Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
93 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Subject
|
A broad area of knowledge
|
|
Topic
|
Some specific aspect of a subject
|
|
Brainstorming
|
An uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating associated ideas
|
|
Audience analysis
|
The study of the intended audience for your speech
|
|
Audience adaptation
|
The active process of developing a strategy for tailoring your information to the specific speech audience
|
|
Survey
|
A questionnaire designed to gather information from people
|
|
Setting
|
The occasion and location for your speech
|
|
General speech goal
|
The intent of the speech
|
|
Specific speech goal
|
A single statement of the exact response the speaker wants from the audience
|
|
Secondary research
|
The process of locating information about your topic that has been discovered by other people
|
|
Periodicals
|
Magazines and journals that appear at fixed intervals
|
|
Examples
|
Specific instances that illustrate or explain a general factual statement
|
|
Expert opinions
|
Interpretations and judgements made by authorities in a particular subject area
|
|
Expert
|
A person who has mastered a specific subject, usually through long-term study
|
|
Anecdotes
|
Brief, often amusing stories
|
|
Narratives
|
Accounts, personal experiences, tales, or lengthier stories
|
|
Comparisons
|
Illuminate a point by showing similarities
|
|
Contrasts
|
Highlight differences
|
|
Plagiarism
|
The unethical act of representing a published author's work as your own.
|
|
Primary research
|
The process of conducting your own study to acquire information for your speech
|
|
Organizing
|
The process of selecting and arranging the main ideas and supporting material to be presented in the speech in a manner that makes it easy for the audience to understand.
|
|
Main points
|
Complete sentence representations of the main ideas used in your thesis statement
|
|
Thesis statement
|
A sentence that identifies the topic of your speech and the main ideas you will present
|
|
Speech outline
|
A sentence representation of the hierarchical and sequential relationships between the ideas presented in a speech
|
|
Parallel
|
Wording in more than one sentence that follows the same structural pattern, often using the same introductory words
|
|
Topic order
|
Organizing the main points of the speech by categories or divisions of a subject
|
|
Logical reasons order
|
Emphasizes when the main points provide proof supporting the thesis statement
|
|
Goals of the introduction
|
Getting attention, stating the thesis, eestablishing our credibility, setting a tone, creating a bond of goodwill
|
|
Time or sequential order
|
Organizing the main points by a chronological sequence, or by the steps in a process
|
|
Transitions
|
Words, phrases, or setences that show the relationship between or bridge ideas
|
|
Methods of gaining attention
|
Startling statement, rhetorical questions, personal reference, quotation, stories
|
|
Appeal
|
Describes the behavior you want your listeners to follow after they have heard your arguments
|
|
Points of a conclusion
|
Summary of main ideas, leaving vivid impressions, appeal to action
|
|
Audience analysis
|
The process of customizing our speech material to your audience
|
|
Relevance
|
Adapting the information in the speech so that audience members view it as important
|
|
Timely
|
Showing how information is useful now or in the near future
|
|
Proximity
|
A relationship to personal space
|
|
Personalize
|
Presenting information in a frame of reference that is familiar to the audience
|
|
Common ground
|
The background, knowledge, attitudes, experiences, and philosophies that are shared by audience members and speaker
|
|
Personal pronouns
|
"we", "us", "our" pronouns that refer directly to members of the audience
|
|
Rhetorical questions
|
Questions phrased to stimulate a mental response rather than an actual spoken response on the part of the audience
|
|
Credibility
|
The level of trust that an audience has or will have in the speaker
|
|
Knowledge and expertise
|
How well you convince your audience that you are qualified to speak on a topic
|
|
Trustworthiness
|
Both character and apparent motives for speaking
|
|
Personableness
|
The extent to which you project an agreeable or pleasing personality
|
|
Initial audience attitudes
|
Predispositions for or against a topic, usually expressed as an opinion
|
|
Visual aid
|
A form of speech development that allows the audience to see as well as to hear information
|
|
Object
|
A three-dimensional representation of an idea you are communicating
|
|
Charts
|
Graphic representation that present information in easily interpreted formats
|
|
Word charts
|
Used to preview, review, or highlight important ideas covered in a speech
|
|
Flow charts
|
Use symbols and connecting lines to diagram the progressions through a complicated process
|
|
Graph
|
A chart that compares information
|
|
Bar graphs
|
Charts that represent information using a series of vertical or horizontal bars
|
|
Line graphs
|
Charts that indicate changes in one or more variables over time
|
|
Pie graphs
|
Charts that help audiences visualize the relationships among parts of a single unit
|
|
Flip chart
|
A large pad of paper mounted on an easel. It can be an effective method for presenting visual aids
|
|
Informative speech
|
A speech that has a goal to explain or describe facts, truths, and principles in a way that increases understanding
|
|
Intellectually stimulating
|
Information that is new to audience members
|
|
Creative
|
Using information in a way that yields different or original ideas and insights
|
|
Divergent thinking
|
Thinking that occurs when we contemplate something from a variety of different perspectives
|
|
Mnemonics
|
A system of improving memory by using formulas
|
|
Acronyms
|
Words formed from the first letter of a series of words
|
|
Description
|
The informative method used to create an accurate, vivid, verbal picture of an object, geographic feature, setting or image
|
|
Definition
|
A method of informing that explains something by identifying its meaning
|
|
Synonym
|
A word that has the same or similar meaning
|
|
Antonym
|
A word that is a direct opposition
|
|
Comparison and contrast
|
A method of informing that explains something by focusing on how it is similar and different from other things.
|
|
Narration
|
A method of informing that explains something by recounting events
|
|
Demonstration
|
A method of informing that explains something by showing how something is done, by displaying the stages of a process, or by depicting how something works
|
|
Expository speech
|
An informative presentation that provides carefully researched, in-depth knowledge about a complex topic
|
|
Persuasive speech
|
A speech that has a goal to influence the beliefs or behaviors of audience members
|
|
Propositions
|
A declarative sentence that clearly indicates the speaker's position on the topic
|
|
Uniformed
|
Not knowing enough about a topic to have formed an opinion
|
|
Impartial
|
Knowing the basics about a topic but still not having an opinion about it
|
|
Apathetic
|
Having no opinion because one is uninterested to a topic
|
|
Reasons
|
Main point statements that summarize several related pieces of evidence and show why you should believe or do something
|
|
Argument
|
The process of proving conclusions you have drawn form reasons and evidence
|
|
Arguing by example
|
Support a claim by providing one or more individual examples
|
|
Arguing by analogy
|
Support a claim with a single comparable example that is significantly similar to the subject of the claim
|
|
Arguing from causation
|
Support a claim by citing events that have occurred to bring about the claim: "The dry weather hurt the local lake economy"
|
|
Arguing by sign
|
Support a claim by citing information that signals the claim: "longer lines at a soup kitchen are a sign that the economy is worsening."
|
|
Hasty generalization
|
A fallacy that presents a generalization that is either not supported with evidence or is supported with only weak evidence
|
|
False cause
|
A fallacy that occurs when the alleged cause fails to be related to, or to produce the effect: "The black cat crossing the street brought me bad luck, so I had an accident"
|
|
Ad hominem argument
|
A fallacy that occurs when one attacks the person making the argument rather than the argument itself
|
|
Goodwill
|
The audience perception that the speaker understands empathizes with and is responsive to them
|
|
Being responsive
|
Showing care about the audience by acknowledging feedback from the audience, especially subtle negative cues
|
|
Motivation
|
Forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior
|
|
Incentive
|
A reward promised if a particular action is taken or goal reached
|
|
Statement of reasons pattern
|
A straight forward organization in which you present the best-supported reasons you can find
|
|
Comparative advantages pattern
|
An organization that allows you to place all the emphasis on the superiority of the proposed course of action
|
|
Criteria satisfaction pattern
|
An indirect organization that first seeks audience agreement on criteria that should be considered when they evaluate a particular proposition and then shows how the proposition satisfies those criteria
|
|
Problem solution pattern
|
An organization that provides a framework for clarifying the nature of the problem and for illustrating why a given proposal is the best one
|
|
Motivate sequence pattern
|
An organization that combines the problem solution pattern with explicit appeals designed to motivate the audience to act. The five steps of the motivated sequence are: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action
|