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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chromosomes are made of
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DNA (genetic info) & protein (histones), condensed
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DNA is a ___
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polymer of nucleic acids (nucleictides) G A C T
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prokaryotes
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-(bacteria)
-usually have one chromosome -replicate by binary fission =replicate chromosome & divide in half |
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homologous chromosomes
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two similar chromosomes
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human genome
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3.2 billion base pairs
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eukaryotes
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(humans, mammals, plants) multiple linear pairs
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meiosis
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process of producing haploid gametes from diploid cells
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gametes
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haploid cells produced for sexual reproduction
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chromosomes are located in ____
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the nucleus
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prophase in mitosis
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chromatin condenses into chromosomes and spindle fibers form (crossing over occurs)
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metaphase in mitosis
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chromosomes line up in center
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Anaphase in mitosis
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sister chromatids disjoin (separate) and move to opposite poles
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Telephase in mitosis
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nucleus forms around each set of chromosomes cytokinesis starts
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Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II, Telephase II
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sister chromatids are pulled apart (four gametes)
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non-disjunction
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error in chromosomes segregating
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mitosis
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starts with a diploid cell and and ends with two dilpoid cells
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who studied pea plants & what was the date it was published
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Gregor Mendel, 1866
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Mendel's law
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traits are controlled by unit factors by unit factors (genes) and exist in pairs
1. one unit factor will be dominant (expressed) and one recessive (not expressed) 2. unit factors segregate (separate) during gamete formation 3. independent assortment- each trait will assort to gametes independent of other traits |
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homozygous
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if an organism has two copies of the same allele (DD)
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heterozygous
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if an organism has two different alleles for the same gene (Dd)
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codominance
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both alleles are expressed (neither dominant/recessive)
ex. AB |
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chromosome theory of inheritance
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unit factors (genes) are part of chromosomes
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binary fission
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how bacteria replicate/divide
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cytokinesis
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cell dividing
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chromatin
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what chromosomes are called during interphase
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chromatid (sister chromatids)
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copies of a chromosome made for sexual reproduction
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haploid
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when a cell has one copy of each chromosome
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diploid
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when a cell has two copies of each chromosome
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zygote
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a diploid cell formed from two gametes
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Prophase I in Meiosis
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homologous chromosomes find eachother and connect (synapsis)
-crossing over occurs -chiasma are where crossing over occurs |
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metaphase I, Anaphase I, Telephase
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aligns in center, chromosomes start to separate, cell starts to divide
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chiasma
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where crossing overbetween homologous chromosomes occurs
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synapsis
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process of homolgous chromosomes pairing
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dominant
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when a gene is expressed, only one copy is present
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recessive
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gene is only expressed if two copies are present
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unit factor
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controls a trait like pea color (gene)
-exist in pairs |
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allele
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one version of a gene (yellow or green version)
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genotype
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is what combination of alleles an organism has DD dd Dd
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phenotype
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what you see (tall, short, green)
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asexual reproduction
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produces clone of offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
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sexual reproduction
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two parents each contribute one cell (a gamete) to their offspring. this method produces offspring that differ genetically form each parent as well from one another
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monohybrid cross
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mating process in which the parents' differ with respect to the alleles of only one focus of interest
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dihybrid
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cross between two individuals who are identical double geterozygotes
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