Historical Theology 1 Exam 2

Front 1

Nicaea

Back 1

325, Father & Son, Nicene Creed

Front 2

Constantinople I

Back 2

381, Meletius vs. Gregory's affirmed diety of H.S.

Front 3

Ephesus

Back 3

431, Cyril vs. Nestorius

Front 4

“Robber Synod”

Back 4

2nd council in Ephesus

Front 5

Chalcedon

Back 5

451, Pope Leo, Dioscuros, Eutyches, 2 natures

Front 6

Constantinople II

Back 6

553, Eutchius, 3 Chapters condemned

Front 7

Constantinople III

Back 7

680-681, George I, Pope Agatho, debate wills

Front 8

Hieria

Back 8

754, Constantine V worked to get rid of icons

Front 9

Nicaea II

Back 9

787, Tarasios, iconoclastic controversy, authorized veneration

Front 10

Constance

Back 10

1414-1418, John XXIII, Sigismund, John Gerson, issue-papal schism, deposed 3 popes, burned John Huss

Front 11

First Crusade

Back 11

1095, Pope Urban II urged Frankish nobles to recover Jerusalem from Muslims

Front 12

Second Crusade

Back 12

1147-1148, motivated by Bernard of Clairvaux, recaptured Edessa from Turks

Front 13

Third Crusade

Back 13

1189-1192, retook Jerusalem from Saladin and Saracens,

Front 14

Fourth Crusade

Back 14

sacked Constantinople, Christians vs. Christians, motivated by Innocent III

Front 15

Children’s Crusade

Back 15

1212 resulted in thousands of children from France and Germany being sold into slavery or slaughtered.

Front 16

Knights Templar

Back 16

took on monastic vows of poverty, obedience to the church, and chastity, protected pilgrims on the way from Jerusalem to Jericho

Front 17

Knights of St. John

Back 17

former Benedictine monks, protecting pilgrims going to and from the sea and Jerusalem, however they could only act in defense (unlike the Templars).

Front 18

Teutonic Knights

Back 18

Germanic order established during 4th Crusade, hospitallers, 1199 official military order

Front 19

John Chrysostom

Back 19

347-407, great expository preacher, Bishop of Constantinople, "Doctor of the Church"

Front 20

Augustine of Hippo

Back 20

great scholar, wrote "Confessions" and "The City of God" battled Pelagianism

Front 21

Jerome

Back 21

great scholar, learned Hebrew, translated Bible into Latin

Front 22

Nestorius

Back 22

Bishop of Constantinople, banished & anathematized @ Council of Ephesus

Front 23

Cyril of Alexandria

Back 23

main opponent of Nestorius

Front 24

Dioscorus

Back 24

follower of Cyril, argued with Leo

Front 25

Leontius

Back 25

of Byzantium, emphasized 1 person, 2 natures (Dyophysites)

Front 26

Leo I, the Great

Back 26

400-461, Bishop of Rome, involved in Nestorianism, conflict with Dioscorus

Front 27

Gregory the Great

Back 27

540-604, Bishop of Rome, after being a prefect and monk, suceeded Pelagius

Front 28

Augustine of Canterbury

Back 28

brings Christianity to Anglo-Saxons of England

Front 29

Arius

Back 29

Libyan, preacher in Alexandria, viewed Christ as created being, a demigod

Front 30

Apollonarius

Back 30

Bishop of Laodicea, Christ had only body- no soul/spirit "God in a bod"

Front 31

Eutyches

Back 31

1 nature of Christ, clad in human flesh

Front 32

Nestorius

Back 32

2 natures, 2 persons, banished & anathematized @ Council of Ephesus

Front 33

Pelagius

Back 33

vs. Augustine, British monk, elevated human will, denied original sin

Front 34

Mohammed

Back 34

born in Mecca in 570, had visions from God, preached about Allah, used force to spread message, followers organized Qu'ran

Front 35

Constantine

Back 35

established the peace of the Church (thousand years no persecution), tried to Christianize Rome, issued

Front 36

Julian the Apostate

Back 36

last of the pagan Roman emperors, nephew of Constantine, rejected Christianity, embraced Theurgy, a form of Neoplatonism,

Front 37

Theodosius I

Back 37

Emperor "_____ the great" declares Nicene Christianity to be official religion in Roman Empire, started 1st Council of Constantinople

Front 38

Theodosius II

Back 38

organized Council of Ephesus, issued Theodosian Code (death penalty for denying Trinity, repeated Baptism (Donatists), not recognizing Catholic baptism)

Front 39

Justinian

Back 39

emperor of Eastern Rome, organized Council of Constantinople II, sought to restore Roman Empire

Front 40

Emperor Leo III

Back 40

emperor ordered an icon of Christ replace by a cross, run out of Rome and restored by Charlemagne

Front 41

Emperor Leo V

Back 41

emperor, reinstated ban on icons, reigned 2 months, killed by his chaplain

Front 42

Irene

Back 42

Leo IV's wife, secretly an iconodule, became co-regent with son Constantine VI

Front 43

Theodora

Back 43

wife of Theophilus, became co-regent with son MIchael III, restored icons in empire

Front 44

Charles Martel

Back 44

son of Pippin of Herstal, succeeded him as governor, defeated Muslin forces in 732 at the Battle of Tours

Front 45

Charlemagne

Back 45

King of the Franks, "Charles the Great", emperor of the Holy Roman Empire

Front 46

Emperor Alexius I

Back 46

emperor at Constantinople, offered support of crusades so crusading army would be his vassals

Front 47

Emperor Alexius IV

Back 47

Alexius Angellus, former Byzantine emperor, offered Crusaders $ if they would restore his father Isaac II to power. Couldn't pay Crusaders, became unpopular, murdered.

Front 48

Emperor Alexius V

Back 48

Murtzuphlos, murdered Alexius IV, refused to pay crusaders, organized armies to attack them,

Front 49

Frederick I

Back 49

emperor of Holy Roman Empire, led 3rd Crusades

Front 50

Richard I

Back 50

(“the Lion Heart”) king of England, sold land to raise resources for 3rd Crusade

Front 51

Philip Augustus

Back 51

king of France, argued with Richard, King of England, left 3rd Crusade

Front 52

Saladin

Back 52

sultan of Egypt, united the Muslim world under Jihad

Front 53

Louis IX

Back 53

king of France, led 7th Crusades in response to Muslim conquest of Jerusalem, defeated in Egypt

Front 54

Byzantine Empire

Back 54

Eastern Roman Empire, after 4th Crusade divided into Greek states, Sultan Mehmed II came in 1453 and took Constantinople, empire destroyed, end of the Middle Ages

Front 55

Mehmed II

Back 55

Sultan, brought 80,000 troops and took Constantinople, allowed Christians to remain, converted Hagia Sophia into mosque, helped end Byzantine Empire and the Middle Ages

Front 56

John of Damascus

Back 56

Syrian monk, prominent voice for iconodules against Constantine's wishes

Front 57

Bernard of Clairvaux

Back 57

motivated 2nd Crusade, established Cisterian monastery, famous preacher, hymn writer, "O Sacred Head Now Wounded" later quoted by Luther & Calvin

Front 58

Anselm of Canterbury

Back 58

major figure in Early Scholasticism, wrote "Satisfaction Theory of the Atonement" similar to idea of Substitutionary Atonement

Front 59

Pierre Abelard

Back 59

Early French scholastic philosopher, theologian, logician, and composer. Prominent affair with and love for Héloïse

Front 60

Albertus Magnus

Back 60

taught theology at University of Paris, one of the greatest philosophical minds of Middle Ages, taught Thomas Aquinas

Front 61

Thomas Aquinas

Back 61

Dominican monk, studied in Paris, wrote "Summa Theologica", named "Teacher of the Church", tried to unite Aristotelianism & Augustinianism

Front 62

William of Ockham

Back 62

English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian, wrote commentary, "Occam's Razor"

Front 63

Desiderius Erasmus

Back 63

Dutch Renaissance Catholic priest, teacher, and theologian. Wrote on free willTranslated Latin & Greek New Testaments

Front 64

Johannes Reuchlin

Back 64

German-born humanist and a scholar of Greek and Hebrew

Front 65

Jacques LeFevre

Back 65

was a Frenchtheologian and humanist. He was a precursor of the Protestant movement in France. Debated Erasmus

Front 66

Pope Adrian I

Back 66

involved w/ Council of Nicaea II, At the time of his death at the age of 95, his was the longest papacy in Church history until it was surpassed by the 24-year papacy of Pius VI in the late 18th century.

Front 67

Pope Leo III

Back 67

run out of Rome, restored by Charlemagne, crowned him "Emperor of the Romans"

Front 68

Pope Leo V

Back 68

He was pope during the period known as the Saeculum obscurum. He was thrown into prison in September 903 by theAntipope Christopher, and was probably killed at the start of the pontificate of Pope Sergius III.

Front 69

Pope Leo IX

Back 69

caused split of Church of Roman Empire b/c of tension with Michael Cerularius of Constantinople

Front 70

Pope Urban II

Back 70

organized 1st Crusade, initiated church council in Clermont in 1095, wanted to get holy places back from Muslims

Front 71

Patriarch Michael Cerularius

Back 71

of Constantinople, refused to recognize the Church of Rome as head of all churches, was excommunicated

Front 72

The Great Schism

Back 72

East and West split of Church of Roman Empire, caused by "Filoque clause" and tensions between Michael Cerularius and Pope Leo IX

Front 73

Babylonian Captivity

Back 73

(Papal Schism) 70 year long period named after the O.T. Captivity of 70 yrs. It lasted from 1305–1377 during which the papal chair was carried away to Avignon, France.

Front 74

Gregory XI

Back 74

seventh and last Avignon Pope, persecuted Lollards during Great Schism

Front 75

Martin V

Back 75

involved w/ Council of Basel/Ferrara, returned power to Rome after he became pope after 3 popes deposed

Front 76

Antioch

Back 76

hosted councils, schools, recaptured during 1st crusades

Front 77

Alexandria

Back 77

birthplace of allegorical hermeneutic, Egypt, 2nd largest city in Roman Empire,

Front 78

Jerusalem

Back 78

destroyed in 70 AD, point of conflict during Crusades

Front 79

Constantinople

Back 79

capital of eastern part of Roman empire, located in modern Turkey and today known as Istanbul, was founded by the Roman Emperor Constantine in 330

Front 80

Byzantium

Back 80

Greek city on the site that later became Constantinople (modern Istanbul)

Front 81

Rome

Back 81

permanent papal city,

Front 82

Avignon, France

Back 82

papal city moved here by Clement V

Front 83

Filioque Clause

Back 83

added "and the Son" to N-C Creed

Front 84

Christotokos

Back 84

Mary bore Christ, supported by Nestorius

Front 85

Theotokos

Back 85

Mary bore God (confused 2 natures) supported by Proclus of Constantinople & Cyril of Alexandria

Front 86

Anthropostokos

Back 86

Mary bore man (stress humanity of Christ) supported by Theodore of Mopsuestia

Front 87

Monophysite

Back 87

1 nature, 1 person= Jesus

Front 88

Diophysite

Back 88

2 natures, 2 persons= Jesus

Front 89

Monothelete

Back 89

1 will (divine/human combined) supported by Sergius & Macarius

Front 90

Diothelite (or Dyothelite)

Back 90

2 wills (distinct, inseparable) supported by Orthodox, Catholic (chalcedon view)

Front 91

Iconoclasts

Back 91

2 natures of Christ couldn't be represented in an image, sculpture or painting

Front 92

Iconodules

Back 92

argued icons were not idols, endorsed icons

Front 93

Papal Authority

Back 93

The primacy of the Bishop of Rome is an ecclesiastical doctrine concerning the respect and authority that is due to the Bishop of Rome. Primary causes of schism between the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodox Church.

Front 94

Satisfaction Theory of the Atonement

Back 94

proposed by Anselm of Cantebury, similar to reformation understanding of Substitutionary Atonement

Front 95

Ransom Theory of the Atonement

Back 95

relating to the meaning and effect of the death of Jesus Christ, originated in Origen. The theory teaches that the death of Christ was a ransom sacrifice, usually said to have been paid to Satan, in some views paid to God the Father, in satisfaction for the bondage and debt on the souls of humanity as a result of inherited sin.

Front 96

Moral Influence Theory of the Atonement

Back 96

holds that the purpose and work of Jesus Christ was to bring positive moral change to humanity. This moral change came through the teachings and example of Jesus, the Christian movement he founded, and the inspiring effect of his martyrdom and resurrection.

Front 97

Cosmological Argument

Back 97

the existence of God, is deduced or inferred as highly probable from facts or alleged facts concerning causation, change, motion, contingency, or finitude in respect of the universe as a whole or processes within it.

Front 98

Teleological Argument

Back 98

from Socrates, for the existence of God or, more generally, for an intelligent creator "based on perceived evidence of deliberate design in the natural or physical world"

Front 99

Ontological Argument

Back 99

proposed by Anselm, tend to start with an a "priori" theory about the organization of the universe. If that organizational structure is true, the argument will provide reasons why God must exist.

Front 100

Ockham’s Razor

Back 100

is a problem-solving principle devised by William of Ockham (c. 1287–1347), who was an English Franciscan friar and scholastic philosopher and theologian.

Front 101

Scholastic Theology

Back 101

to harmonize the various authorities of their own tradition, and to reconcile Christian theology with classical and late antiquity philosophy, especially that of Aristotle but also of Neoplatonism

Front 102

Natural Theology

Back 102

provides arguments for the existence of God based on reasonand ordinary experience of nature

Front 103

Humanism

Back 103

emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over established doctrine or faith (fideism).

Front 104

Eastern Orthodoxy

Back 104

emphasizes mystery (apothaticism), tradition, theosis (understanding of salvation), and icons. As opposed to the West: grace, justification, salvation, and sacraments.

Front 105

Apothaticism

Back 105

or mystery, negative theology, the shadow rather that the light

Front 106

Theosis

Back 106

understanding of salvation, sinful man changed to become "like God" or "God b/c man so that man might b/c God"

Front 107

Tradition

Back 107

the witness of the Spirit, God continues to speak through the church,

Front 108

Roman Catholicism

Back 108

watered-down semi-Pelagianism, trace "keys" of the church through Peter, venerated saints,

Front 109

Treasury of Merit

Back 109

treasury of the Church consists, according toCatholic belief, of the merits of Jesus Christ and his faithful, a treasury that, because of the communion of saints benefits others too

Front 110

Indulgences

Back 110

a remission before God of the temporal punishment due to sins whose guilt has already been forgiven, which the faithful Christian who is duly disposed gains under certain prescribed conditions through the action of the Church which, as the minister of redemption, dispenses and applies with authority the treasury of the satisfactions of Christ and the saints

Front 111

Celibacy of Priests

Back 111

outside of marriage, deliberate sexual thoughts, feelings, and behavior are sinful; allow your focus solely on God

Front 112

Purgatory

Back 112

established at Council of Basel/Ferrara, “If you die in the love of God but possess any stains of sin, such stains are cleansed away in a purifying process called Purgatory. These stains of sin are primarily the temporal punishment due to venial or mortal sins already forgiven but for which sufficient penance was not done during your lifetime”

Front 113

Limbo

Back 113

edge or boundary, referring to the "edge" of Hell, is a speculative idea about the afterlifecondition of those who die in original sinwithout being assigned to the Hell of the Damned.

Front 114

Immaculate Conception of Mary

Back 114

efined in 1854 by Pius IX, was the conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary in her mother's womb free from original sin by virtue of the foreseen merits of her son Jesus Christ.

Front 115

Relics

Back 115

physical remains of a saint or the personal effects of the saint or venerated person preserved for purposes of veneration as a tangible memorial.

Front 116

Sacraments

Back 116

7, Baptism (Christening), Confirmation (Chrismation), Eucharist (Communion), Penance (Reconciliation), Anointing of the Sick, Matrimony (Marriage), and Holy Orders (ordination to the various levels of the diaconate and priesthood).

Front 117

Crusades

Back 117

were military campaigns sanctioned by the Roman Catholic Church to initially reclaim the Holy Lands from the Muslims

Front 118

Inquisition

Back 118

a group of institutions within the judicial system of the Roman Catholic Church whose aim is to combat heresy.

Front 119

Peter Waldo

Back 119

sold all, radical service to Christ, followers called "Poor Men of Lyon" later named Waldensians,

Front 120

Poor Men of Lyon

Back 120

founded by Peter Waldo, later named Waldensians

Front 121

Waldensians

Back 121

Taught: voluntary poverty, lay preaching, authority of the Bible, later join Reformed branch of Protestant Reformation

Front 122

John Wycliffe

Back 122

"the Morning Star of the Reformation" followers known as Lollards, translated Bible from Latin Vulgate into English in 1382, opposed transubstantian, declared a heretic by Coucil of Constance

Front 123

Lollards

Back 123

followers of John Wycliffe, wanted reformation of Western Christianity

Front 124

John Huss

Back 124

adopted Wycliffe's views, preached against corruption in RCC, faced persecution, burned at stake

Front 125

Hussites

Back 125

reactionaries in Moravia & Bohemia who stood courageously against the papacy after Huss' death

Front 126

Moravians

Back 126

followed Huss, or "Bohemian Brethren"

Front 127

Girolamo Savonarola

Back 127

Italian reformer, Dominican monk, follower of Thomas Aquinas, excellent preacher, settled in Florence, convicted of heresy and hanged and burned

Front 128

Martin Luther

Back 128

former monk, examined NT, Jesus alone is Lord of the church, broke away from Catholic Church, resulted in "the Protestant Reformation"