Human Biology Exam 3

Front 1

Functions of Immune System (2)

Back 1

1. Defense against "non-self"

2. Generate Immunity

Front 2

Antigen

Back 2

Part or piece of foreign attacker, usually a piece of protein or cell membrane

Front 3

Antibody

Back 3

Special protein made to fit antigen like a glove

Front 4

Primary Lymphatic Organs (2)

Back 4

1. Red Bone Marrow: both B&T-lymphocytes

2. Thymus Gland: T-lymphocytes mature here

Front 5

Secondary Lymphatic Organs (3)

Back 5

1. Spleen: largest single mass of lymphatic tissue

2. Lymph nodes

3. Lymphatic Nodules

Front 6

Lymphatic Nodules (4)

Back 6

1. MALT

2. Tonsils

3. Adenoids

4. Peyer's patches

Front 7

First Line of Defense: Autonomic Defenses (8)

Back 7

(Innate Immunity)

1. Skin

2. Tears, Saliva- Lysozyme

3. Mucus

4. Stomach Acid

5. Vagina Acids

6. Vomiting, urination, defecation

7. Resident bacteria

8. Earwax

Front 8

Second Line of Defense: Non-Specific Defenses (4)

Back 8

(Innate Immunity)

1. Phagocytes

2. Natural killer cells

3. Inflammation

4. Complement System

Front 9

Third Line of Defense: Specific Defenses (Adaptive Immunity) (2)

Back 9

1. B-cells: Antibody Mediated Immunity

2. T-cells: Cell Mediated Immunity

Front 10

Types of T-cells (2)

Back 10

1. CD4 T-cell: Helper T-cell, Memory T-Cell

2. CD8 T-cell: Cytotoxic T-cell

Front 11

Primary Immune Memory Response (3)

Back 11

1. Occurs on 1st exposure to antigen

2. 3-6 days lag time for antibody production

3. Peak at 10-12 days

Front 12

Secondary Immune Memory Response (3)

Back 12

1. Occurs on 2nd exposure

2. A few hours lag time

3. Peak in a few days

Front 13

Immunization: Active Immunity (2)

Back 13

1. Primary Response: immunization involves use of vaccines

2. Secondary Response: dependent upon the presence of B & T cells capable of responding to lower antigen doses

Front 14

Immunization: Passive Immunity

Back 14

Occurs when a person is given prepared antibodies.

Front 15

Mouth (3)

Back 15

1. Teeth mash food for passage down esophagus

2. Salivary glands produce juices to add to the food to make it into a swallowable material

3. Tongue: area of taste buds; forms food bolus for swallowing

Front 16

Pharynx (2)

Back 16

1. Paths of air and food cross

2. Swallowing

Front 17

Esophagus (1)

Back 17

Lumen: open part of tube

Front 18

Stomach (3)

Back 18

1. Low pH for killing bacteria not for digestion

2. Very little digestion occurs in stomach

3. It's function is to help break up the food so that it can move down the rest of the tube easily

Front 19

Small Intestine (8)

Back 19

1. Most digestion occurs here

2. Most absorption occurs here

3. Digestive enzymes come from pancreas such as pancreatic amylase, trypsin, and lipase

4. Liver provides bile to help digest fats

5. Absorption surface high due to villi and microvilli

6. Amino Acids and glucose go into capillaries while fat goes into the lacteals

7. Digestion under nervous system and significant local hormonal control

8. Sodium bicarbonate from pancreas neutralizes all of the acid from the stomach

Front 20

Liver (3)

Back 20

1. Main biochemical processing paint

2. Hepatic portal system: all blood from digestive tract must flow through the liver first before going to the rest of the body

3. Regulates the composition of blood

Front 21

Pancreas (1)

Back 21

Besides producing digestive enzymes, the organ produces insulin and glucagon for glucose regulation

Front 22

Large Intestine (2)

Back 22

1. Principal area: water salt, vitamins absorbed

2. Indigestible waste is eliminated

Front 23

General Urinary System (4)

Back 23

1. Kidney

2. Ureters

3. Urinary Bladder

4. Urethra

Front 24

Kidney Structure: Gross Anatomy (3)

Back 24

1. Renal cortex

2. Renal medulla

3. Renal pelvis

Front 25

Kidney Structure: The Nephron (8)

Back 25

1. Afferent and efferent arterioles

2. Glomerulus

3. Peritubular capillary network

4. Glomerular capsule

5. Proximal convoluted tubule

6. Collecting duct

Front 26

Functions of the Kidney (6)

Back 26

1. Blood pressure regulation

2. Acid-base balance

3. Red blood cell quantity regulation

4. Activation of inactive Vitamin D

Front 27

Urine Formation (4)

Back 27

1. Glomerular filtration concept

2. Tubular reabsorption concept

3. Tubular secretion concept

Front 28

Urine Formation: Filtered (4)

Back 28

1. Water

2. Nitrogenous Wastes

3. Nutrients

4. Salts (ions)

Front 29

Urine Formation: Not Filtered

Back 29

1. red and white blood cells

2. platelets

3. plasma proteins

Front 30

Urine Formation: Reabsorbed (3)

Back 30

1. Most water

2. Nutrients

3. Required Salts (ions)

Front 31

Urine Formation: Not Absorbed (3)

Back 31

1. Some water

2. Much Nitrogenous Waste

3. Excess salts (ions)

Front 32

General Urinary System (4)

Back 32

1. Kidney

2. Ureters

3. Urinary bladder

4. Urethra

Front 33

Functions of the Nervous System (7)

Back 33

1. Coordination of body functions with help from Endocrine system

2. Govern organ function

3. Regulation of heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure

4. Regulation of coordinated movement

5. Provides ability to reason and communicate

6. Regulation of peristalsis

7. Regulation of urination and defecation

Front 34

Nervous Tissue (2)

Back 34

1. Neurons

2. Neuroglia

Front 35

Types of Neuroglial Cells (5)

Back 35

1. Astrocytes

2. Microglia

3. Oligodendrocytes

4. Schwann Cells

5. Satellite Cells

Front 36

Neuron Structure (3)

Back 36

1. Cell body

2. Dendrites

3. Axon

Front 37

Peristalsis

Back 37

the involuntary constriction and relaxation of the muscles of the intestine or another canal, creating wavelike movements that push the contents of the canal forward.

Front 38

Neuron Types (3)

Back 38

1. Sensory neurons

2. Interneurons

3. Motor neurons

Front 39

Nervous System Organization (7)

Back 39

1. CNS; brain and spinal cord

2. PNS; nerves and ganglia

3. Sensory neurons; somatic & autonomic; dorsal-root ganglia

4. Motor neurons; somatic and autonomic

5. Autonomic neuron divisions; sympathetic and parasympathetic

6. Placement of ganglia in sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

7. Functionality of both divisions

Front 40

Spinal Cord Organization (3)

Back 40

1. White and gray matter tracts

2. Dorsal-root ganglia, dorsal roots, and ventral roots

3. Spinal cord reflex arcs, understand how they work

Front 41

Brain (3)

Back 41

Function of

1. hypothalamus

2. cerebellum

3. medulla oblongata

Front 42

Types of Sensory Receptors (2)

Back 42

1. Exteroceptors

2. Interoceptors

Front 43

Subtypes of Sensory Receptors (4)

Back 43

1. Chemo

2. Photo

3. Mechano

4. Thermo

Front 44

Basic Anatomy of Vision (3)

Back 44

1. sclera: white part

2. choroid: black layer under sclera used to absorb light

3. retina: contains photoreceptors

Front 45

Photoreceptors, What Are They Sensitive To? (3)

Back 45

blue, green, and red light

Front 46

Basic Anatomy of Hearing (3)

Back 46

1. Outer ear

2. Middle ear

3. Inner ear

Front 47

How is sound transferred to cochlea? (3)

Back 47

1. malleus

2. incus

3. stapes

Front 48

Basic Anatomy of Smell

Back 48

Roof of nasal cavity

1. odor molecules assigned to olfactory cells

Front 49

Basic Anatomy of Taste

Back 49

1. Tongue epithelium

2. Taste buds

Front 50

Red Bone Marrow

Back 50

where B & T cells are made, B-cells stay there until they mature, then leave to lymph nodes

Front 51

Thymus Gland

Back 51

T-cells leave and mature in the Thymus Gland, then move to the lymph nodes