Human Development 3: Socioemotional Development In Early Childhood

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Cephalocaudal pattern

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Sequence in which earliest growth starts at the top (head) and growth works it's way down

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Proximodistal pattern

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Sequence in which growth starts at center of body and moves towards extremities

Ex. Infants use whole hand before they use individual fingers

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Lateralization

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Specialization of function in one area of cerebral cortex or other

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Neuroconstructivist view

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Perspective in which biological processes and environmental conditions influence the brains development

The brain has plasticity and is context dependent

Cognitive development is closely linked with brain development

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Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

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Condition occurs when infant stops breathing, usually at night, and suddenly dies without an apparent cause.

One of the main causes of death.

Preventative measures: sleeping on back. Increases access to fresh air and prevents overheating. Breast fed.

Factors that best predict SIDS: Prone sleeping, maternal smoking, bed sharing.

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Dynamic systems theory

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Perspective on motor development that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled.

To develop motor skills, infants need to see something in environment that motivates them to act, then use perceptions to fine-tune movement

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Rooting reflex

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When infants cheek is stroked or side of mouth is touched, the infant turns its head towards that direction in an apparent effort to find something to suck

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Sucking reflex

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Automatically sticking an object into their mouth

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Moro reflex

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In response to sudden noise or movement, arches back and spreads arms then closes inward. A way to grab support while falling.

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Grasping reflex

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When something touches infants hand, responds by holding slightly

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Gross Motor Skills

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Motor skills that involve large-muscle activities, like walking.

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Karen Adolph Steep Slope experiment

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Crawling infant starts off my indiscriminately going down slopes. After practice they get more skilled at telling apart which slopes are safe to go down.

When transitioning to walking, this pattern is reset. They have to relearn because its another height/skill.

Both take practice!

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Fine Motor Skills

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Motor skills that involve more finely tuned movements, like finger dexterity.

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Sensation

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Interaction between info and sensory receptors (eyes, ears, tongue...)

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Perception

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Interpretation of what is sensed

Ex. Air waves that contact ears might be noise or music.

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Ecological view

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View that perception functions to bring organisms in contact with environment and increase adaptation

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Visual preference method

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Method developed by Fantz to determine whether infants can distinguish one stimulus from another by measuring how long they stare at it. Prefer textured/patterned stimuli.

Stimuli:

White, yellow, red, concentric circle, words, face

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Habituation

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Decreased responsiveness to stimuli after repeated presentations of the stimuli

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Visual Cliff Experiment

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Eleanor Gibson + Richard Wall. Tested depth perception

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Intermodal perception

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Ability to relate and intergrate info from two or more sensory modalities, like vision + hearing. Or smell + taste.

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Average height: 20 inches

Average Weight: 7 1/2 pounds

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Average height: _____

Average weight: _____

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25%

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Average weight of infants brain of adult weight at birth

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Blooming and pruning

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Varies considerably by brain region.

In prefrontal cortex, peak of overproduction occurs at 3 years old.

Dont reach adult density of synapses until middle/late adolescence.

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Prefrontal cortex

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Area of brain involved in higher level thinking and self regulation.

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16 -17 hours a day

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Average sleep of newborn

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Half their sleep time.

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How long do babies spend in REM (rapid eye movement)sleep

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Relationship of sleep and cognitive development

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More sleep means higher level of executive function at age 4.

Sleep has a role in brain maturation and memory consolidation.

Poor sleep in infancy linked in negative outcomes in later development

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Blinking reflex

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Flash of light, puff of air. Closes both eyes. Permanent.

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Babinski reflex

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Sole of foot stroked causes fan out of toes, twisting foot in.

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Childhood/infantile amnesia

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Happens because in ages 0-3 we have no self concept, no language, and our brains have not developed fully.

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75%

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Average weight of 2 yr olds brain of adult weight