
Gregor Mendel
an Augustinian monk living in a monastery in Brno, Czech Republic, who discovered inheritance by cross-breeding pea plants for many generation in his gardens
phenotype
the physical expression of the genotype; it may be influenced by the environment
genotype
the genetic makeup of an organism; the combination of alleles for a given gene
recessive
an allele that is expressed in an organism's phenotype if two copies are present, but masked if the dominant allele is present
dominant
refers to an allele that is expressed in an organism's phenotype and that simultaneously masks the effects of another allele, if another one is present
pea plants
studied by mendel when he discovered inheritance. He observed seven traits
pea shape
pea color
plant height
flower position
pod shape
and pod color
variant
characteristics in an organism that can differ from one to another. Ex. in pea plants this could be pod shape, flower color, plant height etc.
True-breeding
breeding between two homozygous same plants. like aa and aa or AA and AA
cross
breeding between two organisms
law of segregation
Mendel's first law, which asserts that the two alleles for any given gene are inherited one from each parent; during gamete production, only one of the two alleles will become present in each ovum or sperm
homozygous
refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous cxs. are the same
heterozygous
refers to the condition in which a pair of alleles at a single locus on homologous cxs. are different
codominance
refers to two different alleles that are equally dominant; both are fully expressed in a heterozygote's phenotype. Ex. ABO blood types (A and B are codominant)
A blood type
genotype: AO, AA
antigens:A
antibodies: anti-B
unacceptable blood types: B, AB
acceptable: AO
B blood type
genotype: BB, BO
antigens: B
antibodies: anti-A
unacceptable blood types: A, AB
acceptable: B,O
AB blood type
genotype: AB
antigens:A,B
antibodies: none
unacceptable blood types: none
acceptable: A,B,AB,O
O blood type
genotypes:OO
antigens:none (universal donor)
antibodies: anti-A, anti-B
unacceptable blood type: A,B,AB
acceptable blood types: O
Independent Assortment
Mendels second law, which asserts that the inheritance of one trait does not affect the inheritance of other
linkage
the inheritance of package of genes (such as haplotypes) from the same cxs. This is an exception to Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment
F0,F1, and F2 generations
F0:parent generation
F1: offspring
F2: offspring of F1 generation
Particle-based inheritance
Darwin believed each body part contained individual particles called gemmules and that representative gemmules for all particles resided in the reproductive organs. And that that gemmules from each parent intermingled to form the characterisitcs observed in their offspring
The Modern Synthesis
before 1950. Genetics was added to Evolutionary Theory to produce "Neo-Darwinian" Theory
Punnett Square
diagram showing probablilites in genetic crosses
Neo-Darwinian Theory
evolution is defined as a change in alleles frequencies in a population of spieces over time
Mendelian Traits
cleft chin, widows peak, attached or unattached earlobes
continuously distributed traits
-controlled by genes at several loci
-many alleles in population
-partial dominance (partial expression of alleles rather than simple domant or recessive)
-ALSO:variation in phenotypic traits such as body weight or height in which a series of types are distributed on a continuum rather than grouped into discrete categories.
simple mendelian traits
-controlled by a gene at a single loci
-two alleles in population
-dominant/recessive
discontinuously distributed traits
variation in phenotypic traits in which types are grouped into discrete categories with few or no intermediate phenotypes.
How are continuously distibuted traits contolled by genes?
-possibly traits are control for genes at more than one loci
-phenotype is influenced not only by genotype but also environment
What evolves?
populations or species not individuals
phenotypic frequency
the percentage of individuals in a population that exhibit a given phenotype
genotypic frequency
the percentage of individuals in a population that exhibit a given genotype
allele frequency
the relative frequency of an allele at a given locus within a population
Are dominant traits always the most frequent in a population?
No
Partial Dominance
partial expression of alleles rather than simple domant or recessive
complex traits
Complex traits are those that are influenced by more than one factor. The factors can be genetic or environmental. This is in contrast to simple genetic traits, whose variations are controlled by variations in single genes.
polygenice complex traits
refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes. the genes cannot be identified individually and the physical manefestiations are influenced by environmental factors
heritability
the proportion of phenotypic variation that is due to inheritance rater than to environmental influence
plieotropy (complex traits)
refers to one gene that affects more than one phenotypic trait
Carrier
An individual that carries one gene for a particular recessive trait. A carrier does not express the trait but, when mated with another carrier, can produce offspring that do.
Phenylketoneuria (PKU)
affects mental abilities and the coloration of hair and skin. A person who inherits this allele will be afflicted with the diesease in which a missing enzyme leads to recued hair and skin pigmentation and mental retardation
very rare. Carriers are not affected.
microevolution
small-scale evolution, such as changes in allele frequency, that occurs from one generation to the next
macroevolution
large-scale evolution such as a speciation event, that occurs after hundreds or thousands of generations
gene pool
all the genetic information in the breeding population
deme
members of a species that produce offspring
reproductive isolation
any mechanism that prevents two populations from interbreeding and exchanging genetic material. This could eventually lead to enough genetic differences cumulating that different species could emerge
fitness
average number of offspring produced by parents with a particular genotype compared to the number of offspring procued by parents with another genotype
directional selection
selection at one end of the range of phenotype (movement of the bell curve)
stabilizing selection
selection for the average phenotype (no movement of the bell curve)
reproductive success
is defined as the passing of genes onto the next generation in a way that they too can pass those genes on. In practice, this is often a tally of the number of offspring produced by an individual. A more correct definition, which incorporates inclusive fitness, is the relative production of fertile offspring by a genotype. For example, the offspring produced as a result of normal mating are an example of reproductive success, because they too can pass their genetic material on to the next generation. Alternatively, the birth of a mule as a result of the mating of a horse and a donkey is not an example of reproductive success because the mule is sterile and thus not able to continue the germ line.
mutation
-creates variation within the gene pool making long-term evolutionary change possible
-occurs at random with a wide range of effects
-may increase or decrease fitness
It is largely random and does not anticipate needs of an organism. Does not cause long-term evolutionary change, but makes it possible thorough directional selection or genetic drift
What determines if mutates alleles will be passed on?
natural selection. Mutation randomly generates variation but cannot drive evoltuionary change. Natural slection acts of the variation produced
Gene Flow
-the movement of alleles between populations
-occurs among populations within a species not between species
-the less distance between populations the greater chance of gene flow
-effects the consequencesof selection in those populations
ex. blood types
Genetic Drift
changes in allele frequencies from one generation to the next. Sampling through random mating. Is high in smaller populations. It is expected to produce changes in species through time, but not adaptation
Founder Effect (Genetic Drift)
loss of genetic variation when a new colony is established
Genetic Bottleneck
reduction in genetic diversity due to dramatic temporary decrease in population size.
species
the basic unit of evolution. groups of interbreeding populations reproductively isolated from other such groups
individual
one organism of a species
population
an identifiable group of individuals of the same species
subspecies
a collection of populations distinguished by one of more unique features
Mayr's biological species concept
a group of actually or potentially interbreeding population that is reproductively isolated from other such groups.
(emphasizes ability to reproduce)
Pre-mating reproductive isolating mechanisms
no initial attraction
physical incompatibility
post-mating reproductibe isolating mechanisms
sperm/egg incompatiblity
zygote, embryo, or offspring isn't viable
offspring sterility
allopatric speciation
(in different place) species split for some random reason )river etc.) breaking into smaller populations
lack of gene flow leads to accumulation of reproductive isolating mechansims leading to speciation
sympatric speciation
(uncommon) speciation occuring within the same geographic range
even with no geographic barriers to gene flow
lineage
a species changes significantly without splitting (a case it is hard to apply Mayr's concept in) Reproductive isolation would exist between early and late members of the population
Simpson Evolutionary Species Concept
a species is a lineage of ancestral-descendant populations of organisms which maintains its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate
-recognizes that species evolve
Phenetic Similarity Species Concept
-A quantitative approach to systematics that seeks to classify organisms on the basis of their overall similarity
-Based on numerical taxonomy, which measures and records similarities for large numbers of characters
-Phenetic species concept defines a species as a set of organisms that look similar to each other and distinct from other sets
Ring Species
a connected series of neighboring populations that can interbreed with relatively closely related populations, but for which there exist at least two "end" populations in the series that are too distantly related to interbreed.
A can breed with B, B can breed with C. But not with A
Gradualistic Evolution
caused by directional selection-change in avg. phenotype determined by environment
also caused by genetic drift
Stasis
no change in phenotype frequencies or selection for the average phenotype
extinction
speices dies off
may be due to competition or environmental change
cladogenesis
speciation by splitting
clade
ancestral-descendant splitting (on evolutionary tree)
anagenesis
speciation without splitting
ex.human skulls
Adaptive Radiation
Diversification of a species or single ancestral type into several forms that are each adaptively specialized to a specific environmental niche.
punctuated equilibrium
The theory that speciation occurs in spurts of major genetic alterations that punctuate long periods of little change
T/F gradualistic evolution may occur as a result of directional selection or genetic drift
true
Cladogenesis occurs...
when an evolving species splits into two daughter species
evolutionary stasis within a lineage is the result of...
stabilizing selection
T/F allopatric speciation can occur when two populations are separated geographically for some period of time
True
T/F according to the biological species concept, individuals within a species are reproductively isolated from members of other species
True
T/F offspring sterility is an example of pre-mating reproductive isolating mechansim
false (its post-mating)
New genetic variation within a species is produced through...
mutation
a change in allele frequencies in a population over time can be caused by...
genetic drift or directional selection
T/F the extent of genetic drift in a population depends on population size
True-it affects smaller populations more than larges ones
T/F Long term evolutionary change is caused by mutation
False
In modern darwinian theory, biological evolution is defined as...
change in allele frequencies in a population over time
T/F characteristics that are continuously distributed within a population are not influenced by genes
False
T/F 75% of the individuals in a populations express the dominant phenotype for any given trait
false
If a woman with type AB blood has a child with type AB blood the father's genotype...
cannot be OO
If an individual who is homozygous dominant for a specific locus mates with an individual who is heterozygous for that locus, the frequency of heterozygotes among the offpsring will be...
50%
Mendel bred true lines of pea plants: one homozygous dominant, another homozygous recessive. He then cross mated them to produce and F1 generation of the offspring. This F1 generation...
was composed completely of heterozygotes
If a sexually reproducing organism has 52 chromosome in its somatic cells, how many will it have in its gametes?
26
If a cell undergoes meiosis the end result will be...
four haploid gametes
T/F mutations that occurs during meiosis are heritable
True
During protein synthesis, the instructions for building the protein are carried from the nucleus to the cells cytoplasm by the...
mRNA
T/F amino acids are carried by tRNA
true
The particular location of a gene of a chromosome is called a...
locus
collage, adrenaline, actin, and myosin are all examples of...
proteins
One explanation for the changes that the nineteenth century naturalists saw in the fossil record was that periodic natural disasters caused many species in an area to go extinct. This was called:
catastrophism
Which of the following types of inheritance did Lamarack argue was a mechanism for producing evolutionary change in organisms?
inheritance of aquired characteristics
explaining natural phenomena by making reference to some purpose is...
teleology
T/F Linnaeus organized species in a way that reflected their evolutionary relationships to each other
False, he organized them according to his judgement of similarity and they were thought to reflect basis of "plans" in gods mind
T/F primatology is a subfied of Biological Anthropology
True
T/F a hypothesis that is falsifiable has been shown to be incorrect
True
Science has these qualities
it looks for natural casual explanation for events
and relies on observation by independent researchers