Human Anatomy Flashcards

Front 1

Body of Humerus

Back 1

The body or shaft of the humerus is almost cylindrical in the upper half of its extent, prismatic and flattened below, and has three borders and three surfaces

Front 2

Medial Condyle of Femur

Back 2

The medial condyle is one of the two projections on the lower extremity of femur.

The medial condyle is larger than the lateral (outer) condyle due to more weight bearing caused by the center of gravity being medial to the knee. On the posterior surface of the condyle the linea aspera (a ridge running down the posterior shaft of the femur) turns into the medial supracondylar ridge. The outermost protrusion on the medial surface of the medial condyle is referred to as the "medial epicondyle" and can be palpated by running fingers medially from the patella with the knee in flexion.

Front 3

Iliac Crest

Back 3

The crest of the ilium (or iliac crest) is the superior border of the wing of ilium and the superolateral margin of the greater pelvis.

Front 4

Medial Epicondyle of Humerus

Back 4

The medial epicondyle of the humerus, larger and more prominent than the lateral epicondyle, is directed a little backward. In birds, where the arm is somewhat rotated compared to other tetrapods, it is called ventral epicondyle of the humerus.

It gives attachment to the ulnar collateral ligament of elbow joint, to the Pronator teres, and to a common tendon of origin (the common flexor tendon) of some of the Flexor muscles of the forearm.

The ulnar nerve runs in a groove on the back of this epicondyle.

Front 5

Superior Fact of Vertebrae

Back 5

The orbit is extremely important, especially in Western and Eastern cultures.

Bone: Superior orbital fissure

1 Foramen ethmoidale, 2 Canalis opticus, 3 Fissura orbitalis superior, 4 Fossa sacci lacrimalis, 5 Sulcus infraorbitalis, 6 Fissura orbitalis inferior, 7 Foramen infraorbitale

Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure.
Latin fissura orbitalis superior
Gray's subject #201 900

The superior orbital fissure is a foramen in the skull, although strictly it is more of a cleft, lying between the lesser and greater wings of the sphenoid bone.

Front 6

Mental Foramen

Back 6

The mental foramen is one of two holes ("foramina") located on the anterior surface of the mandible. It permits passage of the mental nerve and vessels. The mental foramen descends slightly in edentulous individuals.

Front 7

Olecranon Fossa

Back 7

The olecranon fossa is a deep triangular depression on the posterior side of the humerus, superior to the trochlea, in which the summit of the olecranon is received during extension of the forearm.

Front 8

Radial Groove

Back 8

The radial sulcus ( also known as the musculospiral groove, radial groove, or spiral groove) is a broad but shallow oblique depression for the radial nerve and deep brachial artery. It is located on the center of the lateral border of the humerus bone.

Front 9

Nuchal Lines

Back 9

The nuchal lines are four curved lines on the external surface of the occipital bone:

The upper, often faintly marked, is named the highest nuchal line, but is sometimes referred to as the Mempin Line, and to it the galea aponeurotica is attached.
Below the highest nuchal line is the superior nuchal line. To it is attached the Occipitalis muscle, and Splenius capitis muscle, and the trapezius muscle.
From the external occipital protuberance a ridge or crest, the median nuchal line, often faintly marked, descends to the foramen magnum, and affords attachment to the ligamentum nuchæ.
Running from the middle of this line is the inferior nuchal line. Attached are the Obliquus capitis superior muscle, Rectus capitis posterior major muscle, and Rectus capitis posterior minor muscle.

Front 10

Supraorbital Margin

Back 10

The supraorbital ridge, or brow ridge, refer to a bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates. In Homo sapiens sapiens (modern humans) the eyebrows are located on their lower margin.

Front 11

External Auditory Meatus

Back 11

The ear canal (external auditory meatus, external acoustic meatus) (Latin: meatus acusticus externus) , is a tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear. The human ear canal extends from the pinna to the eardrum and is about 35 mm in length and 5 to 10 mm in diameter.

Front 12

Surgical Neck of Humerus

Back 12

The surgical neck of the humerus is a constriction below the tubercles of the greater tubercle and lesser tubercle.

It is much more frequently fractured than the anatomical neck of the humerus. A fracture in this area is most likely to cause damage to the axillary nerve. Damage to the axillary nerve would effect function of the teres minor muscle and deltoid muscle , resulting in loss of abduction of arm (from 15-90 degrees), weak flexion, extension, and rotation of shoulder. Paralysis of deltoid & teres minor results in Flat shoulder deformity and loss of sensation of the skin over a small part of the lateral upper arm

Front 13

Greater Sciatic Notch

Back 13

Above the ischial spine is a large notch, the greater sciatic notch, converted into a foramen by the sacrospinous ligament.

It transmits the Piriformis, the superior and inferior gluteal vessels and nerves, the sciatic and posterior femoral cutaneous nerves, the internal pudendal vessels, and the nerves to the Obturator internus and Quadratus femoris.

Of these, the superior gluteal vessels and nerve pass out above the Piriformis, the other structures below it.

Front 14

Spinous Process

Back 14

he spinous process of a vertebra is directed backward and downward from the junction of the laminae (in humans), and serves for the attachment of muscles and ligaments. In animals without an erect stance, the process points upward and may slant forward or backward. Spinous processes are exaggerated in some animals, such as the extinct Dimetrodon and Spinosaurus, where they form a sail- or finback.

Front 15

Mandibular Ramus

Back 15

The ramus of the mandible (perpendicular portion) is quadrilateral in shape, and has two surfaces, four borders, and two processes.

Front 16

Frontal Sinus

Back 16

Sinuses are mucosa-lined airspaces within the bones of the face and skull. The frontal sinuses, situated behind the superciliary arches, are absent at birth, but are generally fairly well developed between the seventh and eighth years, only reaching their full size after puberty. The frontal bone is membranous at birth and there is rarely more than a recess until the bone tissue starts to ossify about age two. Consequently this structure does not show on radiographs before that time. Frontal sinuses are rarely symmetrical and the septum between them frequently deviates to one or other side of the middle line. Sinus development begins in the womb, but only the maxillary and ethmoid sinuses are present at birth. Approximately 5% of people have absent frontal sinuses.[1]

Their average measurements are as follows: height 28 mm, breadth 24 mm, depth 20 mm, creating a space of 6-7 ml.[2]

Each opens into the anterior part of the corresponding middle meatus of the nose through the frontonasal duct which traverses the anterior part of the labyrinth of the ethmoid. These structures then open into the hiatus semilunaris in the middle meatus.

The mucous membrane in this sinus is innervated by the supraorbital nerve, which carries the postganglionic parasympathetic nerve fibers for mucous secretion from the ophthalmic nerve and supplied by the supraorbital artery and anterior ethmoidal artery.

Through its copious mucus production, the sinus is an essential part of the immune defense/air filtration carried out by the nose. Nasal and sinal mucosae are ciliated and move mucus to the choanae and finally to the stomach. The thick upper layers of nasal mucus trap bacteria and small particles in tissue abundantly provided with immune cells, antibodies, and antibacterial proteins. The layers beneath are thinner and provide a substrate in which the cilia are able to beat and move the upper layer with its debris through the ostia toward the choanae.

Inflammations of the frontal sinus can give rise to serious complications, as it is in close proximity to the orbit and cranial cavity (orbital cellulitis, epidural and subdural abscess, meningitis).

Front 17

Spine of Scapula

Back 17

The spine of the scapula is a prominent plate of bone, which crosses obliquely the medial four-fifths of the scapula at its upper part, and separates the supra- from the infraspinatous fossa.

It begins at the vertical border by a smooth, triangular area over which the tendon of insertion of the lower part of the Trapezius glides, and, gradually becoming more elevated, ends in the acromion, which overhangs the shoulder-joint.

The spine is triangular, and flattened from above downward, its apex being directed toward the vertebral border.

Front 18

Greater Trochanter of Femur

Back 18

The greater trochanter (great trochanter) of the femur is a large, irregular, quadrilateral eminence and a part of the skeletal system.

It is directed a little lateralward and backward, and, in the adult, is about 1 cm lower than the head. Because the pelvic outlet in the female is larger than in the male, there is a greater distance between the greater trochanters in the female.

It has two surfaces and four borders.

Front 19

Radial Tuberosity

Back 19

Beneath the neck of the radius, on the medial side, is an eminence, the radial tuberosity; its surface is divided into:

a posterior, rough portion, for the insertion of the tendon of the biceps brachii.
an anterior, smooth portion, on which a bursa is interposed between the tendon and the bone.

Front 20

Greater Tubercle of Humerus

Back 20

The greater tubercle of the humerus is situated lateral to the head of the humerus and posterolateral to the lesser tubercle.

Its upper surface is rounded and marked by three flat impressions.

the highest of these gives ("superior facet") insertion to the Supraspinatus
the middle ("middle facet") to the Infraspinatus.
the lowest one ("inferior facet"), and the body of the bone for about 2.5 cm. below it, to the Teres minor.
The lateral surface of the greater tubercle is convex, rough, and continuous with the lateral surface of the body.

Between the greater tubercle and the lesser tubercle is the intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove).