Historical Theology 2 Exam 1

Front 1

Peter Waldo

Back 1

merchant, lay-preacher, better to obey God than to obey man, embraced a life of voluntary poverty and preached in Leon, hired priest to translate Bible into the language of the people, condemned by the Roman Catholic authorities

Front 2

Poor Men of Lyons

Back 2

followers of Peter Waldo

Front 3

Waldensians

Back 3

followers of Waldo after his death, focused on sermon on the mount, memorized Scripture

Front 4

John Wycliffe

Back 4

scholar, translated the Bible from Latin to English, opposed Catholicism, morning star of the reformation, professor, committed to Sola Scriptura, followers called Lollards

Front 5

Lollards

Back 5

followers of Wycliffe, were sent to preach and sing Scripture

Front 6

John Huss (Jan Hus)

Back 6

scholar, university of Prague, preached at the Bethlehem Chapel, preached in Bohemian language, forced out for political reasons, book De ecclesia “Christ alone is the head of the church”, regarded as a heretic

Front 7

Council of Constance

Back 7

John Huss is invited, promised safe passage

Front 8

Hussites

Back 8

followers of John Huss, took up arms and somewhat of a civil war following his death

Front 9

Girolamo Savonarola

Back 9

Florentine reformer, came into conflict with Pope, arrested and hanged/burned

Front 10

Jacques LeFevre

Back 10

French humanist, translation of Bible into French, influenced Calvin

Front 11

Johann Reuchlin

Back 11

uncle of Melanchthon, humanist, recovery of the study of biblical hebrew

Front 12

John Colet

Back 12

English humanist, influenced Erasmus

Front 13

Desiderius Erasmus

Back 13

prince of the Dutch humanists, never officially joins the reformation, Greek NT

Front 14

The Praise of Folly

Back 14

written by Erasmus, satirical critique of Roman Catholic system

Front 15

The Freedom of the Will

Back 15

emphasizes human effort and also God does part of the work, an apple hanging from a high branch, written by Erasmus, synergism

Front 16

Critical Greek New Testament

Back 16

became standard Greek text, used to translate into the language of the people, written by Erasmus

Front 17

Martin Luther

Back 17

the "Saxon Huss", monk turn reformer, nailed 95 Theses and reacted to corruption in RCC

Front 18

Johann von Staupitz

Back 18

head of Augustinian monastery, Luther’s confessory, spiritual father to Luther

Front 19

Erfurt

Back 19

one of the most prestigious German Universities of its day, law school, monastery

Front 20

Wittenburg

Back 20

new university was started in 1502, Luther taught here and earns doctorate, preached at the church

Front 21

Philip Melanchthon

Back 21

fellow faculty member of Luther, clarified forensic justification, based on the imputed righteousness of Christ

Front 22

Indulgences

Back 22

forgiveness/pardon, treasury of merit of which the pope is in control of, the pope can pardon sin

Front 23

Albert of Hohenzollern

Back 23

commissioned Johann Tetzel to sell indulgences in Germany

Front 24

Johann Tetzel

Back 24

Dominican monk selling indulgences, “as soon as a coin in the coffer rings, the soul in purgatory springs”, responds back with his own theses

Front 25

95 Theses

Back 25

Oct 1517, posted on door of Wittenberg castle church, written in Latin, translated into German, sparked a movement

Front 26

Cardinal Cajetan

Back 26

papal representative, assigned by Pope to try to stop Luther from continuing his criticisms of the Roman Catholic system

Front 27

Johann Eck

Back 27

debate on the topic of papal authority, Luther used scripture and the church fathers that papal authority had to support, got Luther to admit that he admired Huss

Front 28

Leo X

Back 28

pope, issues a papal bull(decree) to recant within 60 days or face excommunication(enemy of church and state), condemned Martin Luther

Front 29

Diet of Worms

Back 29

imperial counsel, Luther is summoned to make defense of his teachings before Charles V, promised safe passage, banned his writings, allowed people to kill him w/o consequence

Front 30

Charles V

Back 30

emperor, summons Luther, declares Luther an outlaw for refusing to recant

Front 31

Frederick III

Back 31

Luther was “friendly kidnapped” by Prince Frederick of Saxony, who took him to Wartburg Castle for protection

Front 32

Wartburg Castle

Back 32

place where the NT was translated from Erasmus’s Greek NT to German

Front 33

Junker Jorge

Back 33

the name Luther took while hiding at Wartburg castle

Front 34

Andreas Karlstadt

Back 34

faculty member, debated with Eck, caused trouble in Wittenberg, moderate reformer, allowed Zwickau Prophets to come in

Front 35

Invocavit Sermons

Back 35

Luther preaches in response to Zwickau Prophets violence when he returns to Wittenberg

Front 36

Catherine von Bora

Back 36

former nun, Luther’s wife (one of a group of nuns whom he had helped escape from a convent), happy marriage

Front 37

Peasant Revolt

Back 37

1525, radical Anabaptist preachers (Thomas Munzer, Zwickau Prophets) stirred up the people in Germany to rebel, Luther urged the people to obey civil government, he supported the rights of the nobility to crush the rebellion with force

Front 38

Diet of Augsburg

Back 38

brought peace to Protestants in Germany; emperor Charles V needed Protestant princes to side with him against the Turks, Lutherans and Catholics makes peace

Front 39

Augsburg Confession

Back 39

written by Melanchthon, Lutheran beliefs, that is accepted by Charles V, alliance is formed

Front 40

Consubstantiation

Back 40

Luther’s view of Communion, declared that it was both a sign and a vehicle of grace and that Christ really was present in the elements, the bread and the wine

Front 41

Lutheran Catechism

Back 41

attempt to educate lay people, distressed at lack of understanding of Christian doctrine, as a result he wrote both a small and large catechism which could be used to learn the basics of Christian faith, one of most important works

Front 42

The Bondage of the Will

Back 42

Luther's response to Erasmus’s work "the freedom of the will", total depravity, salvation is a work of God alone

Front 43

Formula of Concord

Back 43

Martin Kemnitz, compiled a book to unify all the different streams of Lutheranism

Front 44

Council of Trent

Back 44

anyone who teaches justification by faith alone is condemned

Front 45

Ulrich Zwingli

Back 45

Swiss reformer, nationalist, father was a civic leader,

Front 46

Thomas Wyttenbach

Back 46

professor influenced Zwingli, exposed him to Erasmus (humanism)

Front 47

Zurich

Back 47

in Switzerland,Zwingli became parish priest here, 1/3 population died from plague

Front 48

67 Articles

Back 48

by Zwingli, the Bible is authority not the pope, the first public statement of the Reformed Faith

Front 49

Bishop of Constance

Back 49

petitioned by Zwingli to void mandatory celibacy of the priests, denied petition

Front 50

First Disputation

Back 50

the authority is the city council, Zwingli needs their help, he publicly defended 67 Articles of his evangelical belief, to gain religious independence, the council ruled to support Zwingli

Front 51

Johann Faber

Back 51

opponent Zwingli faced, was sent by the Bishop of Constance to defend the Catholic position

Front 52

Second Disputation

Back 52

to address the Mass and the use of icons, Zurich then started to make massive reforms (images removed, bones of saints buried, alters replaced by tables, organs in churches dismantled, choirs abolished, gold and silver melted from relics and crucifixes, monasteries transformed into shelters and schools)

Front 53

Disputation against the Anabaptists

Back 53

oppose infant baptism, Zwingli vs. former group (Swiss Brethren), city council sides with Zwingli

Front 54

Heinrich Bullinger

Back 54

Zwingli’s successor, focused on spiritual activity, agreed on memorial view with Calvin(the Lord is spiritually there), responsible for the Helvitic Confessions (two of them), great influence on Reformation efforts around Europe,

Front 55

Marburg Colloquy

Back 55

Zwingli meets with Luther, the two could not agree on the nature of Communion(the issue was the “real presence” of Christ), enough to drive wedge between them

Front 56

Philip of Hesse

Back 56

noblemen who gave the invitation of Marburg Colloquy

Front 57

Memorial View

Back 57

Zwingli’s view, not real body and blood, a sign of the means of grace, do this in remembrance of me

Front 58

Jacob Kaiser

Back 58

a Swiss evangelical preacher, was burned alive, death results in 2 wars

Front 59

Wars of Kappel

Back 59

two wars, Zwingli is killed in the 2nd, tension between protestant cantons and Catholics cantons

Front 60

Casper Schwenkfeld

Back 60

Spiritual mystics, influenced by Luther, Munzer and Karlstadt rejected infant baptism, Lutheran communion, war, denominations, taught “Spiritual presence”, Anabaptist

Front 61

Andreas Karlstadt

Back 61

student of Augustine, fellow faculty member with Luther, Luther opposed him as a radical, moderate reformer

Front 62

Ulrich von Hutton

Back 62

follower of Luther who advocated military force, leader of the Imperial Knights of the Holy Roman Empire and led them to revolt and was defeated

Front 63

Zwickau Prophets

Back 63

led by Nicholas Storch, attempted to bring spiritual change through political means (setting up a theocracy), rejected infant baptism, stirred up peasants, new revelation from H.S.

Front 64

Thomas Muntzer

Back 64

political fanatic, German radical reformer who turned against Luther, early leader of the Peasant’s Rebellion in Germany, battle cry was “all things are in common”, defeated

Front 65

Melchior Hoffman

Back 65

influenced by Luther, lay evangelist/preacher, held a Zwingli view of the Lord’s Table, rebaptized, predicted that Christ would return in 1533 and establish New Jerusalem in Strassborg

Front 66

Jan Matthys

Back 66

political fanatic, converted by Hoffman, identified Munster Germany as the New Jerusalem, taught adult baptism

Front 67

John of Leiden

Back 67

political fanatic, disciple of Matthys, political leader in Munster, set up an anabaptist theocracy there, fell to Franz von Waldeck, claimed to be descendant of David

Front 68

Munster Rebellion

Back 68

political fanatics start in Germany, John of Leiden was made king and declared himself a descendant of David, attempt made to establish a theocratic kingdom, his army was defeated, tainted Anabaptist name

Front 69

Swiss Brethren

Back 69

Anabaptists, disciples of Zwingli, considered to be the fountainhead of the Anabaptist movement, baptism and separation of church and state

Front 70

Eberli Bolt

Back 70

first Anabaptist martyr

Front 71

George Blaurock

Back 71

performed first baptism, swiss brethren, rejected the Mass, infant baptism, religious images

Front 72

Felix Manz

Back 72

Swiss Brethren, drowned in the lake, first Anabaptist leader martyred

Front 73

Conrad Grebel

Back 73

swiss brethren, father of the Anabaptist, aristocrat, had money

Front 74

Balthaisar Hubmaier

Back 74

abandoned infant baptism, baptized, debated with Zwingli, defended obedience to Scripture, executed, published pamphlets against Zwingli about baptism

Front 75

Menno Simons

Back 75

takes over a fractured Anabaptist movement in Germany, trained as a Catholic priest, fully embraced Anabaptist position, emphasized separation from the world (pacifism, non-violence)

Front 76

Michael Sattler

Back 76

Anabaptist, involved in early Schleitheim confession of faith, killed in Rottenburg

Front 77

Calvinism

Back 77

TULIP, committed to the glory of God, not himself, committed to the sovereignty of God in everything, committed to the authority of God’s Word, produces humility in salvation, interpretation (submission to what the text says) in a simple and clear way, personal level, obedience (justification and sanctification)

Front 78

John Calvin

Back 78

born in France, flees to Switzerland

Front 79

Geneva

Back 79

forced to travel through Geneva to get to Strasbourg, returned to Geneva in 1541 for the rest of his life

Front 80

Nicolas Cop

Back 80

Calvin’s friend, had to flee because he preached reform in the church

Front 81

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Back 81

Calvin flees to Basel where he penned this apology (defense written to the King of France), We are not Anabaptists!

Front 82

William Farel

Back 82

in Geneva, convinced Calvin to stay and help him enact reform

Front 83

Martin Bucer

Back 83

invited Calvin to pastor a church in Strasbourg, German reformer/pastor, mentor to Calvin, friend of Luther

Front 84

Strasbourg

Back 84

Calvin’s early ministry, reformed city, preached, published first commentary on Romans, gets married

Front 85

Idellete de Bure

Back 85

Calvin’s wife, a widow who had two children from previous marriage, had one son

Front 86

Consistory

Back 86

church council, the city council approved Calvin’s Ecclesiastical Ordinances (established consistory), under the city council, no political power

Front 87

Geneva City Council

Back 87

political power, initially accepted reforms, ordered Farel and Calvin to use unleavened bread in Communion, fired Calvin, asked Calvin to consider returning

Front 88

Pierre Ameaux

Back 88

criticized Calvin and had to publicly beg God for forgiveness

Front 89

Ami Perrin

Back 89

invited Calvin to return to Geneva, family member was convicted of violating Geneva’s dancing prohibition; Perrin would become the primary leader of the Libertines

Front 90

Libertines

Back 90

opposition groups united in Geneva, took control of the city council, wanted to make Calvin’s life miserable

Front 91

Michael Servetus

Back 91

anti-trinitarian rationalist, denied the deity of Christ, Spanish heretic, burned at stake by John Calvin

Front 92

Theodore Beza

Back 92

Calvin’s sidekick and successor, established school in Geneva with Calvin, its rector

Front 93

John Knox

Back 93

influenced by Calvin, Scottish Reformation, French Galleys, English Protestant refugee fleeing from Mary I, ministers alongside John Calvin, returns to Scotland after 3 years in Geneva, establishes Presbyterianism,

Front 94

Spiritual Presence View

Back 94

taught by Casper Schwenckfeld, that believers feed on Christ spiritually, also Calvin’s view

Front 95

William Tyndale

Back 95

executed by Henry, translated from the Greek, highly critical of Henry’s annulment

Front 96

Henry VIII

Back 96

married his brother’s widow (Catherine of Aragon) for political reasons, defended the Catholic Church against Luther, wanted to annul marriage (no boy), Pope refused, politically motivated

Front 97

Thomas Cromwell

Back 97

main catalyst pushing for reform, chief minister for Henry VIII

Front 98

Thomas Cranmer

Back 98

first archbishop of Canterbury, granted the annulment, reformed 39 articles and book of common prayer

Front 99

Catherine of Aragon

Back 99

first wife of Henry VIII, aunt of Charles V, gave birth to Mary

Front 100

Act of Supremacy

Back 100

laws that made Henry the Supreme Head of the Church of England

Front 101

Anne Boleyn

Back 101

Henry’s second wife, gives birth to Elizabeth, executed by Henry

Front 102

Jane Seymour

Back 102

Henry’s third wife, gave him a son (Edward VI)

Front 103

Edward VI

Back 103

son of Henry and Jane, 9 years old when he became king, monarchy shifted to support the Protestant Reformation, reigned for 6 years and died

Front 104

Book of Common Prayer

Back 104

published by Thomas Cranmer to make push to be more reformed

Front 105

Mary I

Back 105

daughter of Henry and Catherine, appointed herself Queen (a Catholic) after Edward dies, worked to undo the Protestant reforms of Edward, put to death nearly 300 Protestant (“Bloody Mary”)

Front 106

Elizabeth I

Back 106

daughter of Henry and Anne, comes to throne after Mary’s death (Protestant), brings stability to Protestant Reformation, 2nd act of supremacy “Supreme Governor of the Church of England”, reigned for 40 years

Front 107

Act of Uniformity

Back 107

required everyone to attend the Anglican church on Sundays and use the book of common prayer

Front 108

Puritans

Back 108

reformed English Christians, arose during Elizabeth’s reign, Protestants, opposed Book of Common Prayer

Front 109

Richard Hooker

Back 109

to be one of the early architects of Anglicanism

Front 110

Hugh Latimer

Back 110

met with fellow theologians @ White Horse tavern, English reformer,

Front 111

Thomas Cranmer

Back 111

influenced by Luther, archbishop of Canterbury,

Front 112

Book of Common Prayer

Back 112

outlined how churches were to conduct themselves, becomes part of tradition, Puritans did not agree

Front 113

Mary I

Back 113

root out Protestantism, bloody Mary

Front 114

John Foxe

Back 114

wrote Foxes book of Martyrs

Front 115

Elizabeth I

Back 115

protestant queen, no heir, Puritans were disappointed, Bishop’s Bible

Front 116

Act of Supremacy

Back 116

Henry VIII declared “head of the Church of England”

Front 117

Church of England (Anglican)

Back 117

doctrine (reformed), liturgy (high church); followed book of common prayer; borderline Roman Catholic, government (Episcopalian, monarch as head of the church)

Front 118

James I

Back 118

king of England, cousin of queen Elizabeth, James VI of Scotland becomes James I of England, Puritans wanted new Bible (KJV)

Front 119

Charles I

Back 119

son of James I, married Henrietta Marie de Bourbon of France (Roman Catholic and disliked Puritans), wants to irritate the Puritans, executed by being beheaded

Front 120

Charles II

Back 120

son of Charles I, was defeated and sent into exile in Netherlands , restored to the throne after Cromwell dies, monarchy was restored, Church of England returned to its Civil War status

Front 121

James II

Back 121

son of Charles II, pro-RCC, Bloodless Revolution

Front 122

Great Migration

Back 122

20,000 Puritans flee to New England as a result of persecution under king Charles I, Mass. Bay colony joins Plymouth to be Commonwealth

Front 123

Great Ejection

Back 123

2,400 Puritan pastors left the church, became known as dissenters/ nonconformists

Front 124

Act of Uniformity

Back 124

under king Charles II, have to follow Book of Common Prayer

Front 125

Acts against the Puritans

Back 125

under Elizabeth, aimed at Separatists that prosecuted those who were not part of the Anglican Church, James and Charles

Front 126

Separatists/Dissenters

Back 126

target of James I persecution, flee from England

Front 127

Non-Conformists

Back 127

Puritans who left under Charles II after RESTORATION, does not conform to the act of uniformity, hold illegal church meetings, formed their own separate congregations

Front 128

Millenary Petition

Back 128

Puritans asked James I to enforce, document that would have reformed the Anglican Church along Puritan lines, signed by 1,000

Front 129

Hampton Court Conference

Back 129

James I met with Puritan leaders, he largely sided against them (in favor of the more moderate Anglican bishops), saw the beginnings of the KJV Bible, James made it clear that he would support the Anglican bishops over and against the Puritans, persecution erupted

Front 130

Richard Bancroft

Back 130

archbishop who oversaw the translation of the KJV

Front 131

William Laud

Back 131

became the Archbishop of Canterbury under Charles I, disliked Puritans because he viewed them as causing division, persecuted Puritan pastors who deviated from book of common prayer or who preached on predestination, Arminian, later executed

Front 132

John Smyth

Back 132

separatist that became a Baptist, got to Europe, influenced by Anabaptist ideas, regarded of founder of English Baptist Movement

Front 133

Particular Baptists

Back 133

particular redemption, Calvinistic

Front 134

General Baptists

Back 134

do not believe in limited atonement, Arminian

Front 135

Richard Baxter

Back 135

Puritan, minister and lecturer teaching families, wrote "The Reformed Pastor", "The Saints Everlasting Rest", a non-conformist who was often imprisoned for his preaching

Front 136

John Bunyan

Back 136

arrested for preaching illegally, a non-conformist, Pilgrim’s Progress

Front 137

Matthew Henry

Back 137

non-conformist, pastor and preacher in Chester and then in London, The Exposition of the Old and New Testaments

Front 138

John Owen

Back 138

chaplain for Oliver Cromwell, scholar, Dean and Chancellor at Oxford, friend of John Bunyan, called "Prince of the English Puritans"

Front 139

Thomas Watson

Back 139

well-versed in biblical languages, imprisoned, most articulate and readable Puritan, wrote "A Body of Divinity"

Front 140

Oliver Cromwell

Back 140

dictator of England during the Protectorate, “Lord Protector”, dissolved parliament, a steward of Puritan controlled nation of England, after death Charles II took over

Front 141

Authorized Version

Back 141

any version authorized by the crown, KJV of 1611 is 3rd version

Front 142

Geneva Bible

Back 142

translated by Swiss, with study notes

Front 143

Pilgrims

Back 143

Puritan separatists who fled England because of James I

Front 144

Plymouth

Back 144

Mayflower landed here and established colony, ½ were Puritan separatists under John Robinson, William Brewster, and William Bradford

Front 145

Massachusetts Bay

Back 145

second wave established Mass. Bay colony, Rev. John White helped lead this wave. Helped found Boston. Men like John Cotton, Roger Williams, Thomas Hooker were spiritual, political leaders

Front 146

New England

Back 146

the “Great Migration” of 20,000 settled here from England

Front 147

William Bradford

Back 147

leader at Plymouth colony, governor

Front 148

John Winthrop

Back 148

Charles II gives him a colony grant, convinced Charles I to grant him land in the New World, secured Mass. Bay colony, governor

Front 149

Roger Williams

Back 149

discovers Baptist convictions, starts Providence, RI particular baptist

Front 150

Providence

Back 150

particular Baptist, in Rhode Island

Front 151

Harvard

Back 151

school established in Mass. by Puritans in 1636, William Ames’ books started library

Front 152

John Calvin

Back 152

born in France, wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion, pastored church in Geneva

Front 153

Theodore Beza

Back 153

successor of Calvin in Geneva, established “Reformed Scholasticism”

Front 154

Reformed Scholasticism

Back 154

attempt to answer every doctrinal question, speculative theology, emphasized Scripture, tradition, reason, opposed to Lutheranism, by Beza

Front 155

Jacob Arminius

Back 155

opposed Supralapsarianism, Dutch theologian, emphasized man’s free will, professor at the University of Leiden, studied under Beza

Front 156

Remonstrans

Back 156

Arminius' followers (protestors) presented the five articles of Remonstrance, protests, which noted their disagreements with Calvinism

Front 157

Synod of Dort

Back 157

helped establish doctrinal stability in response to Arminianism and the Remonstrans and five articles, then creates TULIP

Front 158

Five Points of Calvinism

Back 158

TULIP, English translations of findings of Synod of Dort

Front 159

Supralapsarianism

Back 159

decree to save before or after? God decreed creation and the fall, double predestination, decree to elect is before to decree to create

Front 160

Infralapsarianism

Back 160

God determined he was going to create, then after permit the fall, all of humanity is condemned to hell, God then determined to save some, single predestination, decree to elect is after to decree to create

Front 161

Francis Turretin

Back 161

Dutch theologian, reformed text in Latin

Front 162

Martin Luther

Back 162

the saxon huss, monk turn reformer, nailed 95 Theses and reacted to corruption in RCC

Front 163

Philip Melanchthon

Back 163

takes over after Luther dies

Front 164

Martin Chemnitz

Back 164

known as the 2nd Martin, complied the Book of Concord (unity)

Front 165

Formula of Concord

Back 165

doctrinal statement that unified strands of Lutheranism

Front 166

Lutheran Orthodoxy

Back 166

characterized by theological systematization and an emphasis on logic and reason, polemical opposition to any other system, defined Christianity in terms of correct doctrinal formulations, result “dead orthodoxy”

Front 167

Thirty Years War

Back 167

The Protestant/Catholic divide in Germany, bloodiest religious war in European history

Front 168

Pietism

Back 168

reaction to “dead orthodoxy”, emphasized genuine spiritual experience and inward transformation, practical holiness and living

Front 169

Philip Jakob Spener

Back 169

1st major Pietist, father of German Pietism, Pia Desideria was actually a long introduction to the work of Johann Arndt, prolific writer and professor at the University of Halle

Front 170

August Hermann Francke

Back 170

successor of Philip Jakob Spener, 1st wave of Pietism, more biblical

Front 171

Johann Arndt

Back 171

an earlier Lutheran pastor who had spoken out against the dead orthodoxy of his day, wrote book & Spener wrote intro

Front 172

Nicholas Ludwig Zinzendorf

Back 172

leader of the 2nd wave of Pietism, leader among the Moravians, more mystical

Front 173

Moravians

Back 173

a group tracing their spiritual heritage back to John Huss

Front 174

Rene Descartes

Back 174

Dutch, published Discourse on the Method, a new philosophy began to emerge in Europe, starts with human thought, human reason is how we explain the world, “I think therefore I am”, rationalistic approach

Front 175

Age of Enlightenment

Back 175

the elevation of human reason and emotion