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165 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Describe the shape of the lens and how the ciliary muscle and suspensory ligament change it in response to looking at something far away or close
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1. Far Away
- Ciliary Muscle: Relaxed - Suspensory ligament: Contracted - lens shape: Flat 2. Close - ciliary muscle: Contracted - Suspensory ligament: Relaxed - lens shape: Round ** Ligament loose elasticity as you age, and lens dont round |
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Name the 3 tunics of the eye and what they contain
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Corneoscleral coat = Cornea and sclear (most outer) --> Protective layer
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Why can you have a cornea transplant without the risk of rejection?
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Avascular, neural ectodermal origin, no rejection
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Name 5 layers of the Cornea, one feature that makes them special. (Visual on next slide)
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Top to bottom
1. Epithelium (regenerative, rich in nerve ending make eye sensitive) 2. Bowmans Membrane ( Not regenerative) 3. Stroma (parallel layers of collagen fibers make Cornea transparent) 4. Descemets Membrane (Basement Memb. of endothelial cells) 5. Endothelial cell layer |
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Image of Cornea
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List the 3 sublayers of the choroid and its function
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1. Bruchs Membrnae = Basement membrane of the RPE
2. Choriocapillaris = Contains fenestrated capillaries - contains melanocytes make Choroid NON TRANSPARENT (unlike cornea) 3. Choroidal stroma = Larger BV ** The purpose of this layer is to provide nutrients to the avascualr retina |
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Histology of the choroid, note the LARGE Arterioles, easy to remember since choroid function is blood supply AND ONLY DARK ASS PIGMENTED ONE
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https://classconnection.s3.amazonaws.com/266/flashcards/2652266/png/retina1366636430244.png
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The choroid is continous with the cilliary body, what feature change marks this boundary.
What are the two epithelial layers of the ciliary body |
The ciliar body contains lots of radial and circular muscle needed to contract or relax the lens (relate back to few slides ago).
2 Epithelial layers 1. Inner (non pigmented layer) = faces the posterior chamber 2. Outer (pigmented layer) = faces the stroma of ciliary process |
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Notice the ciliary body contains lots of muscle, and the 2 layers which are continous with the retina (neuroepithelial)
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Top part says Anterior chamber
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The Iris is the border between anterior and posterior chamber, It is controlled by 2 pupillae. What are they?
Under what humoral control are they? |
1. Sphincter Pupillae: Pupil contracts when sphincter does
2. Dilator Pupillae: Widens pupil when constricted Sphincter under PNS control, Dilator under SNS control (make sens) Relate to Atropine/Belladone PNS/Sphincter antagonist |
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The vitreous cavity is filled with the vitreous humor . What is the purpose of this gel like substance?
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Shock absorber for the retina
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Through which part of the eye does the Aqueous humor drain through.
Which condition results from obstruction of this drainage. |
Removal through Canal of Schlemm
Obstruction leads to Glaucoma (high intraocular pressure) |
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What is the only cell layer found in the Lens
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Anterior lens epithelium (Image next slide)
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Histology of the lens
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Name the main functions of the Epidermis vs. the dermis and the dermal layer they originate from
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1. Epidermal = Water Barrier layer = Ectoderm
2. Mesoderm = Mechanical Strength = Mesoderm |
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Name 6 functions of the skin
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1. Barrier
2. Immunologic (langerhan) 3. Endocrine (Vit. D3) 4. Exocrine (Sweat) 5. Homeostasis (water loss, temperature) 6. Sensory |
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Name 2 key differences between thin and thick skin
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1. Thick epidermis and THIN dermis in THICK skin, opposite for thin
2. Thick skin is hairless, whereas thin has hair *Thick found palms and feet |
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Histology of thin vs. Thick skin, try to spot the differences and try to name the layers
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Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from top to bottom. Including which layer you cannot see in the thin skin, and which layer is exaggerated in the thick skin
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1. Stratum Corneum (expanded in Thick, anucleated)
2. Stratum lucidum * (not in thin) 3. Stratum Granulosum (dark band) 4. Stratum spinosum (large cellular) 5. Stratum Basale (stem cells) |
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Stratum spinosum contain desmosomes in between cells that give them a signature shape, so people call them _____ cells and contain Nodes of _____
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Prickle cells containing Nodes of Bizzizero
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Is the following thin or thick skin. Why?
What are the arrows pointing to? |
Thin skin since no stratum lucidum
Tiny arrows pointing to the nodes of Bizzezero in S. Spinosum. The top tiny arrow pointing to the Stratum granulosum |
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What is the difference between Epidermal ridges and Dermal papillae.
Which structure of skin gives rise to Fingerprints |
Epidermal ridges = Epidermal layer projecting into dermins
Dermal papillae = Dermis projecting up into the epidermis Dermal Ridges give rise to fingerprints |
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Stratum basale of the epidermis is connected to the dermis via __________ and this connection is neccesary for ____________
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1. Connecte via hemidesmosomes
2. connection is neccesary, so one skin doesnt slide of another = tensile strength |
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Picture of the various ridges |
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Name two layers of the Dermis
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1. Papillary layer
2. Reticular layer |
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Which cell type and process in skin is the result for lighter skin people being lighter
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1. Faster rate of melanosome degradation
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Which cell type in skin is reponsible for making the water barrier? The water barrier contains 2 layers, what are they and what are they made of? |
1. Keratinocytes
2. Cell envelope (protein) and Lipid envelope (phobic) |
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Where is the lipid envelope synthesized.
Between which 2 layers of the epidermis does the water barrier lie. |
1. Lipid envelope synthesized in the S.Spinosum
2. It inserts the water barrier in between S. Corneum and S. Granulosum (most apical) |
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Why did M.Jackson have white skin, what was the reason for his Vitigo
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Autoantibodies against the Melaonosomes, resulting in fastest degradation
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Which layer of the skin is the Langerhan (immune cells) found.
Which layer is the Merkel cells found (receptors)? |
1. Langerhan found in Stratum Spinosum layer
2. Merkel found in Stratum Basale (remember nerves and BV are in dermis) |
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What is the difference between hair shaft and hair root?
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Hair shaft projects ABOVE the epidermis, hair root is within the skin (tubular invagination of epithelium)
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Dermal papilla provide nutrients for the Matrix cells in the epidermis which give rise to ____________ and __________ of hair
The ___________ does not come from Matrix cells and is a downgrowth of epithelium |
Dermal Papilla --> Matrix cells --> Hair shaft (actual hair) and Inner ROOT sheath
The outer root sheath is a downgrowth of epithelium |
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Hair is ____ Keratin, and is composed of three parts itself
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Hair is HARD keratin and is composed of Cortex, Cuticle and Medulla
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Which layer of the Hair shaft is missing in Vellous hair?
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Medulla of the Hair shaft
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Name the 6 layers of the Hair shaft starting from MOST OUTER to INNERMOST
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1. Glassy Membrane
2. External Root sheath (large white) 3. Internal Root sheath (smaller, darker) 4. Cutciel (very small) 5. Cortex (larger inner most dark) 6. Medulla (not in vellous) |
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Histological slide of Hair
1. Note the lack of medulla (vellous Hair) 2. Note the distinctive pattern of cuticle (shingles) |
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The following is a NON VELLOUS hair due to presence of Medulla
The RS is the EPITHELIAL ROOT SHEATH (composed of both inner and outer) |
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What is the difference between
1. nail root 2 nail plate 3. Nail bed |
1. Nail root = Germinative zone through which keratinocytes arise
2. Nail plate = Hard keratin with sulphur content (actual nail) 3. Nail bed = Continous with stratum spinosum stratum basale **Think of nail bed as stratum cornuem |
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What is the difference betwen eponychium of nail and hyponychium.
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Eponychium = made of hard keratin and prevents nail from desquamating (ripping completely off)
Hyponychium = Attaches distal nail plate (part u usually cut off) to the nail bed |
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What is the lunulla, where is it located
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White band in the back of nail, made of cells that have not fully keratinized
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Histology of the nail
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Describe the 3 different types of Exocrine secretions
1. Merocrine 2. Apocrine 3. Holocrine |
1. Merocrine = Exocytisis of contents after fusion (protein)
2. Apocrine = Release of contents wrapped in a protein coat (lipids) 3. Holocrine = Cell dies and releases its contents |
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What kind of secretion do apocrine glands and Eccrine glands use to release their contents?
What about Sebaceous |
MEROCRINE SECRETIONS for BOTH apocrine and merocrine glands
- Fusion of membrane and secretion of contents Sebaceous sweat glands use Holocrine secretions |
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What 2 glands are associated with the hair shaft, which gland secretes on to surface of skin
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Sebaceous gland and Apocrine gland are associated with the hair shaft.
Eccrine glands secrete on to surface |
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From which structure did the sebaceous gland develop from?
Name 2 histological features of a sebaceous gland |
1. Sebaceous gland is an OUTGROWTH of the external root sheath (hence its associated with hair follicles).
2. Two noticeable features are = its very white (containing lots of lipid droplets) - Also has anucleated cells at the top of the lobule since it undergoes holocrine secretion and cell dies to release contents. |
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Histological slide of the Sebaceous gland
Remember the 2 features |
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Another Sebaceous gland
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Another Sebaceous gland
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What are the three types of cells found in the secretory portion of the eccrine sweat gland
and what are their contributions to the type of sweat made by eccrine |
1. Clear cells = Make glycogen and water of sweat
2. Dark cells = Make protein 3. Myoepithelial cels = Help squeeze |
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What are 2 Key histological differences between the secretory portion of eccrine gland and the ductal portion of sweat gland.
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1. The secretory portion is pseudostratified vs. duct is stratified
2. The secretory portion has a much larger diameter vs. ductal portion |
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Histo of just secretory portion of Eccrine sweat gland
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Histo of ductal portion vs. secretory portion of eccrine sweat gland
Remember 2 key diff |
Pseduo vs. strat
Diameter diff Presence/lack of myoep |
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Why do Apocrine glands (eccrine secretions) contain a much larger lumen (histo feature) than the eccrine sweat glands?
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Apocrine glands store their secretions within the lumen whereas eccrine glands store secretions within the cells
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Histological slide of Apocrine gland
- Note large luemn |
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Apcrine gland (right) vs. Eccrine sweat gland (left)
Look at the differences in lumen size |
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What is the functional difference between the duct system of the Eccrine sweat gland and the Apocrine sweat gland
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The Apocrine sweat gland has no reabsorption in the ductal portion whereas the Eccrine sweat gland reabsorbs NaCl in the duct portion
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What is Respiratory epithelium composed of
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Pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar epithelilum with goblet cells
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Histological slide of Resp. Epithelium
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Black arrows in right image pointing to nerve bundles
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What structure are cilia anchored to in the Resp. Epithelium
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Basal bodies
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List 4 things located in the Olfactory epithelium that help it do its function (detect smell)
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1. Ethmoid Bone = Located on top of the mouth and seperates the olfactory bulb (collection of cell bodies) from the olfactory recepors (project into mouth)
2. Bowmans Glands = Produce Mucous and OBP (olfactory binding protein) which solubilizes and seqeusters odorants 3. Olfactory Knob = Olfactory receptors projecting from surface contains Cilia which have Odorant receptors and binds the OBP+Odorant complex 4. Peripheral Nerve: The afferent nerves travel from mouth and transverse the Ethmoid bone to send signals to the Olfactory bulb located on top |
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Histology of the Olfactory epithelium, try to locate all 4 features and link to function
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List the 2 special features of the Trachea that prevent it from collapsing under high pressure and also allow you to forcefully expirate when coughing
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1. C shaped ring of Hyaline Cartilage
2. Trachealis Smooth Muscle |
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Histological slide of trachea
- Note the hyaline cartilage - Resp epithelium on top - the large blood vessels in the Lamina Propria of the Mucosal layer |
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Histological slide of the trahealis muscle
- Note that the Hyaline cartilage is C-shaped, it ends where the trachealis muscle begins |
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List 3 key structural differences between the Trachea and the Intrapulmonary bronchus
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1. No more C shaped cartilage, much shorter segment now
2. More smooth Muscle to control bronchi diameter 3. Folded mucosa due to activity of smooth muscle |
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Histological slide of Intrapulmonary bronchus
1. Note the 3 key features 2. Also note the surrounding alveolar epithelium |
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Where would you find this tissue in the body and list 3 special features that indicate it is from there
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1. Folded Mucosa
2. Cartilage 3. Smooth Muscle ** THE BIGGEST KEY FEATURE IS Lung tissue at the bottom Location: Intrapulmonary Bronchus Not Trachea since mucosa is folded and their is lung tissue around |
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Describe how the bronchiole tissue is structurally different than both trachea and the bonchus
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No cartilage present
No goblet cells present Simple cuboidal and not pseduostrat A whole ring of surrounding smooth Muscle - Can be contracted or relaxed (depending on breathing or not) |
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Picture of a Contracted Bronchiole
- Note folded mucosa BUT NOT Bronchus - We know that because no cartilage and simple cuboidal epithelium - Also note the surrounding flat lung tissue - indicating we are loosing at a resp section |
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Picture of a relaxed bronchioles, all the same features as above but with no folded Mucosae
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What is a hallmark feature of Terminal bronchioles, not found in other bronchioles
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Presence of Clara cells
Large, dark, budding cells facing the lumen of the simple columnar epithelium |
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What is the function of Clara cells in the Terminal Bronchiole
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Clara cells produce a surfactant like substance containing both lipid and proteins that coat the inner epithelium to prevent it from sticking after expiration
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Picture of a Terminal Bronchiole containing Clara cells
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Close up of a Clara cell, Note the secretory granules containing the Surfactant like substance
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Name two structural features that distinguish a Resp. Bronchiole from a terminal Bronchile
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1. Lack of Smooth muscle in Resp. Bronchiol
2. **** Gaps in the wall representing a budding alveoli |
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What is the Pore of Kohn
What is its function in the alveolar sacs |
Pore of Kohn join neighboring alveoli, and their function is to equilibrate the pressure between alveolis incase one is blocked.
Allows air to travel to the neighboring alveoli |
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Picture of a Resp. Bronchiole
- Note no smooth muscle - Gap in wall representing a budding alveolus |
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One distinguishing feature of Type 2 Pneumocytes is that the stored surfactant (not released yet) forms a lamellar body, only seen in TEM.
Example of this is shown |
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What is the function of the DUST CELL in the alveolar septum
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The Dust cell is another name for Alveolar Macrophage, cleans up debris and travels up the mouth
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Histological slide of Dust cell (alveolar macrophage)
You wil see them as dark brown stains (containing phagocytosed stuff) near lung epithelium |
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What is the hardest tissue in the entire body
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Enamel = really calcified
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What is the difference between anatomical crown and the clinical crown of the tooth?
What are the two things that the teeth root is made of? |
Clinical crown = Part of teeth that projects above gingival sulcus
Anatomical crown = Part of teeth that is coverd by enamel Teeth root = Dentin covered by Cementum (below sulcus) |
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Peridontal ligament connects the ______ of tooth to the surrounding ________
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Connects the cementum layer (part of root) to the surrounding Alvolar bone
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What is the name of the cells that produce Dentin, which structure are they located on top of?
What is the name of the cells that produce Enamel, which structure are they located on top of? What is the key diff between these two (beside what they produce) |
Dentin produced by DENTINOBLAST located on top of the Pulp chamber
Enamel produced by the Ameloblast, located on top of the ENAMEL ITSELF Key diff is that the dentinoblast are present throughout life whereas the Ameloblast die after gum eruption |
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What is PRE-dentin composed of and what is the name of the cellular processes of dentin that sense temperature and pressure
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Predentin is composed of type 1 collagen
Later calcified with hydroxyapatite Processess called Dentinotubules |
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What are the 2 organic Enamel Matrix Proteins
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1. Amelogenin
2. Enamelin |
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Section of the tooth still inside the gum
- Can tell it hasnt ruptured since Ameloblast present -Note the diff between predentin (white) and dentin |
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List the 5 stages of the origin of tooth development. With a brief description of each.
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1. Bud stage = Neuroectodermal cells induce overlying epithelia to form tooth bud
2. Cap stage = Epithelia forms a cap structure 3. Late cap stage = Cap differentiates into inner and outer epithelium. The inner epithelium gives rise to the Ameloblast. Odontoblast arise from the UNDERLYING dental papilla (the neurocrest that signalled in the first place) 4. Bell stage: Ameloblast secrete enamel downwards, odontoblast secrete predentin upwards (remember type 1 collagen) 5. Tooth eruption: Dental SAC gives rise to the cementoblast which give rise to cementum. Cells form the peridontal ligament (cementum to alveolar bone) |
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Histological slide of BUD STAGE (1st stage)
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Histological slide of the CAP stage (2nd stage)
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Histological slide of the Late Cap stage (note the 2 epithelial layers, the inner being ameloblast, and the bottom dental papilla being the odontoblast
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Histological slide of the Peridontal Ligament
- Look for Bone on one side - CEMENTUM (very thin dark line) - Dentin (larger area) |
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What is the name of cellular processes running through the Peridontal Ligament
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1. Sharpeys fibers
Remember peridontal |
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Another slide of Peridontal ligament, this one showing the Sharpeys fibers
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What is the opening of the pulp cavity through which nerves and blood vessels enter the middle called? (Hint: 2 names)
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Root canal or the Apical foramen
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Picture of the Pulp cavity
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What kind of epithelium and what kind of muscle is found in the tongue?
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Tongue is made up of Stratified Squamous epithelium and oblique arranged Skeletal muscle (goes in all direction)
** May or may not be keratinized |
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Histological slide of tongue
Look for 3 layers = Strat. Squamous epithelium, underlying CT and the bottom is skeletal muscle going in every directions |
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List 3 structural feature of the Filliform papillae, and its function.
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1. Conical Shaped
2. HIGHLY KERATINIZED (see a bunch of shedding stuff on stop 3. NO TASTE BUDS Function: Mechanically grip food |
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Histological slide of Filliform papillae
- Note its pointy tip and keratin |
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List 2 features of the Fungiform Papillae
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1. Mushroom shaped (not conical like filliform, rather have a oval top)
2. Contain some Dorsal taste buds (lil white spots) |
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Histological slide of a fungiform papillae
**Easy to rememer. FUNGI = mushroom, form = shape FUNGIFORM = shaped like a mushroom |
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List 2 distinguishing features of the Foliate Papilla and where they are located
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1. Parallel Ridges (most visible)
2. Lot of parallel taste buds Located: On the peripheral edges of tongue near the back |
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Histological sldie of the Foliate papilla
*Note the flat cube type shape *Tons of taste buds in the ridges that descend down |
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List 2 strucutral features of the Circumvallate Papillae and the type of glands it contains, and the function of this gland
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1. Largest papilla, dome shaped
2. Contains LATERAL AND DORSAL taste buds (fungiform had some dorsal, no lateral) Contains Von Ebnors gland near the lateral mote region, secretes into this mote to solublize particles so taste buds can access |
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What is the opening of a taste bud to the epithelial surface called.
What is the taste bud connected to? |
Taste pore - opening of taste bud to surface
Attached to afferent nerve terminals to signal taste |
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Histo slide of a circumvallate papillae
- not fungiform even though slightly dome shaped - Can tell because it has tons of lateral taste buds and is larger - Also the VON EBNORS gland sitting right next to the mote |
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Histological close up of the Circumvallate papilla with the taste buds on the periphery
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List the 3 cell types present in a taste bud
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1. Immature Taste Receptor cell = pale, large nucleus at the periphery
2. Basal cell = Small, Squished dark cell at the bottom 3. Mature taste receptor cell = Right in the middle, underneath the microvilli, attached to nerve |
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Histological close up of a taste bud with the 3 diff cell types contained within
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What category of receptor is a taste receptor
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GPCR, releases Neurotransmitters onto afferent nerve after activation
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List the 4 components of saliva right after it has been produced by the acinus and is travelling in the Intercalated duct (no modification here)
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1. Water
2. Sodium (Na+) 3. Chloride (Cl-) 4. IgA |
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List the 2 modification processes that take place in the Striated duct portion
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1. Reabsorption of Sodium and Chloride
2. Production of Bicarbonate |
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What is the key structural difference between an INTRA-lobular duct (intercalated and striated) and an INTER-lobular duct (supplyin many acini)
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The INTER-lobular can be striated whereas the INTRA-lobular cannot
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What are the two histological features to distinguish between a Mucous acini and a Serous acini.
What are two ways in which a duct differs from both |
1. Mucous acini have a moth eaten shape due to washout of lipid droplets and their nuceli are not round and squished at the base due to lipid accumulation.
Serous acini looks more basophilic due to proteins and has its nuclei in roughly the centre 2. Ducts are different from both because they contain a visible lumen and the nuclei are symetrically arranged |
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List the major type of secretions from each of the salivary glands
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1. Parotid gland: Serous (Only exclusive)
2. Sublingual: Mucous dominant (some very lil serous 3. Submandibular: Mixed mucous acini with serous demilunes |
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Histo section of the Partoid gland
- Exclusively serous acini (dark purple) - The light parts are ducts (either straited or intercalated) - The red part is the capillary blood supply |
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Histological close up of the Parotid gland
- Note the serous acini surrounding the Duct and how the shapes are diff - Diff between intercalated and stratied duct is that the intercalated has smaller cells and a larger lumen |
- the duct on top is small lumen with striations = striated duuct
- the duct circled on bottom has small cell, large lumen = intercalated |
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Histological section of the SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND
- Note this is a mixed gland so includes both serous (basophilic) and mucous (white squished acini) Serous demilunes = Mucous looking cells with a serous covering on top Also note the interspersed ducts |
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Another Histological slide of Submandibular gland.
Note the demilunes |
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Histological slide of the Sublingual gland
- Note that it is predominantly Mucous, so you should see a lot of white, moth eaten, nucleus squished circles with no lumen |
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Another Sublingual gland
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Explain how the esophagus structure differs depending on where in the esophagus you are
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Upper portion = skeletal muscle, voluntary
Middle = Skeletal and Smooth mixed Lower = All smooth |
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Histological slide of the Esophagus
- Key features are a collapsed lumen due to tons of muscle in the Muscular Externa -Large Muscularis Externa |
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Histological Closeup of the Esophagus, with the layers labelled
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What kind of epithelium is the ESOPHAGUS
What is the name of the gland it contains |
Stratified Squamous Non Keratinized epithelium
Esophageal Submucosal glands (not an acinar, or compound, just a gland and a duct) |
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Name two things that change in the surface epithelium of the stomach as compared to the esophagus
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1. Stomach epithelium contains Simple columnar epithelium as compared to strat squam
2. Stomach contains large gastric pits as compared to dome shape of folds of esophagus |
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Histological Difference between the two epithelium
Left = Stomach Right = Esophagus |
Submucosal glands still present but the nature of secretion a lil diff
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Histological closeup of the layers of the stomach.
Note the presence of pits and rugae that increase Surface Area. Also note that there are no foldings of the mucosae above epithelium - like villi, plicae or mirovilli. Absorptive epithelium only present in intestine |
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List the 6 cell types in the stomach in their order from top of a gastric pit, all the way down to the bottom.
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1. Surface mucous cells
2. Mucous neck cells - Mucin in response to nervous stimuli 3. Stem cell - BIDIRECTIONAL Regeneration 4. Parietal cell - HCl, Intrinsic factor 5. Enteroendocrine cell - Gastrin 6. Chief cell - pepsinogen, Gatric lipase |
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Histological picture of the surface mucous cells.
Again note that the epithelia of surface is simple columnar, and the white lipid droplets indicate this is mucous secreting. If you see the above 2 features on top of a pit, its most likely a surface mucous cell |
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Histological picture of a parietal cell and Chief cell.
Chief cell is exocrine and producing lipase and pepsinogen, so it is basophilic due to tons of rER activity. Parietal cells is producing acid. Parietal easy to distinguish = CENTRAL DARK NUCLEI (dark since not a lot transcriptional activity) and a VERY LIGHT PERIPHERY, located above CHIEF |
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Which nervous system do the Meisseners and Auerbach plexus belong to and where are they located?
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Autonomic Nervous system
1. Meisseners = Submucosa 2. Auerbach = Muscularis Externa |
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List the 4 ways through which the small intestine.
What layer of fold they are. |
1. Plicae circularis = Submucosal folds
2. Intestinal Villi = Mucosal folds 3. Microvilli = Epithelial folds (absorptive enterocyte) 4. Glycocalyx = Proteinacious Projection of enzymes important for activation of zymogens |
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What is the name of the intestinal counterpart of mucosa invagination in the stomach called pits.
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Crypts of lieberkuhn
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Histological slide of the JEJENUM
- most absorptive area so the 4 surface area increases for absorption should be apparent. Be able to point all of them out Know what the bottom circle is pointing to |
The bottom circle is pointing to the Crypts of Lieberkuhn. FOUND IN MUCOSAL LAYER
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What feature is specific to the Duodenum of the stomach, and in which layer is it located?
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Brunners glands - Secreting Mucous
Located in the Submucosal portion right underneath Muscular mucosae (lieberkuhn are in mucosa) These are specific to duodenum |
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Histological picture of the Dodenum, showing you where the Brunners glands are located.
Also note: - presence of GALT tissue in mucosa - The 2 layers of Muscularis Externa (IC, OL) |
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What is the epithelium of the small intestine classified as?
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1. Simple columnar (like stomach) with goblet cells (not stomach)
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What is the core of a intestinal villi composed of
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Lamina propria ** Remember foldings of a Mucosa
The plica circularis core (fold of Submucosa) is the submucosa itself |
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Histological picture of a closeup and CROSSSECTION of a intestinal villi. Features to note
1. Simple columnar and prominent goblet cells 2. Blank spaces in the middle are Lacteals |
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List the 4 cell types contained in the Intestinal Epithelium
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1. Absorptive enterocytes (simple columnar with microvilli)
2. Goblet cells 3. Enteroendocrine cells (Secretin and CCK) 4. Paneth cells (lysozymes) |
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What is the protein found inside the core of a microvilli and what is it anchored to?
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Microvilli contain an Actin Core and are anchored to a Terminal Web (containg intermediate filaments and ACtin)
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What is the difference between terminal web and a terminal bar. How can you distinguish them histologicaly?
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Terminal web attaches the actin core of Microvilli, a Terminal bar is cell junctions between adjacent enterocytes.
In a histological section, a terminal web is a faint line running the whole section whereas a terminal bar, is dark dots interpresed between enterocytes |
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Histological section of the intestinal epithelium.
- Should be able to point 2/4 of the cell types - Distinguish between terminal web/bar - Locate the brush border |
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Histological section of the Paneth cell
- very easy to distinguish histologically, contain bright red dots containing lysozyme in secretory granules. Enteroendocrine also there but not easy to distinguish. Both of the above cells are contained within the Crypts of Liberkuhn |
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What is the difference between cell renewal in the Stomach vs. Cell renewal in the Intestine
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Stomach = Bidirectional
Intestine = Unidirectional |
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Name the 2 distinguishing that tell you whether you are looking at Duodenum of stomach or Illeum. And where these features are found.
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Duodenum: Brunners glands, secrete mucous, found in the submucosa under the Muscularis Mucosae
Illeum: Peyers Patches, Mount immune response for GALT, found in the LAMINA PROPRIA,(makes sense since its vascularized) |
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Histological closeup of the brunners glands
You know its the Brunners gland and not any other muscosal gland due: - Presence of overlying Muscular Mucosae - Crypts of lieberkuhn located on top of Muscular Mucosae Be able to spot, the crypts, and also the enteroendocrine and the paneth cells within them |
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Histological section of the Peyers patches
- Note that the muscularis mucosae is now UNDERNEATH the distinguishing feature - These patches are PERMANENT, you can have lymph tissue appear in other areas transiently |
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list 2 Histological differences between Small and Large intestine.
List 1 physiological functional diff between the two |
2 Histological differences
1. NO MORE VILLI 2. ABUNDANT GOBLET CELLS - Still have crypts of lieberkuhn 1 functional diff - Crypts now reabsorb water and NaCl mostly, no lysozyme or hormonal fxn |
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Histological picture of Large intestine/Colon
Notice the lack of villi, the PLETHORA of GOblet cells, the crypts in the mucosae |
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What is the difference between direction bile flow and blood flow from the Hepatic portal system
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1. Bile drains away to the gallbladder/SI
2. Blood drains towards the central vein and the rest of the liver |
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Describe the flow of bile starting from left and right hepatic lobule
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L/R hepatic lobule --> Common hepatic duct --> Cystic Duct/Gallbladder --> Common bile duct --> Duodenum
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What are the three lobule classifications?
What are they based on? Wha shape are they |
Classic lobule --> Based on blood drainage --> Hexagon (connects all triads)
Portal lobule --> Based on bile drainage --> Triangle (connects 3 central veins to the portal triad, through which bile drains away) *Portal lobule because bile goes towards the portal* Liver acinus --> Based on blood supply --> Diamond (connects two portal triads to two central veins, t) |
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List the location of the three zones in the liver lobule and why they differ?
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In order of DESCENDING OXYGEN SUPPLY Zone 1 = closest to Portal triadZone 2 = in between portal triad and centra vein Zone 3 = Near the central vein The portal triad is recieving fresh blood from hepatic artery and as the blood travels to the central vein, the nutrients are absorbed such that the zone 3 (near central vein) has little O2 left. |
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The following contains the 3 organizations of the hepatic lobules. Be able to distinguish each of them
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Red = Portal lobule
Blue = Hepatic (classic) lobule Green = Liver acinus |
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Name 3 important features of the smooth ER in the liver
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1. Storage and synthesis of glyogen (Hepatocytes stain red with PAS)
2. Recirculation of bile (only 10% synthesized de novo) 3. Detoxificatoin and excretion of bile (conjugation to glucoronic acid) aided by Kupffer cells |
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What are the two cells of exocrine pancreas and what are their secretions
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1. Acinar cells = Digestive enzymes
2. Duct cells = Bicarbonate for pH regulation |
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histological section of gallbladder.
Tough to tell apart from GI, proly wnt be tested but look at it nyway |
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How does the gallbladde concentrate bile
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It actively Na+ into the lumen and water follows by osmosis such that bile enters the blood flow a isosmotic solution
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What is located in the image to the side?
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Small intestine attached to the pancreas.
Small intestine you can tell because of various villi (prolly jejnum) and the pancreas is anatomically attached. You can confirm its pancreas due to abundance of serous cells (basophilic) and a "fishbone" duct system |
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Which salivary gland does the Pancreas most resemble and why?
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Pancreas most closely resembles the Parotid gland because the Parotid gland is exclusively serous. The Pancreas is not exclusively serous but have very few endocrine islets that it looks identical.
Review of salivary submandibular = mixed with serous demilunes Sublingual = Dominant mucous |
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Histological slide of the Pancreas note, the abundance of serous cells with a few islets.
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Switch to new card system
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NOW
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