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191 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Communication
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The process of creating or sharing meaning in informal conversation, group interaction, or public speaking
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Participants
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Individuals who assume the roles of senders and receivers during an interaction
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Messages
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Verbal utterances, visual images and nonverbal behaviors to which meaning is attributed during communication
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Meanings
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Thoughts in our minds and interpretations of others' messages
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Symbols
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Words, sounds, and actions that are generally understood to represent ideas and feelings
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Encoding
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The process of putting our thoughts and feelings into words and nonverbal cues
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Decoding
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The process of interpreting another's message
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Psychological Interference
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Internal distractions based on thoughts, feelings or emotional reactions to symbols
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Internal noise
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Thoughts and feelings that complete for attention and interfere with the communication process
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Semantic noise
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Distractions aroused by certain symbols that take our attention away from the main message
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Feedback
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Reactions and responses to messages
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Communication setting
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The different communication environments within which people interact, characterized by the numer of participants and the extent to which the interaction is formal or informal, also called communication context
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Intrapersonal communication
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The interactions that occur in a person's mind when he or she is talking with himself or herself
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Interpersonal communication
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Informal interaction between two people who have an identifiable relationship with each other
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Small group communication
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Two to 20 people who participants come together for the specific purpose of solving a problem or arriving at a decision
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Public communication
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One participant, the speaker delivers a prepared message to a group or audience who has assembled to hear the speaker.
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Spontaneous expressions
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Messages without much conscious thought
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Scripted messages
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Phrasings learned from past encounters that we judge to be appropriate to the present situation. Example: "Please pass the sugar." Followed by "Thank you"
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Constructed messages
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Messages put together with careful thought when we recognize that our known scripts are inadequate for the situation. Think we "construct" a message
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Immediacy
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The degree of liking or attractiveness in a relationship
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Control
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The degree to which one participant is perceived to be more dominant or powerful
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Culture
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Systems of knowledge shared by a relatively large group of people
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Ethics
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A set of moral principles that may be held by a society, a group or an individual
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Ethical dilemma
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A choice involving two unsatisfactory alternatives
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Communication competence
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The impression that communicative behavior is both appropriate and effective in a given situation
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Credibility
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A perception of a speaker's knowledge, trustworthiness, and warmth
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Social ease
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Communicating without appearing anxious or nervous
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Communication apprehension
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Fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with others.
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Context
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The setting which communication occurs, including what precedes and follows what is said
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Physical context
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A communication encounter's location, environmental conditions (temperature, lighting, noise level) distance between communicators, seating arrangements and time of day.
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Social context
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The nature of the relationship that exists between the participants.
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Historical context
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The background provided by previous communication episodes between the participants that influence understanding in the current encounter
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Psychological context
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The mood and feelings each person brings to a conversation
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Cultural context
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The values, attitudes, beliefs, orientations, and underlying assumptions prevalent among people in a society
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Channel
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Both the route traveled by the message and the means of transportation
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Interference
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Sometimes referred to as noise it is any stimulus that interferes with the process of sharing meaning
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Physical interference
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Sights, sounds, and other stimuli in the environment that draw people's attention away from intended meaning.
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Language
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A body of symbols (most commonly words) and the systems for their use in messages that are common to the people of the same speech community
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Speech community
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A group of people who speak the same language (also referred to as a language community)
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Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
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A theory claiming that language influences perception. Example: people who are into decorating can distinguish color by descriptive adjectives i.e. pearl white
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Denotation
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The direct, explicit meaning of a speech community gives a word. The dictionary definition of the word.
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Connotation
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The feeling or evaluations we associate with a word
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Syntactic context
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The position of a word in a sentence and the other words around it
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Low context cultures
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Cultures in which messages are direct, specific, and detailed. Not depended on a great deal of context with the message.
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High context cultures
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Cultures in which messages are indirect, general and ambiguous. Needs to be understood based on the context of the communication situation
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Feminine styles of language
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Use words of empathy and support; emphasize concrete and personal language and show politeness and tentativeness in speaking
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Masculine styles of language
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Use of words of status and problem solving emphasizes abstract and general language, and show assertiveness and control in speaking
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Specific words
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Words that clarify meaning by narrowing what is understood from a general category to a particular term of group within that category
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Concrete words
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Words that appeal to the senses and help us see, hear, smell, taste, or touch
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Precise words
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Words that narrow a larger category to a smaller group within that category
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Dating information
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Specifying the time or time period that a fact was true or known to be true
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Vivid wording
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Wording that is full of life, vigorous, bright and intense
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Simile
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A direct comparison of dissimilar things (uses like or as)
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Metaphor
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A comparison that establishes a figurative identity between objects being compared.
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Emphasis
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The importance given to certain words or ideas
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Jargon
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Technical terms whose meanings are understood only by select groups
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Linguistic sensitivity
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Language choices that demonstrate respect for listeners
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Slang
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Informal vocabulary used by particular groups in society
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Generic language
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Using words that may apply to one sex, race, or other group as though they represent everyone
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Nonverbal communication behaviors
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Bodily actions and vocal qualities that typically accompany a verbal message
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Emoticons
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Typed symbols that convey emotional aspects of an online message
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Kinesics
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The interpretation of how body motions communicate
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Gestures
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Movements of our hands, arms, and fingers that we use to describe or to emphasize
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Illustrators
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Gestures that augment a verbal message
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Emblems
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Gestures can substitute for words
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Adaptors
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Gestures that respond to a physical need
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Eye contact or gaze
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How and how much we look at people with whom we are communicating
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Oculesics
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How and how much we look at others when communicating
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Facial expression
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The arrangement of facial muscles to communicate emotional states or reactions to messages.
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Posture
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The position and movement of the body
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Body orientation
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Posture in relation to another person
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Body movement
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Movement that helps clarify meaning (motivated) or movement that distracts listeners from the point being made (unmotivated).
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Haptics
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What and how touch communicates
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Vocalics
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The interpretation of the message based on paralinguistic features
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Paralanguage
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The voiced but not verbal part of a spoken message
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Pitch
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The highness or lowness of vocal tone
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Volume
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The loudness or softness of tone
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Rate
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The speed at which a person speaks
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Quality
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The sound of a person's voice that distinguishes it from others
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Intonation
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The variety, melody, or inflection in one's voice
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Quality
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The sound of a person's voice that distinguishes it from others
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Intonation
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The variety, melody, or inflection in one's voice
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Vocalized pauses
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Extraneous sounds or words that interrupt fluent speech
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Proxemics
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The interpretation of a person's use of space and distance
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Personal space
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The distance you try to maintain when you interact with other people
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Physical space
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The physical environment over which you exert control
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Artifacts
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Objects and possessions we use to decorate the physical space we control
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Chronemics
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The interpretation of a person's use of time
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Monochronic time orientation
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A time orientation that emphasizes doing one thing at a time
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Polychromic time orientation
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A time orientation that emphasizes doing multiple things at once
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Endomorph
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Round and heavy body type
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Mesomorph
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Muscular and athletic body type
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Ectomorph
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Lean and little muscle development
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Healthy group
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A group characterized by ethical goals, interdependence, cohesiveness, productive norms, accountability and synergy
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Group
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A collection of three or more people who interact and attempt to influence each other in order to accomplish a common purpose
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Group communication
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All the verbal and nonverbal messages shared with or among members of the group
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Interdependent group
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Group in which members rely on each other's skills and knowledge to accomplish the group goals
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Cohesiveness
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Force that brings group members closer together
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Team-building activities
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Activities designed to build rapport and develop trust among members
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Norms
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Expectations for the way group members will behave while in a group
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Ground rules
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Prescribed behaviors designed to help the group meet its goals and conduct its conversations
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Accountability
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Group members being held responsible for adhering to the group norms and working toward the group's goals
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Synergy
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The multiplying force of a group working together that results in a combined effort greater than any of the parts
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Forming
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The initial stage of group development characterized by orientation, testing, and dependence.
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Storming
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The stage of group development characterized by conflict and power plays as members seek to have their ideas accepted and to find their place within the group's power structure
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Groupthink
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A deterioration of mental efficiency, reality testing, and moral judgement that results from in-group pressure to conform
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Norming
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The stage of group development during which the group solidifies its rules for behavior, resulting in greater trust and motivation to achieve the group goal
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Performing
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The stage of group development when the skills, knowledge and abilities of all the members are combined to overcome obstacles and meet goals successfully.
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Adjourning
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The stage of group development in which members assign meaning to what they have done and determine how to end or maintain interpersonal relations they have developed
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Family
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A group of intimates who through their communication generates a sense of home and group identity, complete with strong ties of loyalty and emotion and experience a history and a future
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Social friendship group
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A group comprised of friends who have a genuine concern about each other's welfare and enjoy spending time together
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Support group
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A group comprised of people who come together to bolster each other by providing encouragement, honest feedback, and a safe environment for expressing deeply personal feelings about a problem common to the members
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Interest groups
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A group comprised of individuals who come together because they share a common concern, hobby or activity
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Service group
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A group comprised of individuals who come together to perform hands-on charitable works or to raise money to help organizations that perform such work
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Work group
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A collection of three or more people formed to solve a problem
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Work group goal
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A future state of affairs desired by enough members of the group to work motivate it toward its achievement
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Heterogeneous group
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Group in which various demographics, levels of knowledge, attitudes, and interests are represented.
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Homogeneous group
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Group in which members have a great deal of similarity
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Group dynamics
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The way a group interacts to achieve its goals
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The problem solving process
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Step one: Identify and define the problem
Step two: Analyze the problem Step three: Determine criteria for judging solutions Step four: Identify alternative solutions Step five: Evaluate solutions and decide upon the best |
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Problem definition
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A formal written statement describing the problem
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Question of fact
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A question asked to determine what is true or to what extent something is true
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Question of value
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A question asked to determine or judge whether something is right, moral, good, or just
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Question of policy
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A question asked to determine what course or action should be taken or what rules should be adopted to solve a problem
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Criteria
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Standards or measures used for judging the merits of proposed solutions
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Brainstorming
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An uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating possible solutions by being creative, suspending judgement, and combining or adapting ideas
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Decision making methods
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The expert opinion method: asking the person in the group with the most expertise in the matter
The average group opinion method: each member ranks the solutions and the solution with the highest ranking is selected The majority rule method: the group votes and the majority vote determine the solution The unanimous decision method: every member of the group agrees that the same solution is best The consensus method: every member of the group agrees that a solution is acceptable |
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Decision making
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The process of choosing among alternatives
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Informal or emergent leaders
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Members who gain power because they are liked and respected by the group
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Shared leadership functions
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The sets of roles that group members perform to facilitate the work of the group
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Problem definition
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A formal written statement describing the problem
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Question of fact
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A question asked to determine what is true or to what extent something is true
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Question of value
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A question asked to determine or judge whether something is right, moral, good, or just
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Question of policy
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A question asked to determine what course or action should be taken or what rules should be adopted to solve a problem
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Criteria
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Standards or measures used for judging the merits of proposed solutions
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Brainstorming
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An uncritical, non-evaluative process of generating possible solutions by being creative, suspending judgement, and combining or adapting ideas
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Decision making methods
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The expert opinion method: asking the person in the group with the most expertise in the matter
The average group opinion method: each member ranks the solutions and the solution with the highest ranking is selected The majority rule method: the group votes and the majority vote determine the solution The unanimous decision method: every member of the group agrees that the same solution is best The consensus method: every member of the group agrees that a solution is acceptable |
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Decision making
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The process of choosing among alternatives
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Informal or emergent leaders
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Members who gain power because they are liked and respected by the group
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Shared leadership functions
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The sets of roles that group members perform to facilitate the work of the group and help maintain harmonious relationships between members
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Task roles
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Sets of behaviors that help a group acquire, process, or apply information that contributes directly to completing a task or goal
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Maintenance roles
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Sets of behaviors that help a group develop and maintain cohesion, commitment, and positive working relationships
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Procedural roles
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Sets of behaviors that directly support a group process
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Types of task roles
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Information or opinion givers: provide content for discussion
Information or opinion seekers: probe others for their ideas or opinions Information or opinion analyzers: help the group to scrutinize the content and the reasoning of the discussion |
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Types of maintenance roles
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Supporters: encourage others in the group
Interpreters: members who understand, social, cultural, and gender differences and might offer clarification of opinions Harmonizers: intervene in the discussion when conflict arises meditators: neutral and impartial arbiters who guide the discussion to help prevent conflict between differing opinions Tension relievers: group members who recognize when stress has become an issue and attempts to relive the stress by humor |
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Agenda
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An organized outline of the information and decision items that will be covered during a meeting
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Deliverables
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Tangible or intangible products of work that must be provided to someone else
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Written brief
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A very short document that describes a problem, background process, decision, and rationale so that a reader can quickly understand and evaluate a group's product.
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Comprehensive report
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A written document that provides a detailed review of the problem solving process used to arrive at a recommendation
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Executive summary
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A one-page synopsis of a comprehensive report
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Oral brief
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A summary of a written brief delivered to an audience by one or more group members
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Symposium
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A set of prepared oral reports delivered sequentially by group members before a gathering of people who are interested in the work of the group
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Panel discussion
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A structured problem solving discussion held by a group in front of an audience
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Remote access report
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A computer mediated audiovisual presentation of a group's process and outcome that others can receive electronically
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Streaming video
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A pre-recording that is sent in compressed form over the internet
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Public speaking apprehension
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A type of communication anxiety (or nervousness) is the level of fear you experience when anticipating or actually speaking to an audience
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Performance orientation
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Seeing public speaking as a situation in which a speaker must impress an audience with knowledge and delivery. And seeing audience members as hypercritical judges
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Communication orientation
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Seeing a speech situation as an opportunity to talk with a number of people about a topic that is important to the speaker and to them
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Visualization
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A method to reduce apprehension by developing a mental picture of yourself giving a masterful speech
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Systematic desensitization
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A method to reduce apprehension by gradually visualizing increasingly more frightening speaking events
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Cognitive restructuring
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A method to systematically rebuild thoughts about public speaking by replacing anxiety arousing negative self-talk with anxiety reducing self-talk
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Public speaking skills training
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The systematic teaching of skills associated with preparing and delivering an effective public speech with the intention of improving speaking competence and thereby reducing public speaking apprehension
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Delivery
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How a message is communicated orally and visually through the use of voice and body to be conversational and animated
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Conversational style
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An informal style of presenting a speech so that your audience feels you are talking with them and not at them
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Spontaneity
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A naturalness that seems unrehearsed or memorized
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Animated
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Lively and dynamic
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Pitch
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The highness or lowness of the sounds produced by the vibration of your vocal cords
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Volume
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The degree of loudness of the tone you make as you expel air through your vocal cords.
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Rate
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The speed at which you talk
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Quality
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The tone, timbre, or sound of your voice
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Intelligible
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Understandable
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Articulation
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Using the tongue, palate, teeth, jaw movement, and lips to shape vocalized sounds that combine to produce words
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Pronunciation
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The form and accent of various syllables of a word
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Accent
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The articulation, inflection, tone, and speech habits typical of the native speakers of a language
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Vocal expressiveness
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The contrasts in pitch, volume, rate, and quality that affect the meaning an audience gets from the sentences you speak
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Monotone
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A voice in which the pitch, volume, and rate remain constant with no word, idea or sentence differing significantly from any other
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Pauses
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Moments of silence strategically used to enhance meaning
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Facial expression
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Eye and mouth movements
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Gestures
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Movements of hands, arms and fingers that illustrate and emphasize what is being said
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Movement
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Changing the position or location of the entire body
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Motivated movement
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Movement with a specific purpose
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Eye contact
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looking directly at the people to whom we are speaking
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Audience contact
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When speaking to large audiences, creating a sense of looking listeners in the eye even though you cannot
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Posture
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The position or bearing of the body
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Poise
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Graceful and controlled use of the body
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Appearance
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The way we look to others
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Impromptu speech
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A speech that is delivered with only seconds or minutes of advance notice for preparation and is usually presented without referring to notes
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Scripted speech
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A speech that is prepared by creating a complete written manuscript and delivered by rate memory or by reading a written copy
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Extemporaneous speech
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A speech that is researched and planned ahead of time, although the exact wording is not scripted and will vary from presentation to presentation
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Rehearsing
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Practicing the presentation of your speech aloud
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Speaking notes
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Word or phrase outlines of your speech
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