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284 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Define Anatomy |
Anatomy is the study of structure.
The word anatomy is derived from Greek and means "to cut apart" |
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Define Physiology
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Physiology is the study of function.
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Define Functional Anatomy
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Functional Anatomy is studying the relationship between structure and function; emphasizing the structural characteristics that contribute to function.
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Define Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical terminology provides standard nomenclature worldwide.
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What are the 2 branches of anatomy?
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Macroscopic anatomy (Gross Anatomy)
Microscopic anatomy (histology) |
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Define Gross Anatomy
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Gross Anatomy: study of large body structures visible to the naked eye.
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What are several approaches to Gross Anatomy?
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Comparative
Developmental Embryology Regional Systemic Surface |
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Define Regional Anatomy
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Regional anatomy examines all the structures in a particular region of the body as one complete unit - for example, the skin, connective tissue and fat, bones, muscles, nerves, and blood vessels of the neck.
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Define Surface Anatomy
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examines both superficial anatomic markings and internal body structures as they relate to the skin covering them.
Health-care providers use surface features to identify and locate specific bony processes at joints as well as to obtain a pulse or a blood sample. |
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Define Systemic Anatomy
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Systemic anatomy studies the gross anatomy of each system in the body.
for example, studying the urinary system would involve examining the kidneys, where urine is formed, along with the organs of urine transport (ureters and urethra) and storage (urinary bladder). |
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Define Microscopic anatomy (Histology)
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Microscopic anatomy (Histology) - studies structures too small to be seen without a microscope.
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Coronal Plane
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Frontal plane. Divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts.
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Transverse Plane
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cross-sectional or horizontal plane. Cuts perpendicularity along the long axis of the body or organ.
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Midsagittal and saggital plane
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midsag - equal
sagital -may not be equal, left or right parts. |
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Anterior
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In front of; toward the front surface.
The stomach is anterior to the spinal cord. |
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Posterior
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In back of; toward the back back surface
The heart is posterior to the sternum |
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Dorsal
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At the back side of the human body
The spinal cord is on the dorsal side of the body. |
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Ventral
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At the belly side of the human body
The umbilicus (navel, belly button) is on the ventral side of the body. |
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Superior
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Closer to the head
The chest is superior to the pelvis |
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Inferior
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Closer to the feet
The stomach is inferior to the heart. |
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Caudal
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At the rear or tail end
The abdomen is caudal o the head. |
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Cranial
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At the head end
The head is cranial to the trunk. |
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Rostral
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Toward the nose.
The frontal lobe is rostal to the occipital lobe. |
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Medial
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Toward the midline of the body.
The lungs are medial to the shoulders. |
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Lateral
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Away from the midline of the body
The arms are lateral to the heart. |
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Deep
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On the inside, underneath another structure
Muscles are deep to the skin. |
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Superficial
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On the outside
The external edge of the kidney is superficial to its internal structure. |
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Proximal
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Closest to point of attachment to trunk.
the elbow is proximal to the hand. |
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Distal
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Furthest point of attachment to trunk.
The wrist is distal to the elbow. |
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Abdominal
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located below the diaphgragm and above the top of the hips
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Antebrachial
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Forearm (the portion of the upper limb between the elbow and the wrist).
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Antecubital
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Region anterior to the elbow; also known as the cubital region.
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Auricular
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Ear (visible surface structure of the ear the ear's internal organs)
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Axillary
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Armpit
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Brachial
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Arm (shoulder to the elbow)
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Buccal
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Cheek
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Calcaneal
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Heel of the foot
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Carpal
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Wrist
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Cephalic
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Head
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Cervical
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Neck
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Coxal
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Hip
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Cranial
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Skull
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Crural
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Leg (from knee to ankle).
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Deltoid
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Shoulder
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Digital
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Fingers or toes (also called phalangeal)
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Dorsal
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Back
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Femoral
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Thigh
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Fibular
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Lateral aspect of the leg
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Frontal
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Forehead
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Gluteal
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Buttock
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Hallux
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Great toe
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Inguinal
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Groin
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Lumbar
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Relating to the loins, or the part of the back and sides between the ribs and pelvis
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Mammary
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Breast
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Manus
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Hand
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Mental
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Chin
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Nasal
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Nose
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Occipital
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Posterior aspect of the head
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Olecranal
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Posterior of the elbow
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Oral
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Mouth
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Orbital
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Eye
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Palmar
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Palm of the hand
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Patellar
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Kneecap
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Pelvis
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Pelvis (between the hip bones)
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Perineal
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Diamond-shaped region between the thighs that contains the anus and selected external reproductive organs
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Pes
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Foot
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Plantar
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Sole of the foot
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Pollex
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Thumb
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Popliteal
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Area posterior to the knee
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Pubic
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Anterior region of the pelvis
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Radial
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Lateral aspect of the forearm
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Sacral
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Posterior region between the hip bones
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Scapular
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Shoulder blade
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Sternal
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between the breasts
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Sural
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Calf (posterior part of the leg)
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Tarsal
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Root of the foot
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Thoracic
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Chest or thorax
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Thorax
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Chest
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Tibial
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Medial aspect of the leg
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Ulnar
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Medial aspect of the forearm
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Umbilical
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Navel
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Vertebral
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Spinal Column
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Characteristics of Anatomic Position
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Standing upright
Feet parallel and on the floor Head level and looking forward Arms at side of body Palms facing forward and thumbs pointing away from body. |
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Anatomic postion
Palms facing ______ and thumbs pointing away from body. |
forward
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What is an 'A section'?
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An actual cut or slice through a structure or a piece removed by slicing a structure.
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What are planes?
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imaginary flat surfaces passing through the body or an organ.
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________________ (frontal) plane - divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts
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Coronal plane
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______________ (median) plan - divides the body into equal left and right halves other sagittal planes divide the body into unequal left and right parts
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midsagittal plane
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______________ (horizontal) plane - divides the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts
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transverse plane
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A sagittal plane in the body midline is a _________________ plane
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median plane
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A plane that is parallel to the midsagittal plane, but either to the left or the right of it, is termed a _____________________ (unequal).
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Sagittal plane.
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A minor plane, called the _____________ plane, passes through the specimen at an angle.
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oblique plane.
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Your foot is _____________ to the hip?
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distal
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Your sternum is _______________ to the heart?
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Anterior
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Your shoulder is _____ to the wrist?
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Proximal
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Patellar Region
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Front surface of knee
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Popliteal region
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back of the knee
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Dorsum (Manus Region)
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back of hand
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Manus Region
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Hand
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Two regions of the hand (Manus)
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Palmar
Dorsum |
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Dorsum (Foot or Pedal Region)
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top surface of foot
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The body can be divided into 2 major regions:
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Axial Region
Appendicular Region |
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Axial region consists of.....
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head, neck, and trunk (the vertical axis of the bdoy)
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Appendicular region consists of .....
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upper and lower limbs (appendages)
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The posterior aspect has two body cavities:
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Cranial: formed by skull bones and houses the brain
Vertebral: formed by vertebral column bones and contains the spinal cord. |
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Cranial posterior body cavity is formed by _____.
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skull bones
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Vertebral posterior body cavity is formed by _______.
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vertebral column bones.
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What are the 2 ventral cavities?
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Thoracic: the superior cavity
- medistinum - 2 pleural cavities Abdominopelvic: the inferior cavity - physically separated by the diaphragm |
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Ventral cavities are lined by a thin serous membrane divided into two continuous parts (layers):
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Parietal layer
Visceral layer |
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Parietal Layer
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Covers the external surface of organs in the cavity
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Visceral Layer
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lines the internal surface of the body wall
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The serous fluid reduces _________ and helps the organs move smoothly against one another and the body wall.
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friction
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What fluid reduces friction and provides protection by lubricating the organs?
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Serous fluid
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The heart is located in a middle compartment called the _________?
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Pericardial
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The serous membrane that surrounds the heart is called the _________?
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Pericardium
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The pericardium develops 2 continuous layers. Name them.
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Visceral pericardium: on surface of heart
Parietal pericardium: surrounding heart |
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Abdominopelvic cavity has two continuous cavities with no physical separation. What are they?
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Abdominal cavity (superior)
Pelvic cavity (inferior) |
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The __________ is a moist, two-layered serous membrane that lines the abdominopelvic cavity.
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peritoneal cavity
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The abdominopelvic cavity is partitioned into __ smaller, imaginary compartments.
The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into ____ quadrants. |
9 regions. 4 quadrants
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Flexion
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The angle between articulating bones decreases; usually occurs in the sagittal plane.
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Extension
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The angle between articulating bones increases; usually occurs in the sagittal plane
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Abduction:
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Movement of a bone away from the MIDLINE
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Adduction:
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Movement of bone toward the MIDLINE
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Examples of Flexion/Extension
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See photo
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Pronation (hand)
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Rotation of the forearm whereby the palm is turned posteriorly.
Palm fown. |
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Supination (hand)
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Palm up.
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Dorsiflexion (foot)
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Toes points up, heel down
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Plantar (foot movement)
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flexing onto of toes
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Inversion/Eversion
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inversion: sole goes inward
eversion: sole goes outward |
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What are the 6 levels of organization within the body?
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Chemical level > cellular level > Tissue > organ > organ system > organism
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What is a tissue?
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Tissues are precise organizations of similar cells that perform specialized functions.
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What is an organ?
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Organs contain two more more tissue types that work together to perform specific, complex functions.
ex: small intestine, brain, lungs, stomach, or heart |
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What is an organ system?
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Related organs work together to coordinate activiites and achieve common function.
respiratory system (nose, phayrnx and trachea) |
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What is the organismal level?
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All body systems function interdependently in a single living human being.
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The median space in the thoracic cavity is called the _________. It contains the
heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. |
mediastinum
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The mediastinum contains which parts?
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It contains the
heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and major blood vessels. |
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The right and left sides of the thoracic cavity contain the lungs, which are lined by a two-layered serous membrane called
the _______. |
pleura
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The ______ is the potential
space between the parietal and visceral pericardia; it contains serous fluid. |
pericardial cavity
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Within the mediastinum, the heart is enclosed by a two layered serous membrane called the _________
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pericardium
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The __________ is the outermost layer and forms the sac around the heart;
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parietal pericardium
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The narrow, moist, potential space between the parietal and
visceral layers is called the _______, and is the location of the lubricating serous fluid. |
pleural cavity
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4 Types of tissues
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Epithelial
connective muscle nervous |
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Epithelial tissue is composed of __________ layers of closely packed calls that form a barrier between two compartments having different components.
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one or more
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Which tissue lines every body surface and all body cavities?
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Epithelial tissue
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True or False
No blood vessels penetrate an epithelium |
True
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Epithelial tissue forms both the _____ and _____ lining of many organs.
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internal and external
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All epithelia share which 5 characteristics?
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cellularlity
polarity attachment avascularity innervation Regeneration |
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Epithelial cells have an ______ (top or exposed_ surface and a _____ surface where they attach to underlying cells.
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apical , basal
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True or false
Epithelial tissue lack blood vessels |
True
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Functions of Epithelial Tissue?
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Physical protection - from dehydration and abrasion, physical chemical, and biological agents
Selective permeability - regulates the passage of certain molecules Secretions - Sensations |
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What is the basement membrane?
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A specialized structure of epithelium.
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Where is the basement membrane located?
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Found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue.
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What does the basement membrane do?
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Provides physical support and ancohoring of epithelial tissue.
Acts as a barrier to regulate passage to large molcules between epithelium and underlying connective tissue. |
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What are intercellular junctions?
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Epithelial cells are strongly bound to each other on their lateral surfaces by sharing membrane specializations called intercellular junctions.
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List 4 intercellular junctions:
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tight junctions
adhering junctions desmosomes gap junctions |
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Tight Junctions
Encircle cells near their ______ surface Precent molecules from traveling between epithelial cells, therefore molecules must go through the epithelial cells rather than in between them Gatekeepers between an external and internal environment. |
apical
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Adhering Junctions
Formed completely around the cell deep to the tight junction Micro filaments act like a purse string to stablize the ______ surface of the epithelial cell |
apical
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Desmosomes
Like a button or snap between adjacent cells Appaer at locations of _________ stress between cells sharing this type of junction. |
mechanical
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Gap junctions
Fluid-filled _________ that directly connect the cytoplasms of apposed cells sharing these structures |
tunnel or pore
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Demosomes look like what? Adhering Junctions?
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Desmosomes - button or snaps
Adhering - zipper |
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How many cell layers are in Simple classication of epithelia? Stratified? Pseudo stratified?
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Simple - 1
Stratified - 2 or more Pseduo - 1, but not all cells reach the apical surface. Illusion. |
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Name of cell shape
_________ --- flattened and similiar to the shape of a fried egg __________ --- about the same size on all sides, the nucleus is usually centrally located _________ --- taller than they are wide and nucleus is oval and located in the basal region of the cell |
1. squamous
2. cuboidal 2. columnar |
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Describe Simple Squamous Epithelium
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Single layer of flat cells
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Describe Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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Single layer of cube-shaped cells
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Describe Simple Columnar Epithelium
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Single layer of cells taht are taller than they are wide.
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Describe Simple Columnar Cilated Epithelium
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Some epithelial cells possess cilia on their apical surface (respiratory and reproductive systems)
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Characteristics of Stratified Epthelia?
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Contain 2 or more layers of cells
Regenerate from below Major role is protection |
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Describe Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Multiple layers of lattened cells
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Describe Stratified Cubodial Epithelium
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Multiple layers of cube-shaped cells
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Describe Stratified Columnar Epithelium
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Multiple layers of cells that are taller than they are wide
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Describe Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
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Single layer of columnar epithlial cells but layered apperance of nuclei suggest multiple layers of cells
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Transitional Epithelium
Found lining the inside of the ________. Changes shape between squamous and cuboidal. |
Bladder
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Glands fall into what two categories?
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Endocrine
Exocrine |
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_________ glands do not possess ducts and secrete directly into the inersittial fluid or the bloodstream
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Endocrine
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_______ glands possess ducts and their cells secrete their products into their ducts
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exocrine
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Almost all _____ glands are derived from epithelial tissue.
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exocrine.
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________ act as chemical messengers to influence cell activites elsewhere in the body.
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Hormones
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Ducts carry products to ________ surface.
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epithelial
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What are examples of exocrine glands?
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Mucus-secreting glands
Sweat and milk glands Salivary glands |
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What do goblet cells produce?
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mucin
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True or false
Goblet cells covers, protect, and lubricates many internal body surfaces. |
True
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________ glands ahve single unbranched ducts.
_______ glands have branched duct |
Simple
compound |
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Categories of secretory unit
______ -- form a tube ________ - secretory cells form small flaslike sacs ________ - contain both a tube and a alveolar secretory units |
Tubular
Acinar (alveoloar) Tubuloacinar |
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Secretion Types
______ glands produce and secrete a nonviscious, watery fluid, such as weet, milk, tears, or digestive juices. ________ glands secrete mucin, which forms mucus when mixed with water. _____ - such as the two pairs of salivary glands inferior to the oral cavity, contain both serous and mucus cells, and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions |
Serous glands
Mucus glands mixed glands |
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Meocrine glands
Also called ____ glands, package their secretions in structures called __________, which travel to the apical surface of the glandular cell and release their secretions by _______. |
eCCRINE GLANDS
SECRETORY VESICLES exocytosis. |
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Holocrine gland
Secretion is produced through the _______ of the secretory cell. |
destruction
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Apocrine
Secretion occurs with the ___________ of the apical surface of the cell and the subsequent release of the secretory product. |
"decapitation"
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List 3 structure components of Connective tissue
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Cells: different cells for different types of CT--bone cells, cartilage cells, fat cells
Protein fibers: elastic fibers, collagen, reticular fibers Ground substance: a mixture of proteins and carbohydrates with variable amounts of salts and water. |
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The structural components of connective tissue (the protein fibers and ground substance) comprise the ______________, which is produced by the CT cells.
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extracellular matrix.
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True or false
Connective tissue may be viscous (blood), semisolid (cartilage), or solid (bone) |
True
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functions of Connective Tissue
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physical protection
support and structural framework binding of structures stroage transport immune protection |
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CT types present after birth can be classified into three broad categories
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CT proper
Supporting CT Fluid CT |
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There are two groups of cells in CT proper.
________ cells: include fibroblasts, adipocytes, fixed macrophages, and mesenchymal cells. _______ cells: include mast and plasma cells, free macrophages, and leukoctyes. |
Resident cells
Wandering cells |
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There are three general types of fibers of connective tissue proper:
_________ fibers: long, unbranching, strong, flexible, and resistant to stretching. They make up 25% of all protein in the human body. Making it the most abundant protein. _____ fibers: thinner than collagen, streatch easily, branch, and rejoin. These fibers allow structures such as blood vessels to stretch and relax. ______ fibers: thinner than collagen fibers, form a meshwork-like configuration. They are found in organs with abundant spaces such as liver, lymph nodes, and spleen - act as packing material. |
Collagen fibers.
Elastic fibers Reticular fibers. |
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Ground substance of connective tissue proper
A combination of _____ and _______. Additional content such as water and salts can result in a texture anywhere from semifluid (adipose, fat) to hard (bone) |
proteins and carbohydrates
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2 broad categories of connective tissue -- see table 4.8
_______ CT: has fewer protein fibers and more ground substance *Aerolar connective tissue, adipose tissue and reticular connective tissue _____ CT: has more protein fibers and less ground substance *Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic |
Loose CT
Dense CT |
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Aerolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, and reticular connective tissue are all examples of what kind of connective tissue?
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Loose CT
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Dense regular, dense irregular, elastic are examples of what kind of connective tissue?
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Dense CT
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What is the function and location of Aerola Connective Tissue?
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Function - surrounds and protects tissues and oragans, holds and conveys tissue fluid, packages nerve and blood vessels
Location - widespread. subcataneous alyer of ksin, surrounds organs, nerves, blood vesseles, and muscle cells. |
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What is the function and location of Adipocyte Tissue?
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Function - stores energy, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs
Location - under skin, around kidneys, behind eyeballs, within abdomen and in breasts |
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What is the function and location of reticular connective tissue?
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Function - form a soft, internal skeleton (stroma) - supports other cell types
Location - lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen) |
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What are the 3 types of Dense connective tissue?
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Dense regular connective tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue Elastic connective tissue |
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Dense Regular Connective Tissue
- primarily parallel collagen fibers -Fibroblasts and some elastic fibers - _______ vascularized |
Poorly
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What is the function of Dense Regular connective tissue? Location?
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Function - attaches muscle to bone or bone to tone.
Withstands great stress in one direction Location - tendons and ligaments |
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Describe Dense Irregular Connective tissue? Function? Location?
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Description
- primarily irregular arranged collagen fibers, some elastic fibers and fibroblasts Function - withstands tension/stress - provides structural strength Location - dermis of skin, around muscle and organs, fibrous capsules of joints and organs |
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Describe elastic connective tissue? function? location?
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Contains branching elastic fibers and more fibroblasts than loose CT
Function: high elasticity allows stretching of organs Location - found in vocal cords, elastic arteris, trachea, bronchial tubes. |
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Two types of supporting connective tissue?
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cartilage and bone
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Cartilage
- firm, flexible tissue - contains no __________ - Cells are called -___________ * Chondrocytes occupy small spaces enclosed by their extracellualr matrix called ______. -Chondrocytes secrete a gel-like matrix that contains collagen and elastic fibers, contains up to ___% water. |
blood vessels or nerves
chondrocytes lucanae 80% |
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Three types of carilage
1. _____ cartilage - most common type but ______. - found in fetal skeleton, at ends of bones that articulate with each other, in trachea, larynx, and nose. 2. _____________________ cartilage - dense interwoven collagen fibers contribute to the durability - found in intervertebral disc, pubic symphsis, and the menisci of the kneee - acts as shock absorber 3 _________ cartilage - elastic fibers are main feature - found in epiglottis and external ear |
Hyaline
Fibro cartilage elastic cartilage |
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Bone Tissue
- Cells are called _________. Hard, calcified matrix is unique mixture of collagen fibers and bone salts Very _____ vascularized. Function - supports and protects organs, providers levers and attachment site for muscles, stores calcium and other minerals, stores fat, marrow is site for blood cell formation |
osteocytes
very well vascularized |
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Fluid Connective Tissue
compromised of the following components: _________: a watery ground substance containing protein fibers Formed Elements: Erythrocytes: ___ blood cells Leukocytes: ____ blood cells Platelets: _____ of blood cells involved in blood clotting |
Red - erythrocytes
White - leukocytes fragments - platelets |
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Describe blood tissue. Function? Location?
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Description: an atypical connective tissue - does not connect things or give mechancial support. Consists of cells surrounded by nonliving matrix
red and white blood cells in a fluid matrix function - transport vehicle for cardiovascular system, transport of respiratory gases, carries nutrients and wastes. Location - within blood vessels. |
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Four types of membranes
_______ membrane - lines body passageways that open to surface of body - an epithelial sheet underlain with layer of lamina propria ________ membrane - slippery membranes - simple squamous epithelium lying on loose connective tissue - Line closed cavities (pleural, peritoneal, and pericardial cavities) Two layers: parietal, visceral _______ membrane - skin, largest body membrane ______ membrane - lines some joints of the skeletal system Choices: synovial, mucus, serous, cutaneous, |
mucus, serous, cutaneous, synovial
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Muscle Tissue
comprised of cells called ______. When stimulated by the nervous systems, fibers shorten or _______. The result of contraction is movement. |
fibers
contract |
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
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Describe skeletal muscle tissue? Function? Location?
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Cells (muscle fibers) are:
cylindrical and long (some as long as whole muscle) multinucleated straited Function - Contraction causes movement of skeleton or skin Location: attached to bones of skeleton and some skin |
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Cardiac muscle tissue
Cells are _______, Y-shaped, shorter than skeletal fibers straited and ___________ attached end-to-end by strong gap junctioned called __________ discs that allow rapid passage of electrical current from one cell ot the next during each heart beat function - involuntary contraction to propel blood into circulatory system Location - occurs in heart wall |
branched
involuntary intercalated |
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Smooth muscle tissue
Cells are -relativey short, wide in the middle, and tapered at the ends (known as ________) - ______________ (voluntary or is it involuntary?) and non-srtraited Function - contraction causes movement of food, blood, sperm Location - found in walls of most internal organs |
fusiforms
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Nervous tissue
Contains two types of cells ________ - nerve cells that are capaable of initation and conducting electrical activity throughout the body (excitable cells) _________ - cells that support the neurons Function: communication and control of body functions Location: brain, spinal, and nerves |
neurons
neuroglia |
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Define metaplasia
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epithelia lining the respiratory airways of people who smoke change from psedustrahciliated to stratified squamous
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Define hypertrophy (TROPHY -- bigger is better)
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an increase in the SIZE of existing cells
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hyperplasia
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an increase in number of cells in a tissue
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neoplasia
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out-of-control growth, which forms a tumor
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define atrophy
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shrinkage of tissue by cell size or number
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The integument
Integument = _________ -- largest organ (7-8% of body weight) -- two layers ____________: superficial layer of stratified squamous epithelium ______________: deeper layer of areolar and dense irregular connective tissue hypodermis (not part of the skin) lies under dermis, mostyl adipose connective tissue) Skin is also known as the ___________ membrane |
skin
epidermis dermis cutaneous |
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Integumentary system consists of ?
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the skin and its derivatives - nails, hair, sweat glands, and sebace glands
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__________ tissue supports and monitors senroy receptors in the skin.
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Neural tissue.
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Is the epidermis vascular or avascular? How many layers?
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Avascular. 4-5
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The Epidermis contains four main cell types
_________ - most abundant. produce keratin which privdes its protective properties ________ - UV protection. specialized cells that synthesize the pigment melanin, found in deepest layer ___________ - Sense touch. located at epidermal-dermal junction, associated with disc like sensory nerve endings ___________ - macrophages that help activate our immune system, arise from bone marrow and migate to epidermis |
Keratinocytes
Melanocytes Tactile (Merkel) cells Epidermal dendritic (langerhans) cells |
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Most abundant cell type in epidermis?
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Keratinocytes
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List Layers of the epidermis from bottom to top
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Stratum basale
Stratum spinosum stratum granulosum stratum lucidum (only in thick skin) stratum corneum (surface) |
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Which layer of the epidermis is the onyl layer that undergoes mitosis?
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Stratum basale
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How many layers of cells is the stratum spinosum? stratum granulosum? stratum lucidum? stratum corneum?
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Stratum Spinosum: several layers
Stratum granulosum: 3-5 layers Stratum lucidum - 2-3 layers Stratum corneum - few to 30 layers. |
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At which epidermis level does Keratinization occur? This is where cell death occurs.
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Stratum Granulosum.
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Which is the most superficial level of the epidermis?
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Stratum corneum
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In thick skin, all 5 epidermal strata are present. However, in thin skin, which epidermal strata is not present?
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Stratum lucidum.
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Skin color is determined by three pigments:
________ blood pigment; causes light complexions to look pink or blue. _________ is a pigment produced and stored in cells called melanocytes. ____ cromes primariely in diet. Produces yellow-orange pigment |
Hemoglobin
Melanin Carotene |
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____ : localized overgrowth of melanocytes. Another term for mole.
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Nevus
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________________": proliferation of blood vessels.
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hemangioma
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_______________: folds of epidermis/dermis on fingers, palms, soles, and toes for grasping. >> fingerprints
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friction riders
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What are the functions of nerve fibers?
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tactile receptors
control blood flow control glandular secretion |
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Blood Supply
Epidermis: avascular Dermis: contains blood vessels Dermis is important in controlling body temperature vasoconstriction: _____________ blood vessels preserves core heat vasodilation _______________ of blood vessels releases body head, lowering body temperature |
narrowing
widening |
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The hypdermis - also known as the ______________ layer
deep to, not rally part of, the integument -areolar and adipose connective tissues |
subcutaneous
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What are the functions of the hypodermis?
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protects underling structures
stores energy thermal insulation |
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Which layer do nails grow from?
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stratum corneum
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What are nails made of?
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Hard keratin
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Can you identify these nail parts?
nail body: flat keratinized cells protecting digit nail bed: live epidermal cells under nail bed nail root: region hidden by cuticle ---- nail matrix: thickened growing part of the nail bed ---- lunula: white semilunar proximal area of nail body caused by thickened underling straum basale obscuring capillaries in dermis free edge, body, root, nail folds, cuticle |
yes/no
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What is another term for eponychium?
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cuticle
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Hair
Columns of keratinocytes growing from ______ deep in dermis or hypodermis. |
follicles
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Can you identify the following in a picture?
hair bulb hair root hair shaft |
yes/no
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What are the 3 kinds of hair?
________ - fetal hair __________ - widespread, everywhere _________ - pubic hair, eyebrow, thick |
lanugo
vellus terminal hair |
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Hair structure - frrom deep to superficial
hair ________ : connective tissue, nerves, and blood vessels below follicle that support the keratinocytes hair _______ : a swelling at bottom of follice filled with dividing keratinocyters; increase in hair matrix causes hair growth. _________ : involuntary smooth muscle attached to hair shaftl responds to emotional states (fear or rage) and cold temperatures by contracting, standing hair up, and produciing "goose bumps" |
hair papilla
hair bulb arrector pili |
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What are the three concentric layers of keratinized cells?
________ - central core _______ - surrounds medulla _______ - outermost layer |
Matrix/Medulla - central core
cortex - surrounds medulla cuticle - outermost layer |
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What causes hair color? Gray hair?
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synthesis of melanin.
Decrease. |
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What is thinning of the hair called?
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Alopecia
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Sebaceous glands: produce ____ secreations.
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oily
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Where are apocrine glands found?
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axillary/pubic/armpit.
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What do ceruminous glands produce?
mammary glands? |
ceruminous glands - ear wax
mammary - milk |
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Where are merocine sweat glands found? function?
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forehead, palms and soles.
function: thermoregulation, secretion, protection |
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Which gland is responsible for body odor?
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apocrine sweat gland
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Which gland secrete oily sebum into hair follicles? responsible for lubrication of skin and hair. More active during the onset of puberty.
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Sebaceous glands
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Is mature cartilage avascular or vascular?
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avascular
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Chondroblasts: _____ matrix
Chondrocyte: _______ by matrix chondrocytes live in small spaces called ______ |
produce
surround lacunae |
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What are the three types of cartilage?
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Hyaline
Fribro Elastic |
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What are the functions of cartilage?
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Support soft tissues
- airways - auricle of ear Articulations - smooth surfaces where bones meet Precursor for bone growth |
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Growth of cartilage
Two patterns: ________ growth - growth from within _________ growth - along outside edge of the cartilage |
Interstitial growth
appositional growth |
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Define calcification
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minerals deposited in th ematrix (main store and source of calcium and phosphate)
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True or false
living organs contain four tissue types |
True
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What are the two types of bone?
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compact (dense) bone
Spongy bone |
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True or false
Flat bones have compact and spongy (diploe) bone |
True
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Long Bone Anatomy
(Match) A -- elongated usually cylndrical shaft B - knobby, enarlged regions at ends. Strengthen joints. Attachment site for tendons/ligaments C - between diaphysis and epiphysis. contains epiphysial growth plate --------------------------------------- epiphysis diaphysis metaphysis |
A - diaphysis
B - epi C - meta |
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Long Bone Anatomy - match
A. Thin layer of hyaline cartilage on epiphyses. Reduces friction between articulating bones. B. Cylindrical space in diaphysis. Usually contains yellow bone marrow. ------------------ Medullary/marrow cavity Articular cartilage |
B. Medullary/Marrow cavity
A. articular cartilage |
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Does the Periosteum cover articular cartilages?
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No.
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What are periosteum anchored by?
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Perforating fibers embedded in the bone matrix
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Periosteum (around bone)
- dense irregular connective tissue - covers _________ (external/internal???) surfaces of bones. -acts as anchor for blood vessels and nerves - anchored by ______ embedded in the bone matrix |
external
perforating fibers |
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Endosteum (in)
covers most _________ (internal/external???) surfaces of bones. |
internal
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Osteoprogenitors: produce more stem cells
Osteoblasts: ___________ bone matrix Osteocytes: reside in _____; maintain matrix and commmunicate with osteoblasts to cause further ____ of bone matrix Osteoclasts: ______ bone. |
produce/form
lacunae dissolve/break down |
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1/3 of bone matrix is made of?
2/3 of bone matrix is made of? |
1/3 is organic components - cells, collagen and ground substance.
The rest is inorgani, made of salt crystals. |
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Define hydroxyapatite:
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bone salt crystals.
made of calcium phosphate and hydroxide |
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Bone compression and tesion is great at _______ (external/internal????) surface
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external
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The basic structural and functional unit of mature compacft bone is the ________.
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osteon, also known as the haversian system.
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Osteon components - MATCH
Canals _______ - carries blood vessels and nerves _______ - pperpendicular connections to central canal with blood vessels and nerves _________: between lacunae allowing metabolic interactions between osteocytes ------------------------- canaliculi perforating central |
Answer
central - carries blood perforating canal: perpendicular connection canaliculi: between lacunae, allowing metablic interactions between osteocytes |
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Osteon components - MATCH
Lamellae _________: rings of bone around central canal ____________: along endosteum and periosteu ____________: leftover pieces of old osteons MATCH concentric circumferential interstitial |
Concentric - rings of bone around central canal
circumferential- along endosteum and periosteum interstitial: leftover pieces |
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Draw your own osteon - label
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draw it
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