History Of Zoos

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Zoo Architectural History

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• Pre-modern- Before 1750

• Modern- 1750-1950

• Present- 1950- present

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Animals as religious symbols

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• Many thousands of years ago Egyptian priests kept menageries at their temples

- They kept cats, dogs, baboons, ibises, lions etc

- They mummified crocodiles

First menagerie: animal sacrifices/burials 3500 BC

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China: Spiritual Symbols

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• In the 12th century BC the Chinese Emperor Wen-Wing built a 600 hectare ‘Ling-Yu’ or ‘Garden of Intelligence’ to house his animal collection

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Greeks: Studying animals

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• By the 4th century BC most of the city states of Greece has their own animal collections

• Aristotle wrote a book called ‘History of Animals’

- This describes many species that were not native to Greece, so he must have visited many collections

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Animals as a symbol of power

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• Alexander the Great sent many species back from Greece from his campaigns 350 BC

• Henry l (1068-1135) started a menagerie at Woodstock in Oxfordshire

• The collection was eventually moved to the Tower of London 1255

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Dominating animals (power)

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• In Europe, the oldest facility for holding captive animals is the bear pit in Bern, Switzerland

• First records of bears in the city is 1441

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Animals as Power/Religious symbol

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• The Euler of Aztecs, Montezuma, kept a menagerie in his place at Tenochtitlán in Mexico

• The Spanish conqueror Hernando Cortés reached it in 1519- it had 600 keepers

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Royal Collections (Gifts)

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• Louis XIV built a menagerie in the grounds of the Palace of Versailles

• It received its first animal in 1665

• It was open to the public for some time- they did so much damage that access has to be restricted

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End of Royal Collections

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• The menagerie fell into disrepair and closed in 1972

• The remaining animals were offered to the former Jardin du Roi in Paris

• This was later renamed the Jardin des Plantes

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First Zoo

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• Oldest known Zoo- Schonbrunn, Vienna, Austria

• Built In 1752 by the Holy Roman Emperor Francis I, for his wife

• Open to public in 1779- initially free entry

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First Modern/Scientific Zoo

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• Oldest privately owned zoo

- Zoological Society of London founded in 1826

• Animals were kept on 2 sites- Regent’s Park and Whipsnade (opened 1931)

• Opened for scientists (1828) not to the public

• Opened to the public in 1847

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Carl Hagenbeck

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• Carl Hagenbeck was a German animal trainer and dealer (collector)

• Supplied zoos and circuses in the second half of the 19th century

• He took his travelling exhibition to Berlin Zoo

• On 6th October 1878 this was visited by 62,000 people

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New concept of Animal keeping

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• Hagenbeck built a zoo in Hamburg in 1900

• He used revolutionary designs that included moats and hedges instead of bars

• Panorama Exhibits- His clever design made separate enclosures look as if they were connected

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Showman Zoos

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His exhibits included:

• People- Nubians from Sudan, Laplanders, Eskimos and Buddhist priests

• Camels, Elephants, Giraffes and Rhinos

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Chester Zoo

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• In 1931 George Mottershead opened Chester Zoo

• He used many of Hagenbeck’s ideas

• Created enclosures where animals were separated from the public by moats and ditches rather than bars

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Safari Parks

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• Africa USA (1953-61) was the first drive through Safari-style Park in America- Florida

• Visitors explores the park in a jeep safari train pulling open carriages and in a boat

• The landscape included artificial lakes and canals, a (‘Zambezi’) waterfall, a geyser and an African village

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Safari Park Era Uk

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Jimmy Chipperfield (a circus owner) was largely responsible for the concept of safari parks in the Uk

• Longleat Safari Park (1966) was the first

• Woburn Safari Park (1970)

• Blair Drummond Safari Park, in Scotland, (1970)

• Knowsley Safari (1971)

• West Midlands Safari and Leisure Park (1973)

• Windsor Safari Park (1969, closed 1992)

• Port Lympne Reserve (2017 formerly a zoo)

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Specialisation of Safari Parks

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• The Highlands Wildlife Park

- Specialises In keeping past and present Scottish wildlife

• It was opened in 1972 and has been run by the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland since 1986

• The Safari Park conceit was popular in the decade between 1966 and 1975

• Many other parks opened in Europe and North America

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Zoos closing down

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• Many large cities in Britain used to have zoos

- Blackpool Tower Aquarium and Zoo (closed 1969)

- Belle Vue Zoo, Manchester (1836-1977)- was Britain’s 3rd oldest zoo

- Glasgow Zoo- 1990’s

- Southport Zoo- 2004

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Aquariums

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• Aquariums are known from Roman tunes

• The worlds first public aquarium was built at London Zoo 1853

• ‘The Fish House’ contained over 309 different types of fish and marine invertebrates

• The current aquarium was built in 1921

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Oceanarium

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• The worlds first oceanarium was built at Marineland in Florida and opened in 1938

• The tanks were seascaped and contained coral reefs and a ship-wreck

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Oceanarium

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• The worlds first oceanarium was built at Marineland in Florida and opened in 1938

• The tanks were seascaped and contained coral reefs and a ship-wreck

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Modern Aquariums

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• A number of large new aquariums have been open in Britain in recent years including:

- ‘Deep sea world’ in Fife, Scotland (1983)

- The ‘Blue Planet’ at Ellesmere Port in Cheshire (1998)

- And ‘The Deep’ in Hull (2002)

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Scientific Aquarium

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• The National Marine Aquarium is in Plymouth

• It is Britain’s largest and Europe’s deepest aquarium

• It is the first in the UK to be set up solely for the purpose of education, conservation and research

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New developments

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• In Scotland, Paul Lister wants to introduce lost species back onto his estate at Alladale, near Inverness

• These will include wild boar, moose, beaver, brown bear, grey wolf and lynx

• Initially boar and moose are being released into experimental fenced areas

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Is it a Zoo?

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• If they are kept within a fence and the public had access, this will be a zoo and require a zoo licence

• If the fences are taken down, the animals will have been reintroduced and this will require a government licence

• Ramblers objections of access to land restrictions

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Is it a Zoo?

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• If they are kept within a fence and the public had access, this will be a zoo and require a zoo licence

• If the fences are taken down, the animals will have been reintroduced and this will require a government licence

• Ramblers objections of access to land restrictions

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Zoos and wildlife

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• The Scottish Government in 2016 issued a licence to a group including the Royal Zoological Society of Scotland (Edinburgh Zoo) to release beavers into the wild in Scotland

• Beavers as of 2019 are a protected wild species in Scotland

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Unzoo

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Back (Definition)

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Zoos: Past and new trends

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• Zoos have evolved from:

- Private Menageries > Public zoos > Modern conservation parks

• In the UK there has been an increase in the number of small zoos in recent years

• Farmers are Supplementing their incomes by opening their farms to the public exhibiting exotic species