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263 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 5 function of the skeletal system?
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1. Supports the body
2. Protects soft body parts 3. Produces blood cells 4. Stores minerals and fats 5. Permits flexible body movements |
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What's a joint?
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Where two bones meet.
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What's a ligament?
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Fibrous connective tissue that joins the bones
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What part of the bone contains the medullary cavity?
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diaphysis
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What is the endosteum?
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Thin membrane that coats the medullary cavity
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What's the expanded end of a long bone called?
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Epiphysis
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Where are RBC made?
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Epiphysis
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The epiphysis is coated in a thin layer of what?
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Articular cartilage
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Except for the articular cartilage, a long bone is covered in what?
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Periosteum
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Which has a more organized appearance, spongy or compact bone?
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Compact bone
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What are the spaces in spongy bone filled with?
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Red bone marrow
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What are chondrocytes?
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Cells in cartalige
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Where do chondrocytes lie in cartalige?
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Lacunae
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What tissue makes up tendons and ligaments?
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Fibrous connective tissue
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What are osetoblasts?
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Bone-forming cells that secrete the matrix of bone and promote the disposition of calcium salts into the matrix
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What are osteocytes?
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Mature bone cells that maintain the structure of the bone
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What are osetoclasts?
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Bone-absorbing cells that break down bone and help return calsium and phosphate to the blood.
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What does ossification refer to?
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The formation of bone
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What does intermembranous ossification refer to?
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bones that develop between sheet of fibrous connective tissue.
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What is an example of intermembranous ossification?
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The bones of the skull
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What are most bones in the body formed by?
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Endochondrial ossification
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What is the epiphyseal growth plate between?
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The primary and secondary ossification centers
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What is the growth plate?
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A band of cartalige
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What are the 4 layers (zones) of the epiphyseal plate?
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The resting zone
The proliferating zone The degenerating zone The ossification zone |
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When does a bone stop lengthening?
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When the growth plates close
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When do most growth plates close in women?
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16-18 years old
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When do most growth plates close in men?
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20 years old
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Growth hormones directly effect bone development. What does a lack of GH cause?
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Dwarfism
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Growth hormones direct effect bone development. What does an excessive amount of GH cause?
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Gigantism
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How much bone is recyled each year in a body?
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18%
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What is the process of bone recycling called?
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Bone remodeling
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What is the 1st step in fracture repair?
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Hematoma. The blood clots in the space between the broken bones. Forms in 6-8 hours.
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What's the 2nd step in frature repair?
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Fibrocartilaginous callus. A callus fills the space between the ends of the broken bones for about 3 weeks.
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What's the 3rd step in fracture repair?
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Bony callus. Osteoblasts produce spongy bone which conerts the fibro cartilage into a bony callus that joins the bones together. Lasts for 3-4 months.
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What's the 4th step in fracture repair?
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Remodeling. Osteoblasts build new compact bone; osteoclasts absorb spongy bone and create a new medullary cavity
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What does the axial skeleton consist of?
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Skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, rib cage.
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How many bones are in the body?
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206
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What bones is the skull made of?
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Facial and cranium bones
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How many bones make up the cranium in adults?
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8
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What are fontanels?
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Membranous regions in an infant skull. Usually closes by 16 months.
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What are sinuses?
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Air spaces lined with mucous membranes in the cranium
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What is the purpose of sinuses?
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Makes skull lighter and gives a resonant sound to the voice.
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What two sinuses drain to the middle ear?
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Mastoid sinuses
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What is mastoiditis?
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Inflammed sinuses that can lead to deafness.
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What bone forms the forhead?
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Frontal bone
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What bone forms the top of the skull?
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Parietal bone
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What bone curves to form the base of the skull?
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Occipital bone
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What's the name of the opening where the spinal cord passes through, becoming the brain stem?
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Foramen magnum
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What cranial bone has an opening into the middle ear?
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Temporal bone
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What's the name of the bat-like bone that extends across the floor of the cranium from one side to another?
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Sphenoid bone
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What bone forms the cheek bone?
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Zygomatic bone
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What bone forms the bridge of the nose?
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Nasal bone
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What bone forms the top of the mouth?
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Maxilla
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What's the lower jaw called?
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Mandible
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What bone lies just behind the maxilla?
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Palatine bone
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What bone lies between the two "wings" of the sphenoid?
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Vomer bone
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What bone in the eye socket lies just behind the maxilla and nasal?
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Lacrimal
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What bone lies just behind the Lacrimal?
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Ethmoid
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Complete this quiz:
http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/skeletalsystem/skeleton/axial/skull/quizzes/menu/menu.html |
Done.
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What specific bones are part of the axial skeleton?
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Skull:
Frontal Zygomatic Maxilla Mandible Parietal Temporal Occipital Hyoid bone Vertebral column: Cervical vertebrae Thoracic vertebrae Lumbar vertebrae Sacrum Coccyx Rib cage: Sternum Ribs Costal catilages |
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What bone is the hyoid attached to by muscles and ligament?
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Temporal bone
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How many bones does the vertebral column consist of?
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33
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What is scoliosis?
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An abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine.
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How many cervical vertebrae are there?
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7
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How many thoracic vertebrae are there
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12
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How many lumbar vertebrae are there?
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5
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What lie between vertebrae?
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intervertebral disks
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What is the rib cage made up of?
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Thoracic vertebrae
Ribs Costal cartilage Sternum |
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Why are the 7 upper pairs of ribs called "true ribs?"
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They are directly attached to the sternum.
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Why are the the next 3 pairs of ribs called "false ribs?"
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They are connected to the cartilage of the 7th pair of ribs, rather than be directly attached themselves.
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Why are the last 2 pairs of ribs called "floating ribs?"
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They're not attached to the sternum at all.
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What 3 bones is the sternum made of?
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Manubrium
Body Ziphoid process |
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What is the appendicular skeleton made of?
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Pectoral and pelvic girdles and their attached limbs.
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What is the name of the shoulder blade?
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Scapula
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What's the name of the collarbone?
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Clavicle
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What part of the scapula joins to the clavicle?
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Acromoin process
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What bone makes up the arm?
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Humerous
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What part of the scapula lies anterior to the head of the humorous?
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Coracoid process
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What two bones make up the forearm?
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Radius and ulna
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Which bone is wider at the elbow and narrower and the wrist?
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Ulna
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Which bone is wider at the wrist and narrower at the elbow?
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Radious
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What bones make up the wrist?
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Carpals
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What bones make up the palm?
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Metacarpals
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What bones make up fingers?
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Phalanges
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What does "digits" refer to?
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Fingers or toes
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What is the pelvis made of?
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Pelvic girdle
sacrum coccyx |
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What is the hip bone called?
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Large coxal bones
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What are the three parts of the coxal bone?
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Ilium
Pubis Ishium |
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What is the hip socket called?
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Acetabulum
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What is the name of the thighbone?
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Femur
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What's the name of the kneecap?
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Patella
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What bones make up the leg?
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Tibia and fibula
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Which is larger:
Tibia or Fibula? |
Tibia
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What part of the tibia makes the heel?
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Medial Malleolus
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What part of the tibula makes the outer bulge of the ankle?
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Lateral malleolus
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What makes up the ankle?
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Tarsals
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What make up the instep?
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Metatarsals
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What make up toes?
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Phalanges
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What is an example of fibrous joints?
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Sutures between the cranial bones
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What is an example of cartilaginous joints?
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Costal cartalige between sternum and ribs
Fibrocaralige in invertebral disks |
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What are synovial joints?
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Joints that allow a range of movement
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What are the synovial joints?
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Head
Shoulder Elbow Wrist Hip Knee Foot |
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What is a bursa?
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fluid-filled sac that acts as a cushion between tendons and bone.
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_____Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone.
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Ligaments
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_____Type of bone that contains osteons consisting of concentric layers of matrix and oseocytes in lacunae.
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Compact bone
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_____Cavity or hollow space in cranial and facial bones.
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Sinuses
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_____Membranous regions located between certain cranial bones in the skull of an infant or fetus.
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Fontanel
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_____Mature bone cell located within the lacunae of bone.
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Osteocyte
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Zygomatic bone:
A. forehead B. chin C. cheekbone D. collarbone E. shoulder blade F. hip G. arm |
C
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Clavicle:
A. forehead B. chin C. cheekbone D. collarbone E. shoulder blade F. hip G. arm |
D
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Frontal bone:
A. forehead B. chin C. cheekbone D. collarbone E. shoulder blade F. hip G. arm |
A
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Humerus:
A. forehead B. chin C. cheekbone D. collarbone E. shoulder blade F. hip G. arm |
G
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Coxal bone:
A. forehead B. chin C. cheekbone D. collarbone E. shoulder blade F. hip G. arm |
F
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Scapula:
A. forehead B. chin C. cheekbone D. collarbone E. shoulder blade F. hip G. arm |
E
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Femur:
a. Glenoid cavity b. Trochlea c. acetabulum d. spinous process e. > and < trochanters f. xiphoid process |
E
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Scapula:
a. Glenoid cavity b. Trochlea c. acetabulum d. spinous process e. > and < trochanters f. xiphoid process |
A
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Ulna:
a. Glenoid cavity b. Trochlea c. acetabulum d. spinous process e. > and < trochanters f. xiphoid process |
B
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Coxal bone:
a. Glenoid cavity b. Trochlea c. acetabulum d. spinous process e. > and < trochanters f. xiphoid process |
C
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Sternum:
a. Glenoid cavity b. Trochlea c. acetabulum d. spinous process e. > and < trochanters f. xiphoid process |
F
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Vertebra:
a. Glenoid cavity b. Trochlea c. acetabulum d. spinous process e. > and < trochanters f. xiphoid process |
D
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Spongy bone:
A. contains osteons B. contains red bone marrow where blood cells are formed C. weakens bones D. Takes up most of a leg bone E. All correct |
B
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Which of these associations are mismatches?
A. slightly movable joint - vertebrae B. hinge joint - hip C. synovial joint - elbow D. immovable joint - structures in cranium |
B
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The bone cell responsible for breaking down bone tissue is the _____, whereas the bone cell that produces new bone tissue is the _____.
A. osteoclast, osteoblast B. osteocyte, osteoclast C. osteoblast, osteocyte D. osteocyte, osteoblast E. osteoclast, osteocyte |
A
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All blood cells are produces by which of the following?
A. Yellow bone marrow B. Red bone marrow C. Periosteum D. Medullary cavity |
B
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This bone is the only movable bone of the skull:
A. Sphenoid B. Frontal C. Mandible D. Maxilla E. Temporal |
C
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Which of the following in NOT a function of the skeletal system?
A. Producing RBC B. Storing minerals C. Involved in movement D. Storage of fat E. Production of body heat |
E
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When you bend your arm, the bump seen as the elbow is part of which bone:
A. Humerus B. Radius C. Ulna D. Carpal |
C
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The bump seen on the outside of the ankle is part of:
A. Femur B. Tibia C. Fibula D. Tarsal bones |
C
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Which of the following statements is INcorrect?
A. A growth plate occurs between the primary ossification center and the secondary ossification center B. Each temporal bone has an opening that leads to the middle ear. C. Intervertebral disks are composed of fibrocartilage D. Bone cells are rigid and hard because they're dead. E. The sternum is composed of three bones that fuse during fetal developement. |
D
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Which of the follow is NOT a part of the appendicular skeleton?
A. Scapula B. Rib C. Metacarsals D. Patella |
B
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The clavicle articulates with the:
A. scapula and humerus B. humerus and manubrium C. sternum and scapula D. Manubrium, scapula, and humerus E. Femur and tibia |
C
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The vertebrae that articulate with the ribs are the:
A lumbar B sacral C thoracic D cervical E coccyx |
C
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T or F:
The pectoral girdle is specialized for weight bearing, and the pelvic girdle is specialized for flexibility of movement. |
F
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T or F:
The term "phalanges" refers to the bones in both fingers and toes. |
T
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T or F:
Bones synthesize vitamin D for the body. |
F
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T or F:
Bones store mineral and fat |
T
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T or F:
Most bones develop through endochondrial ossification. |
T
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Ball-and-socket joint:
A. closing the angle at a joint B. movement in all planes C. made of cartilage D. movement toward the body E. Fluid-filled sac |
B
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Flexion:
A. closing the angle at a joint B. movement in all planes C. made of cartilage D. movement toward the body E. Fluid-filled sac |
A
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Bursa:
A. closing the angle at a joint B. movement in all planes C. made of cartilage D. movement toward the body E. Fluid-filled sac |
E
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Meniscus:
A. closing the angle at a joint B. movement in all planes C. made of cartilage D. movement toward the body E. Fluid-filled sac |
C
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Adduction:
A. closing the angle at a joint B. movement in all planes C. made of cartilage D. movement toward the body E. Fluid-filled sac |
D
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What are the three types of muscle tissue?
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Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
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What are muscular cells called?
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Muscle fibers
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What are smooth muscle fibers shaped like?
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Spindle shapes, pointy on each end.
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Where do you find smooth muscle?
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hollow organs
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Where do you find cardiac muscle?
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<3
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Where do cardiac muscle fibers interlock at?
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Intercalated disks
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Where do you find skeletal muscle fibers?
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attached to the skeleton
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What is a tendon?
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Connective tissue that extends beyond and anchors muscle to bone.
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Where is the origin of a muscle?
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On a stationary bone.
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Where is the insertion of a muscle?
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On a bone that moves
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When a muscle contracts, what part of the muscle does it pull at?
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At its insertion
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What is the largest muscle that makes up the buttocks?
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Gluteus maximus
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What's the smallest gluteal muscle?
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Gluteus minimus
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What does the term "vastus" indicate?
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huge
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What does the term "longus" indicate?
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long
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What does the term "brevis" indicate?
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short
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Which muscle has a triangle appearance?
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Deltoid
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Which muscle has a trapezoid shape?
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trapezius
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What does the term "latissimus" indicate?
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wide
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What does the term "teres" mean?
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round
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What does "pectoralis" indicate?
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Muscle on chest
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What does "gluteous" indicate?
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Muscle on buttock
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What does "brachii" indicate?
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Muscles on arm
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What muscle controls blinking and winking?
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Orbicularis oculi
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What's the "kissing" muscle?
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Orbicularis oris
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What muscle brings arm forward and across the chest?
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Pectoralis major
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Which muscle pulls the scapula forward as in pushing or punching?
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Serratus anterior
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Which muscle compresses the abdomen and controls the rotation of the trunk?
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External oblique
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Which muscles straightens the leg at the knee and raises the thigh?
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Quadriceps femoris
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Which muscle turns the foot upward as when walking on heels?
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Tibialis anterior
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Which muscle raises the toes and foot?
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Extensor digitorum longus
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Which muscles chews and clenches teeth?
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Masseter
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Which muscle brings the arm away from the body and moves the arm up and down in front?
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Deltoid
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Which muscle bends the forearm at the elbow?
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Biceps brachii
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Which muscle bends the vertebral column and compresses the abdomen?
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Rectus abdominis
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What group of muscles moves the wrist and hand?
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Flexor carpi group
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Which muscle moves the thigh upward and toward the midline?
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Adductor longus
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Which muscle raises and laterally rotates thigh and leg like when sitting cross-legged?
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Sartorius
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Which muscle raises the scapula when shrugging?
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Trapezius
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Which muscle brings arm down and backward behing the body?
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Latissimus dorsi
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Which muscle straightens the arm at the elbow?
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Triceps brachii
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Which group of muscles straighten the fingers and wrist?
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Extensor digitorum
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Which muscle extends thigh back?
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Gluteus maximus
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Which muscle bends leg at knee and extends thigh back?
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Biceps femoris
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Which muscle turns foot downward when standing on toes?
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Gastrocnemius
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What is sacrolemma?
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The plasma membrane in muscle fibers.
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What does "sacro" mean?
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muscle
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What is sarcoplasmic reticulum?
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Endoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers.
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what does the T in T tubules stand for?
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Transverse
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Where are T tubules found?
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Sarcolemma
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What are microfibrils?
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The contractile portioins of muscle fibers.
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Where are other organelles such as mitochondria located in muscle fibers?
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Between the myofibrils
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What are thick myofilaments made of?
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myosin
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What are thin myofilaments made of?
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actin
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What are Z lines?
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dark verticle lines in myofibrils
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What are I bands?
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the light bands on either side of the Z lines
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What is a sacromere?
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the space between to Z lines
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What are A bands?
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the dark central band of myofibrils
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What are H zones?
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dark bands in the center of the A bands.
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What are in H zones?
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Only myosin myofilaments.
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What is the movement of actin filaments in relation to myosin filaments called?
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sliding filament model of muscle contraction
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What is the area where a motor neuron joins a muscle fiber called?
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neuromuscular junction
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What is tropomyosin?
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Threads that wind around actin filaments, covering binding sites.
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What is troponin?
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Troponin is a molecule that occurs at regular intervals along tropomyosin threads.
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What does tropnin react to and how does it react?
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Calcium ions combine with troponin causing it to move and reveal bonding sites underneath.
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What is a motor unit?
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A nerve fiber and all of the muscle fibers it stimulates.
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What is the "all-or-none" principle?
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All muscle fibers in a motor unit are stimulated at once so they either react together or not at all.
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What is a muscle twitch?
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A motor unit reacts to infrequent electrical impulses so a single, short contraction occurs.
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What is summation?
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Increased muscle contraction.
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What is tetanus?
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Maximum sustained muscle contraction.
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What does good muscle tone look like?
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Firm and solid as opposed to soft and flabby.
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What protein in muscle fibers deliver oxygen directly to mitochondria?
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Myoglobin
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What are spasms?
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Sudden, involuntary muscular contractions often occompanied by pain.
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What are multiple spasms called?
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Convulsion
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What are cramps?
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Strong painful spasms.
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What are facial tics?
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Spasms that can be voluntarily controlled but only under great effort.
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What are some examples of facial tics?
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Periodic eye blinking
head turning grimacing |
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What is a strain?
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stretched or torn muscle.
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What is a sprain?
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Twisted joint that swells and injures ligaments, tendons, vessels and nerves in addition to muscles.
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What is mylagia?
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achy muscles
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What is fibromylagia?
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Chronically achy muscles.
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What is muscular dystrophy?
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Progressive degeneration and weakening of muscles.
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What is the most common type of muscular dystrophy caused by a flawed gene in the X chromosone?
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy
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What is myasthenia gravis?
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An autoimmune disease characterized by weakness.
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_____Structural and function unit of a myofibril; contains actin and myosin filaments.
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Sacromere
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_____End of a muscle attached to a MOVABLE bone.
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Insertion
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_____Sustained maximal contraction.
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Tetanus
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_____Contraction of muscles at death due to lack of ATP
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Rigor mortis
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Stretching or tearing of a muscle
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Strain
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Impulses that move down the T system of a muscular fiber most directly cause
A. movement of tropomyosin B. attachment of the cross-bridges to myosin C. realease of Ca2+ from the sacroplasmic reticulum D. splitting of ATP |
C
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Which statement about sacromere is INcorrect?
A. The A bands shorten B. The H zones shorten C. The I bands shorten D. the sacromeres shorten |
A
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Which of the following statements about cross-bridges is false?
A. They are composed of myosin B. They bind to ATP after they detach from actin C. They contain ATPase D. They split ATP before they attach to actin |
B
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Which of the following muscles would have motor units with the lowest innervation ratio?
A. Leg muscles B. Arm muscles C. Muscles the move the fingers D. Muscles of the trunk |
C
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The thick filaments of a muscle fiber are made up of
A. actin. B. troponin. C. fascia. D. myosin. |
D
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As ADP + P are released from a myosin head,
A. actin filaments move toward the H zone. B. myosin cross-bridges pull the thin filaments. C. a sacromere shortens. D. Only A. and C. are correct. E. All correct |
E
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Which of these is a direct source of energy for muscle contraction?
A. ATP B. Creatine phophate C. Lactic acid D. Glycogen E. Both A and B |
A
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When muscles contract,
A. sacromeres increase in strength. B. actin breaks down ATP. C. myosin slides past actin D. the H zone disappears E. calcium is taken up by the sacroplasmic reticulum |
D
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Nervous stimulation of the muscles,
A. occurs at a neuromuscular unction. B. results in an impulse that travels down the T system. C. causes calcium to be released from expanded regions of the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. All correct |
D
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In a muscle fiber,
A. the sarcolemma is connectine tissue holding the myofibrils together. B. the T system causes release of CA2+ from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. both actin and myosin filaments have cross-bridges. D. there is no endoplasmic reticulum. E. All correct |
B
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To increase the force of muscle contraction,
A. individual muscle cells have to contract with greater force. B. motor units have to contract with greater force. C. motor units have to be recruited. D. All correct E. None correct |
C
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Lack of calcium in muscles,
A. results in no contraction B. causes weak contraction C. causes strong contraction D. has no effect E. None correct |
A
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Which of these relationships are mismatched?
A. creatine phosphate - anaerobic B. cellular respiration - aerobic C. fermentation - anaerobic D. oxygen debt - anaerobic E. All properly matched |
E
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During muscle contraction,
A. ATP is hydrolized when the myosin head is unnattached. B. ATP + P are released as the myosin head attaches to actin. C. ADP + P release causes the head to change position and actin filaments to move. D. release of ATP causes the myosin head to return to resting position. |
C
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Proper functioning of a neuromuscular junction requires the
A. presence of acetylcholine B. presence of a synaptic cleft C. presence of a motor terminal D. sarcolemma of a muscle cell E. All correct |
E
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Biceps femoris
A. neck and back B. abdomen C. arm D. thigh |
D
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Trapezius:
A. neck and back B. abdomen C. arm D. thigh |
A
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Rectus abdominis:
A. neck and back B. abdomen C. arm D. thigh |
B
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Triceps brachii:
A. neck and back B. abdomen C. arm D. thigh |
C
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Bends leg at knee and extends thigh back:
A. tibialis anterior B. gluteus maximus C. biceps femoris D. gastrocnemius |
C
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Bends ankle so that foot is upward:
A. tibialis anterior B. gluteus maximus C. biceps femoris D. gastrocnemius |
A
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Bends leg at knee and bends sole of foot:
A. tibialis anterior B. gluteus maximus C. biceps femoris D. gastrocnemius |
D
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Extends thigh back:
A. tibialis anterior B. gluteus maximus C. biceps femoris D. gastrocnemius |
B
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A chewing muscle:
A. trapezius B. orbicularis oculi C. masseter |
C
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Moves head and scapula:
A. trapezius B. orbicularis oculi C. masseter |
A
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Closes eye:
A. trapezius B. orbicularis oculi C. masseter |
B
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Compresses abdomen:
A. external oblique B. triceps brachii C. pectoralis major |
A
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Brings arm across chest:
A. External oblique B. triceps brachii C. pectoralis major |
C
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Straightens forearm at elbow:
A. External oblique B. triceps brachii C. pectoralis major |
B
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Straightens leg at knee:
A. adductor longus B. quadriceps femoris C. sartorius |
B
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Moves thigh toward body:
A. adductor longus B. quadriceps femoris C. sartorius |
A
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Laterally rotates thigh:
A. adductor longus B. quadriceps femoris C. sartorius |
C
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