History Britain And Warfare - Section 4

Front 1

What was used to maintain morale on the home front?

Back 1

Propaganda

Front 2

By the end of the war the government was limiting ______ supply to try and keep workers productive

Back 2

Alcohol

Front 3

When was The Defence of the Realm Act (DORA) introduced?

Back 3

On the 8th August 1914

Front 4

What did DORA do?

Back 4

It gave the government far-reaching powers to decide where people worked, control industry, censor the press and control food production and supply

Front 5

The British were heavily dependent on imports of what?

Back 5

Food and fuel

Front 6

By what year were there widespread shortages which meant that prices rose and malnutrition became more common?

Back 6

1916

Front 7

In 1917 the German use of unrestricted submarine warfare increased the problem of shortages. Why?

Back 7

Supply ships were being attacked and sunk

Front 8

The price of the most basic foods doubled between which years?

Back 8

1915-1917

Front 9

When was a voluntary rationing scheme implemented and when was the compulsory rationing scheme introduced?

Back 9

February 1917 and 1918

Front 10

When was coal rationed?

Back 10

October 1916

Front 11

When was sugar rationed?

Back 11

January 1918

Front 12

When was meat, butter, cheese, margarine, bacon and tea rationed?

Back 12

April 1918

Front 13

When was The Intoxicating Liquor Act? What did this do?

Back 13

31st August 1914 allowed for the restriction of opening hours in pubs

Front 14

In June 1915, a Central Board of Control was established to restrict what?

Back 14

Alcohol sales in certain areas

Front 15

By 1917, what per cent of the public were subject to the restrictions on alcohol sales in 1915?

Back 15

93

Front 16

The purchase of rounds was prohibited. True or False?

Back 16

True

Front 17

Alcoholic content of beer was reduced throughout the war and that of spirits was restricted to what per cent?

Back 17

70 per cent

Front 18

The cost of wine and beer more than doubled in price during the war whilst the costs of spirits tripled. True or False?

Back 18

False. The cost of wine and beer more than tripled and the cost of spirits quintupled

Front 19

In Scotland, the weekly conviction rate for drunkenness fell from 1,485 in 1914 to what in 1918 because of the measures that were put in?

Back 19

355

Front 20

How many casualties had the BEF sustained in the First Ypres battle?

Back 20

50,000

Front 21

In August 1914, the newly appointed Secretary of State for War, Lord Kitchener, predicted that he would need an army of how many men?

Back 21

One million

Front 22

On the 6th August, two days after the war had started, Parliament authorised the army to recruit an additional ______ men. This target was attained by the end of September

Back 22

500,000

Front 23

By what year had an additional one million soldiers been authorised?

Back 23

November 1914

Front 24

In the initial phase of the war, enthusiasm was great from _____ ___ and the ____ __________ were very successful

Back 24

Young men and the Pals Battalions

Front 25

How many men volunteered for the British army during the war?

Back 25

2.5 million

Front 26

As recruitment levels declined, Lord Derby, director general of recruiting, introduced what?

Back 26

The Derby Scheme

Front 27

What did The Derby Scheme do?

Back 27

All men aged between 18 and 41 were asked to 'attest their willingness' to serve in the army if asked to do so.

Front 28

What was the issue with The Derby Scheme?

Back 28

38 per cent of single men and 54 per cent of married men who were not working in industries (reserved occupations) still did not sign up

Front 29

What act was introduced in January 1916 which made it so that all unmarried or widowed men between 18 and 41 were conscripted?

Back 29

The Military Service Act

Front 30

In what year was the second Military Service Act and what did it do?

Back 30

May 1916 and it made it so that conscription applied to married men as well

Front 31

Who did the Military Service Act not apply to?

Back 31

Those in reserved occupations and those who were unfit to work

Front 32

All of the main newspapers and political parties were pro-war. True or False?

Back 32

True

Front 33

The number of strikes started to rise after what year? This may have indicated that workers were less content to support the war effort

Back 33

1916

Front 34

In 1918 how many working days were lost through strike action?

Back 34

5.9 million

Front 35

Who were conscientious objectors?

Back 35

They were people who refused to fight in the war for reasons of religious faith (Quakers), conscience or political belief (pacifists)

Front 36

What was set up in 1914 to represent and assist those who did not want to fight?

Back 36

The No Conscription Fellowship (NCF)

Front 37

What did the NCF have by 1915?

Back 37

A national network of branches

Front 38

Why did the government set up tribunals for conscientious objectors?

Back 38

So that they could hear what their stories were and decide whether they were legitimate

Front 39

What was the Non-Combatant Corps?

Back 39

People that contributed to military effort but they did not actually fight in the war

Front 40

What did the second Military Service Act allow for some people?

Back 40

They allowed some to be exempted from making any kind of contribution to the war effort

Front 41

How many people chose to register as conscientious objectors under the terms of the second Military Service Act?

Back 41

16,100

Front 42

Tribunals were often very sympathetic towards conscientious objectors. True or False?

Back 42

False. They were often very unsympathetic and some were even sentenced to death after refusing orders to serve

Front 43

The government commuted these sentences and imprisoned or put to work people who did not want to participate in the war effort. True or False?

Back 43

True

Front 44

Some conscientious objectors agreed to do work for the Pelham Committee. Why was this established?

Back 44

To give work to the conscientious objectors

Front 45

The conscientious objectors that refused to even work for the Pelham Committee were imprisoned and often mistreated. How many conscientious objectors died in custody?

Back 45

73

Front 46

Around how many conscientious objectors served in non-combatant roles on the Western Front, how many worked for the Pelham Committee and how many absolutists were jailed?

Back 46

6,300 non-combatants, 7,750 work for the Pelham Committee and 1,500 were jailed

Front 47

What was an absolutist?

Back 47

Someone that doesn't want to be associated or help with the war at all

Front 48

What was the public view on conscientious objectors?

Back 48

The government used propaganda to encourage people to have a negative view of them as lazy, unpatriotic and they were widely reviled

Front 49

Un-uniformed young men were sometimes ______ at or given a _____ _______, denoting cowardice

Back 49

Jeered and white feather

Front 50

Britain developed a war economy during the First World War. What did this mean?

Back 50

There was government intervention in industrial production and the labour market

Front 51

The government took control over many aspects of labour, production and prices. True or False?

Back 51

True

Front 52

What happened to the munitions sector of the economy?

Back 52

A Ministry of Munitions was formed in May 1915 and they coordinated the production, the prices of the munitions and the purchase and supply of the raw materials needed such as steel

Front 53

By 1918, there were _ million munitions workers in more than _____ factories

Back 53

3 and 20,000

Front 54

What happened to the mining sector of the economy?

Back 54

Problems with labour shortages and disputes between miners and the huge mining strike in July 1915 resulted in the extension of government control over the regions mines

Front 55

What happened to the transport sector of the economy? In particular rail?

Back 55

Rail company managers ran the railways on behalf of the government through the Railway Executive Committee. Profits were limited to 1913 levels and troops were transported for free

Front 56

What happened to the transport sector of the economy? In particular shipping?

Back 56

The government gradually took over merchant shipping through the war and by 1918 almost all merchant ships were under government control

Front 57

What happened to the agriculture sector of the economy?

Back 57

The huge problems with food shortages and rising prices led the government to introduce rationing and to also boost production

Front 58

In 1917 the Board of Agriculture used how many extra acres of land for food production?

Back 58

2.1 million

Front 59

In March 1915, the Trade Union Congress (TUC) agreed with the government certain restrictions on workers rights. True or False?

Back 59

True

Front 60

What was the TUC's agreement about strikes and wages?

Back 60

Workers agreed not to strike for the duration of the war

Wage increases were to be authorised by the government

Front 61

What could the government not do due to TUC's agreements?

Back 61

They could not direct workers to certain jobs

Front 62

What are the 2 things that workers couldn't do due to TUC's agreements?

Back 62

Workers could not leave their jobs without permission of their employer

Workers could not refuse to do overtime

Front 63

In return to the TUC's restrictions on workers' rights what did they do?

Back 63

Wage rates were safeguarded, profits in war industries were limited and employers had to agree to arbitration in labour disputes

Front 64

What level were profits bot permitted to rise above?

Back 64

1913 levels

Front 65

The need for servicemen led to what?

Back 65

An increase in the women's workforce of 1.6 million

Front 66

In the transport industry, the number of women employed in the railways increased from _____ in 1914 to _____ in 1918

Back 66

12,423 to 65,000

Front 67

The Women's Land Army (WLA) was formed in January 1917 to work in what?

Back 67

Farming and forestry

Front 68

How many members of the WLA helped to bring in the 1918 harvest?

Back 68

16,000

Front 69

In the Civil Service women's employment rose dramatically from _____ in 1911 to ______ in 1921

Back 69

33,000 to 102,000

Front 70

What sector of industry was the most significant contribution of women?

Back 70

The munitions industry

Front 71

By the end of the war the munitions industry employed how many women?

Back 71

950,000

Front 72

What percentage of munitions were produced by women?

Back 72

80

Front 73

Agreement to increase female participation was often achieved on the understanding of what?

Back 73

That the women would leave the employment after the war

Front 74

By 1918 how many nurses were employed in military hospitals?

Back 74

23,000

Front 75

Over the course of the war how many women volunteered and worked as assistant nurses, ambulance drivers and cooks?

Back 75

38,000

Front 76

There was a small number of women from the First Aid Nursing Yeomanry (the FANY) that helped where?

Back 76

On the front line with ambulance, car and truck driving

Front 77

When did parliament finally grant women the vote?

Back 77

October 1918

Front 78

Women's role in the labour force increased and women's union membership rose by what per cent?

Back 78

160

Front 79

What happened to the women's jobs after the war?

Back 79

Many were forced out of their jobs and women's pay still remained at only half of what men get paid

Front 80

Who objected to women's employment in May 1915?

Back 80

Tramway workers

Front 81

From which social class did most members of the VAD and FANY come?

Back 81

The middle and upper class

Front 82

What were newspapers used for during the war?

Back 82

Spreading propaganda

Front 83

The government established a secret propaganda department early on in the war. True or False?

Back 83

True

Front 84

In 1917 a department for what was set up?

Back 84

A department for Information was set up which included a Propaganda section and a News Bureau

Front 85

What did the News Bureau do?

Back 85

It censored press stories D-notices (warnings to newspapers)

Front 86

Where were war correspondents initially not allowed to report from? Why?

Back 86

From the Western Front as military authorities were concerned that their reports might damage morale

Front 87

Who was Colonel Swinton?

Back 87

He was an army officer who was appointed as an official war reporter

Front 88

From Spring 1915, what were four leading correspondents allowed to do?

Back 88

Report from France

Front 89

What did war correspondents usually do which made them more unreliable?

Back 89

They cooperated fully with military authorities so their reports were not very objective

Front 90

What did reports do to the sufferings of soldiers?

Back 90

They often downplayed them

Front 91

What did publications like the John Bull and the Daily Mail do?

Back 91

They stirred up anti-German feeling and some German businesses in Britain were attacked

Front 92

When did anti-German attacks intensify?

Back 92

After the Germans sank the Lusitania ship in May 1915

Front 93

What were atrocity stories?

Back 93

They were stories about the bad things that the Germans had done to make the soldiers feel like they were doing the right thing (getting rid of evil)

Front 94

All of the atrocity stories were exaggerations. True or False?

Back 94

False. Some were genuine incidents such as the Belgian nuns

Front 95

What event was exaggerated to make it an atrocity story?

Back 95

The Times report of April 1917 claimed that the Germans used the dead bodies of soldiers for oils and pig fodder

Front 96

Name 2 examples of German brutality?

Back 96

The sinking of the Lusitania in May 1915 that killed many civilians

The execution of Edith Cavell as she helped British prisoners of war to escape

Front 97

Films about the war made up what per cent of the films shown in Britain during the war?

Back 97

10

Front 98

What is an example of a film about the war?

Back 98

The Battle of the Somme (1916)