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93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Subject
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A broad area of knowledge
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Topic
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Some specific aspect of a subject
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Brainstorming
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An uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating associated ideas
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Audience analysis
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The study of the intended audience for your speech
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Audience adaptation
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The active process of developing a strategy for tailoring your information to the specific speech audience
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Survey
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A questionnaire designed to gather information from people
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Setting
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The occasion and location for your speech
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General speech goal
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The intent of the speech
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Specific speech goal
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A single statement of the exact response the speaker wants from the audience
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Secondary research
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The process of locating information about your topic that has been discovered by other people
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Periodicals
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Magazines and journals that appear at fixed intervals
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Examples
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Specific instances that illustrate or explain a general factual statement
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Expert opinions
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Interpretations and judgements made by authorities in a particular subject area
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Expert
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A person who has mastered a specific subject, usually through long-term study
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Anecdotes
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Brief, often amusing stories
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Narratives
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Accounts, personal experiences, tales, or lengthier stories
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Comparisons
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Illuminate a point by showing similarities
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Contrasts
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Highlight differences
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Plagiarism
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The unethical act of representing a published author's work as your own.
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Primary research
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The process of conducting your own study to acquire information for your speech
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Organizing
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The process of selecting and arranging the main ideas and supporting material to be presented in the speech in a manner that makes it easy for the audience to understand.
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Main points
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Complete sentence representations of the main ideas used in your thesis statement
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Thesis statement
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A sentence that identifies the topic of your speech and the main ideas you will present
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Speech outline
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A sentence representation of the hierarchical and sequential relationships between the ideas presented in a speech
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Parallel
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Wording in more than one sentence that follows the same structural pattern, often using the same introductory words
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Topic order
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Organizing the main points of the speech by categories or divisions of a subject
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Logical reasons order
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Emphasizes when the main points provide proof supporting the thesis statement
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Goals of the introduction
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Getting attention, stating the thesis, eestablishing our credibility, setting a tone, creating a bond of goodwill
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Time or sequential order
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Organizing the main points by a chronological sequence, or by the steps in a process
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Transitions
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Words, phrases, or setences that show the relationship between or bridge ideas
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Methods of gaining attention
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Startling statement, rhetorical questions, personal reference, quotation, stories
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Appeal
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Describes the behavior you want your listeners to follow after they have heard your arguments
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Points of a conclusion
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Summary of main ideas, leaving vivid impressions, appeal to action
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Audience analysis
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The process of customizing our speech material to your audience
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Relevance
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Adapting the information in the speech so that audience members view it as important
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Timely
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Showing how information is useful now or in the near future
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Proximity
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A relationship to personal space
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Personalize
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Presenting information in a frame of reference that is familiar to the audience
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Common ground
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The background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies that are shared by audience members and speaker
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Personal pronouns
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"we", "us", "our" pronouns that refer directly to members of the audience
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Rhetorical questions
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Questions phrased to stimulate a mental response rather than an actual spoken response on the part of the audience
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Credibility
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The level of trust that an audience has or will have in the speaker
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Knowledge and expertise
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How well you convince your audience that you are qualified to speak on a topic
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Trustworthiness
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Both character and apparent motives for speaking
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Personableness
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The extent to which you project an agreeable or pleasing personality
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Initial audience attitudes
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Predispositions for or against a topic, usually expressed as an opinion
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Visual aid
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A form of speech development that allows the audience to see as well as to hear information
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Object
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A three-dimensional representation of an idea you are communicating
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Charts
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Graphic representation that present information in easily interpreted formats
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Word charts
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Used to preview, review, or highlight important ideas covered in a speech
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Flow charts
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Use symbols and connecting lines to diagram the progressions through a complicated process
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Graph
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A chart that compares information
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Bar graphs
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Charts that represent information using a series of vertical or horizontal bars
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Line graphs
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Charts that indicate changes in one or more variables over time
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Pie graphs
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Charts that help audiences visualize the relationships among parts of a single unit
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Flip chart
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A large pad of paper mounted on an easel. It can be an effective method for presenting visual aids
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Informative speech
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A speech that has a goal to explain or describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that increases understanding
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Intellectually stimulating
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Information that is new to audience members
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Creative
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Using information in a way that yields different or original ideas and insights
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Divergent thinking
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Thinking that occurs when we contemplate something from a variety of different perspectives
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Mnemonics
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A system of improving memory by using formulas
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Acronyms
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Words formed from the first letter of a series of words
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Description
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The informative method used to create an accurate, vivid, verbal picture of an object, geographic feature, setting or image
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Definition
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A method of informing that explains something by identifying its meaning
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Synonym
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A word that has the same or similar meaning
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Antonym
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A word that is a direct opposition
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Comparison and contrast
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A method of informing that explains something by focusing on how it is similar and different from other things.
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Narration
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A method of informing that explains something by recounting events
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Demonstration
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A method of informing that explains something by showing how something is done, by displaying the stages of a process, or by depicting how something works
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Expository speech
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An informative presentation that provides carefully researched, in-depth knowledge about a complex topic
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Persuasive speech
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A speech that has a goal to influence the beliefs or behaviors of audience members
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Propositions
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A declarative sentence that clearly indicates the speaker's position on the topic
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Uniformed
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Not knowing enough about a topic to have formed an opinion
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Impartial
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Knowing the basics about a topic but still not having an opinion about it
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Apathetic
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Having no opinion because one is uninterested to a topic
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Reasons
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Main point statements that summarize several related pieces of evidence and show why you should believe or do something
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Argument
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The process of proving conclusions you have drawn form reasons and evidence
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Arguing by example
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Support a claim by providing one or more individual examples
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Arguing by analogy
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Support a claim with a single comparable example that is significantly similar to the subject of the claim
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Arguing from causation
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Support a claim by citing events that have occurred to bring about the claim: "The dry weather hurt the local lake economy"
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Arguing by sign
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Support a claim by citing information that signals the claim: "longer lines at a soup kitchen are a sign that the economy is worsening."
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Hasty generalization
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A fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only weak evidence
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False cause
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A fallacy that occurs when the alleged cause fails to be related to, or to produce the effect: "The black cat crossing the street brought me bad luck, so I had an accident"
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Ad hominem argument
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A fallacy that occurs when one attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself
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Goodwill
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The audience perception that the speaker understands empathizes with and is responsive to them
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Being responsive
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Showing care about the audience by acknowledging feedback from the audience, especially subtle negative cues
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Motivation
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Forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior
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Incentive
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A reward promised if a particular action is taken or goal reached
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Statement of reasons pattern
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A straight forward organization in which you present the best-supported reasons you can find
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Comparative advantages pattern
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An organization that allows you to place all the emphasis on the superiority of the proposed course of action
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Criteria satisfaction pattern
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An indirect organization that first seeks audience agreement on criteria that should be considered when they evaluate a particular proposition and then shows how the proposition satisfies those criteria
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Problem solution pattern
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An organization that provides a framework for clarifying the nature of the problem and for illustrating why a given proposal is the best one
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Motivate sequence pattern
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An organization that combines the problem solution pattern with explicit appeals designed to motivate the audience to act. The five steps of the motivated sequence are: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
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