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115 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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List the complete flow of sperm starting from Semineferous tubules (like which parts it transverses)
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1. Seminiferous tubules
2. Tubulus Rectus 3. Rete Testis 4. Efferent ductulis 5. Epidydmis 6. Vas Deferens Gets secretions from the Seminal vesicle, prostate and Bulbourethral |
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What is the name of the capsule that overlies the Testes.
Name another gland we discussed that contains a capsule |
Testes capsule called tunica albuginea (DCT/FIbroblast)
Adrenal coretex also had a similiar capsule |
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Histological slide of the Semineferous tubule
Note the: tunica albuginea Highly coiled structure containings cells at diff stage Notice each Tubules is seperated by a CT There are 3-4 tubules in each lobule, each testis contains up to 300 lobules |
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Name the two non-gametogenic cells found in the Semineferous tubule.
Where are they located? What is the function of each? |
Sertoli cells = Found inside the tubules, nurse cells, provide metabolic support for developing gametes
Leydig cells = found in the CT border, the interstitium, Steroidogenic cells producing Testosterone |
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Histological slide showing the location of the 2 cells. Note:
- The location of the leydig cells, quite obvi in the interistial - Note the morphology of the Sertoli cell nuclei as compared to others |
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List 6 functions of the sertoli cells
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1. Create an abluminal and a luminal compartment
2. Form the blood testis barrier (aids in the above) 3. Provide metabolic support for developing gametes 4. Aid in the translocation of these developing gametes towards the lumen 5. Removal of residual bodies (remaining after spermiogenesis) 6. Synthesize and Secrete Androgen binding protein (serves to conentrate testosterone needed for the developing gametes) |
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What is the diagnostic histological difference between Sertoli cells and the spermatocytes/gonia/tids etc..
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The nuclei of Sertoli cells is elongated while the sperms have a completely round nuclei which is spotted!
The Sertoli cells have a prominent nucleoli (dark dot in the middle) rather than spotted |
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Histological slide of the Semineferous tubules. Note:
-Elongated Nuclei found in the Sertoli - Prominent nucleolus found in Sertoli (highly active) - Round nucleus of the Sperm cells - Dotted appereance of the Spermatocytes |
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Describe the maturation stage, including when all mitotic, meiotic divisions take place. Also include the location of the cell.
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1. Primordial Germ cell
2. Spermat0gonia (continually undergoing Mitosis) ------ Leave Basement Membrane-----Cross Blood-testes-Barrier---- 3. Primary spermatocyte (1st meiotic division) 4. Secondary Spermatocyte (2nd meiotic division) 5. Early Spermatid (spermiogenesis) 6. Late Spermatid 7 Sperm (---> Finally detached from Sertoli cells) |
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What are cytoplasmic bridges, what is their function.
What is their end fate? |
Cytoplasmic bridges are cytoplasmic continuities between developing sperm. They allow for the clonal nature of sperm and synchronous differentiation.
Their end fate is that after spermiogenesis they are shed and form a residual body which is engulfed by the Sertoli cells |
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How can you histologically differentiate between a Spermatocyte and a Spermatid (has undergone spermiogenesis)
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Spermatocytes are undergoing meiotic divisions so their cytoplasm contains fragments of chromsomes floating and lookes spotted. The spermatids have undergone the meiotic process and thus look completely round and homogenous nuclei with no spotting
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Histological side of the Semineferous tubules
- Note the elongated Sertoli cells - The spotted, floating chromsome Spermatocytes - The early spermatids with the homgenous nuclei and round cells - The later spermatid, not round but still attached to sertoli cells - The spermatazoa FOUND IN LUMEN, not attached to Sertoli cells |
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List the 3 parts of the mature spermatid after it has undergone spermiogenesis.
What is contained in each of these parts. What is a byproduct of sperimogenesis |
1. Head = Contains Nuclei and Acrosomal enzymes developed from the golgi apparatus
2. Midpeice contains Mitochondria wrapped in a centriole sheath 3. Principal and End pecie: Contains the microtubules needed for flagellum Byproduct: Residual body (phagocytosed by Sertoli) **Note sperm are not motile yet |
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Close up histological slide of the leydig cells which are found in the intertestibular connective tissue.
Note that there are 2 cell types found in this tissue. There are some endothelial cells for surrounding capillaries - LOOK FOR SURROUNDING SPERMATOCYTES TO KNOW YOU ARE LOOKING AT TESTIS AND THEN LEYDIG SHOULD BE OBVI |
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What is one distinct feature of the interstitial leydig cells that help distinguish them from endothelial cells in a high mag H&E
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LIPID DROPLETS CONTAINING CHOLESTROL
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Close up histological slide of the LEYDIG CELLS containing lipid droplets.
Again know where you are by looking at surrounding primary spermatocyte, then look for lipid droplets |
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Which hormone initates testosterone production on Leydig cells?
How does it do this? Which 2 organelles are required for the synthesis of Testosterone? |
1. PROLACTIN INITATES TESTOSTERONE PRODUCTION BY STIMULATING LH RECEPTORS TO APPEAR ON LEYDIG CELLS SO THEY ARE RESPONSIVE TO LH
2. LH hormones then act to activate/produce sTar which brings in cholestrol 3. 2 organelles requires are smooth ER (needed for cholestrol to pregnenolone) and mitochondria (for pregnonolone to androstendione and then testosterone) |
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List all the parts of the testis the spermatazoa goes through starting from the Semineferous tubule. BUT THIS TIME ALSO LISTING THE FUCNTION OF EACH OF THESE
* There are 7 parts in total, ye'heard, and no accesory glands, the spermatazoa does not transverse them |
1. Semineferous Tubule - Development of spermatazoa and addition of water for motility (not self motile)
2. Tubules rectus - 2 per S.tubule and collect all the spermatazoa 3. Rete Testis - Recieve all the spermatazoa from the Tubules rectus, thus from all the lobules 4. Efferent ductules - removal of water that was added by the S.Tubules 5. Epididymis - Storage and maturation of the Sperm 6. Vas Deferens - Large muscular layer which ejects the sperm upon stimulation 7. Urethra - Point of exit for sperm, remember the urine also drained into here from kidney |
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Describe the 3 differences that are histologically noticeable as you transition from Semineferous tubule to the tubulus rectus.
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1. Cell transition from COLUMNAR (remember elongated Sertoli cells) to cuboidal (ductal cells)
2. loss of spermatogenic cells - you will not find spermatocytes with dotted apperance and floating chormsones in between the cells 3. The blood testis barrier moves apical, junctions are now closer to the lumen **Note lumen also looks expanded since the cells have gotten shorter |
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Histological slide of the S.Tubule to Tubulus rectus transition. Again note for the 3 things
- lack of spermatogenic cells - cuboidal transition - Blood testis moves apical *larger lumen Be able to know what the 3 arrows are pointing to |
- Again ORIENT YOURSELF IN TESTIS BY using the spermatocytes near the BM as a guide and then decide what you are looking at
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What is the function of the efferent ductule
What 2 cell types are contained in the efferent ductules What is the function of each cell type What special thing is contained in the fluid that travels through the Efferent ductules beside the non motile spermatazoa |
1. Function = reabsorption of water from spermatazoa containing fluid
2. 2 cell types: Ciliated cells and absorptive stereociliated principal cells 3. The CILIATED cells are needed for MOTILITY since the sperm are still NON MOTILE - The STEREOCILIATED cells contain Na/Cl pumps which allow water to move out By diffusion, concentrating the fluid 4. The fluid going through the Efferent ductules contains ABP/Testosterone which is later needed for the maturation of sperm in epidydmis |
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How does the lumen of the Tubulus rectus differ from that of Efferent ductules?
Which duct that we have previously studied does the efferent ductules most resemble, why? |
The tubulus rectus contained a relatively uniform sized lumen since it has cuboidal cells (transitioned from columnar of semineferous)
The Efferent ductules once agains contains tall columnar cells with both CILIA AND STEREOCILIA The Efferent ductules most closely resembles the Proximal Convoluted Tubule, because it also contains a collapsed lumen and HAZINESS DUE TO micrvolli/cillia in its lumen |
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Histological slide of the efferent ductule
Note: Try to find the two cell types, with associated projectons - Note the collapsed lumen and haziness - See how it is diff from the Tubulus rectus you just saw |
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What is one feature that can help distinguish a PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE and a EFFERENT DUCTULE if given high mag of each on exam
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The PCT will not contains spermatazoa!
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Histological close up of the Efferent ductule. Once again note the 2 diff cell types, and more importantly note the spermatazoa found in the collpased lumen
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What is this an image of?
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EPIDYDMIS
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What important transition occurs during the epididymal stage of the spermatazoans journey
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Acquiring MOTILITY!!!!!!!
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Name three histological differences between the efferent ductule and the Epidydmis
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1. Simple columnar epithelium --> pseudostratified (contains basal stem cells that dont reach the top and stereociliated those which do but all connected to BM)
2. FLAT LUMEN********** (This is because no longer contain ciliated cells only stereociliated principal absorptive cells) 3. Presence of smooth muscle underneath the BM - there is very lil but still some smooth muscle indicating that transition to Vas deferens is coming |
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Histological slide of the Epidydmis.
Note: very onvi difference between this and the Efferent tubule, which looked like PCT and this one looks like DCT. The tiny projections coming into the lumen are? STEREOCILIA NOT CILIA, CILIATED CELLS ONLY PRESENT IN THE EFFERENT DUCTULES |
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Comparison shot of both Efferent ductules and the Epidydmis so its easy to see the obvi diff
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Close up high mag shot of the Epidydmis.
Again note the stereocilia projections! Might ask you what those are!!! - Also note the dark line border right underneath them = BASAL BODIES REMEMBER microvilli contain an actin core anchored to basal bodies made of actin/IF and together form the terminal web - And of course the pseudostrat epithelium and flat lumen |
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Name one thing that is histologicaly same between Epididymis and the Vas deferens and two thing(s) that are different
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1. Similarity: Both contains Pseudostratified epithelium containing Stereocilliated principial cells
2. 2 Difference(s): - Vas Deferens contain 3 large smooth muscle coats in comparison to the one small one in the Epididymis - Vas deferens has a folded lumen rather than flat in epididymis because large smooth muscles when contracted fold it |
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Histological section of the Vas Deferens
Again notice the only structure we encountered that contains 3 muscle layers Needs this to propel sperm into the ejaculatory duct Also note the folded lumen, remember that the epidydmis contained a folded lumen |
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What are the secretions from each of the Accessory glands of the testis?
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prostate gland: Hydrolytic enzymes, PSA (prostate specific antigen, clinical marker of Prostatic Tumor)
Seminal Vesicle: Fructose, Prostaglandins Bulbourethral: Mucous (70% of the semen) |
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Seminal vesicle is an outgrowth of the ___________
Bulbourethral gland is a part of the _________ |
Seminal Vesicle is an outgrowth of the Vas deferens
Bulbourethral gland is part of the urethra |
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List the 3 zones of the Prostate, and which zone is used as a diagnostic tool for Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
List one symptom of the Benign prostatic hyperplasia and the reason for its occurrence **Detected by high amount of PSA |
1. Central zone
2. Transitional zone 3. Peripheral zone* The Peripheral zone is a diagnostic tool for benign prostatic hyperplasia because it can be felt! (prostate check) Symptoms: Unable to pee, reason is because the urethra (carrying urine) is located in the central zone, and hyperplasia of cells compresses it |
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What is the diagnostic tool used to identify the Prostate gland.
What other diagnostic tool that we have discussed, are they most similiar to? |
PROSTATIC CONCRETIONS
Homogenous calcifications located inside the glandular area. Similiar to the BRAIN SAND found in the pineal gland next to the pinealocytes |
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Histology of the pRostatic concretions. Note:
That it is gland that secretes via exocrine, so you see a large lumen. Anytime you see a large blob of homogenous material surrounded by a GLAND then Prostatic Concretions. If you just see a blob of homogenous material surrounded by cells, then Brain sand! |
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List the 3 highly specialized structures in the Penis. And what theyre function is
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2 X Corpus Cavernosas
1 X Corpus Spongiosa Their function is store store the blood when the penis goes from flaccid to errect |
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Name the 3 blood supplies into the Penile tissue and their locations
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1. Dorsal Artery = Located at the Dorsal end (periphery)
2. Dorsal Vein = ALSO located in the periphery near the Artery 3. Central Artery = Located in the Corpus Cavernosa, surrounded by a lot of SINUSOIDS TO CONTAIN THE BLOOD DURING ERECTION |
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Which specialized structure runs through the Corpus Spongiosum (only 1 of them)?
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Urethra carrying the semen
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Histology of the Penile tissue.
Many key things to note: - 2 Corpus Cavernosas and only 1 Corpus songiosum. - The spongiosum has the urethra running through it, so did the central zone of the prostate - The tunica albuginea connective tissue surrounds all the cavernosas and contains the pressure during blood filling - The white spaces in the corpus cavernosa are the sinusoids which collect blood coming from both the Dorsal artery and the Central artery to make the penis hard - THe dorsal vein has a larger lumen and is located NEXT to the dorsal artery. But it is distinguishable, by a larger more collapsed lumen |
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List the 4 steps that result in penile erectiont.
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1. NO flows into the sinusoids and enters the smooth muscles (remember the sinusoids located in the cavernosa which are supplied by the central artery)
2. NO activates cyclic GMP which converts GTP to cGMP 3. cGMP sequesters calcium and triggers the relaxation of smooth muscle since calcium no longer available to contract 4. Blood flows into the sinusoids and compresses the dorsal veins preventing outflow and drainage |
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Explain how Viagra works to cause erection
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Viagra inhibits phosphodiestease action which is responsible for converting cGMP back to GTP which would stop cGMP from sequestering calcium, allowing it to once again cause contraction of smooth muscles and allow venous drainage
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What is the functional difference between the Ovarian Cortex and Ovarian medulla
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Ovarian Cortex contains Developing follicle (site of gametogenesis)
Ovarian medulla contains vasculature and nerves |
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Name 3 tissues discussed which contain Tunica Albuginea
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1. Penis
2. Ovary 3. Semineferous Tubule |
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What is the name of the epithelium that lines the ovary and covers the tunica albuginea.
What type of epithelium is it? |
Germinal epithelium (mesothelial origin)
Simple cuboidal epithelium - easy to spot because it will always be close to follicles and oocytes and at the very periphery |
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Histological section of the Germinal epithelium. Note to orient yourself in the ovary look for the follicle in the cortex.
There should also be a whitish CT band around the cuboidal epithelium called tunica albuginea Also note the cellular region in between the germinal epithelium and the oocytes is called the ovarian stroma |
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Which 2 cell types are located in the Primoridal Ovarian follicle.
Which one is the diagonstic feature of the primordial follicle not found in any other follicles? |
1. Primary Oocyte (Large pink inside the follicle)
2. Simple Squamous Follicular cells (Tiny squished cells around the periphery, look like pancakes) SIMPLE SQUAMOUS FOLLICULAR CELLS NOT FOUND IN ANY OTHER FOLICLE. After maturation become cuboidal cells |
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Which stage of Meiosis is the Primordial follicle arrested in?
When did it become arrested in this phase and when will it exit this phase? |
Primordial follicle is arrested in Prophase of Meiosis 1
It started Meiosis in fetal life and was arrested here, it will exist Meiosis 1 during Ovulation and enter Meiosis 2 |
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Histological slide of a Primordial Follicle. Note:
- Primary oocyte contained within, the surrounding cytoplasm of a oocyte is often called ooplasm -Notice the cells at the periphery are simple squamous this is the distinguishing feature making it a primoridal follicle These are genereally found near the tunica albuingea and germinal epithelium |
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List 2 features which histologically differentiate primordial follicle from a primary follicle
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1. Squamous follicular cells --> MONOLAYER OF Cuboidal follicular GRANULOSA cells (main distinguishing feature)
2. Zona Pelucida develops! and seperates teh granulosa cells from the oocyte |
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Which type of stain can be used to visualize the Zona pelucida?
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PAS staining for glycoproteins
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Histological slide of the Primary follicle. Note
- The cells are now cuboidal - You can see a Zona pelucida - You can also see the neighboring theca interna cells containing lipid droplets for steroidogenesis |
Note this is a PAS stain, hence zona pelucida lit up and cells bright af
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How do the Oocyte and the Granulosa cells communicate?
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Gap junctions that transverse the Zona pelllucida.
Zona Pellucida is NOT A BARRIER |
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List the two differences between the Primary multilaminar follicle and the Secondary follicle histologically
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1. Presence of Antral Fluid (secreted from granulosa cells)
2. Development of the Theca Interna and Theca Externa |
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List the functional difference between Theca Interna and the theca externa and the origin of both
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Theca Interna is steroidogenic and is vascularized
Theca Externa is just Connective tissue but is also vascularized They both arose from differentiation of the Ovarian stroma |
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What are the two cellular regions of the Matura Graffian follicle?
Where are these located? |
1. Cumulus Oophorus = Located underneath the Primary Oocyte
2. Corona Radiata = Located on the other end of the antral fluid and "radiates" around the whole follicle |
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List the 5 step process of Estrogen synthesis and how the granulosa and theca interna work together
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1. LH stimulates Leydig cells for uptake of cholestrol from blood vasculature via StAR
2. Conversion of cholestrol to Androstendione in leydig cells 3. Androstendione is transported across the Basement Membrane to the Granulosa cells 4. FSH stimulates the granulosa cells to activate Aromatase 5. Aromatase conversion of Androstendione to Estradiol and subsequent release |
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Histology of the layers of cells at the steroidogenic interface of the Mature Graffian Follicle. Note:
Theca interna = lipid droplets at the bottom Basement membrane = squamous cells adjacent to the Theca interna Granulosa cells = Multilaminar cuboidal cells Antral fluid = Doesnt stain as pink and sandwhiched in between two cubiodal cell layers Zona pellucida = stains bright pink due to glycoprotein Oocyte at the very end |
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Histological slide of the Mature Graffian Follicle
Note: - Cumulus Oophorus underneath the oocyte - Corona Radiata, granulosa layer above oocyte |
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Which process causes Ovulation?
Ovulation results in the formation of two things, what are they? (not including polar body) |
1. Ovulation is caused by an estrogen surge that acts via positive feedback to cause an LH surge. This LG surge leads to Ovulation
2. Ovulation results in the formation of a SECONDARY OOCYTE and a CORPUS HEMMORHAGICUM |
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Describe the formation of Corpus Hemmorhagicum form?
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After ovulation, blood vessels near the Theca interna cells behind the Basement Membrane, secrete angiogenic factors that travel across BM and cause blood to spill into the ANTRUM
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Which granulosa cell layer is the ovulate secondary oocyte covered by
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Corona Radiata
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What is the reason for the high rate of Progesterone production in the Corpus Luteum
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Both Granulosa cells and Theca interna cells have LH receptors now and work to produce Progesterone
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Histology of the Corpus luteum. Note:
Note the cells are now referred to as theca lutein and granulosa lutein cells The theca lutein cells are flatter, darker and INVADING IN CLUMPS The Theca lutein cells looking like lines going to the centre |
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What is the physiological difference between an Atretic Follicle and a Corpus Albicans
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Atretic follicle = A follicle that failed to develop
Corpus albicans = The remnant of a Corpus Luteum that degraded after LH stimulation and progesterone levels dropped |
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What is the histological difference between an Atretic follicle and a Corpus Albicans
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An atretic follicle is much smaller and contains a homogenous mixture inside its lumen
A corpus albicans is much bigger (size related to length of pregenancy) and is COMPLETELY WHITE |
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Histological Atretic follicle
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histological Corpus albicans
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List the 5 regions in order, through which the secondary oocyte travels on its way to the uterus
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Fimbrae (part of infun) --> Infundibulum --> Ampulla --> Isthmus --> Intramural segement (opening of the oviduct into uterine cavity)
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Why is the lumen of the ampulla highly folded?
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In order to maintain contact with the travelling oocyte in order to provide continous nourishment
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What are the non ciliated columnar cells in the Ampulla region called?
What is their function? |
Non ciliated columnar cells called PEG CELLS in contrast they contains MICROVILLI
Their function is to secrete a nutrient rich fluid that helps nourish and push the secondary oocyte towards the uterus |
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Histological slide of the Ampulla epithelium. Note:
There are both ciliated and non ciliated cells (peg) There is a basal body underneath the cells There is also a cellular lamina propria |
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Name the two layers of Uterus.
Explain what change happens to these two layers during pregenancy |
1. Myoemtrium
- Hyperplastic during pregenancy - Contraction during pregenancy 2. Endometrium - Proliferates during follicular phase - Secretory during the luteal phase |
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Which 2 hormones affect the Endometrium and how?
Which 1 hormone affects the Myometrium and how? |
Endometrium is influenced by
-Estrogen = causes proliferation of the cells -Progesterone = causes glandular secretions of the endometrial glands Myoemtrium is influenced by - Oxytocin = causes it to contract during parturition |
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Histological slide of the Uterus. Note:
Easily identifiable the myometrium and endometrium Remember that the endometrium changes depending on which stage of pregenancy you are in Also easily identificable endometrial glands |
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What is the difference between hyperplasia and hypertrophy.
Smooth muscle cells in the Myometrium undergo both processes during pregenancy |
1. Hypertrophy: Growth in CELL SIZE
2. Hyperplasia: Growth in CELL NUMBER |
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Name the two layers of the Endometrium and their respective blood supply.
Which blood supply, supplies all the endometrial glands? |
Two layers of the Endometrium: Basal layer and Functional layer
Basal layer supplied by the basal straight arteries, and the functional layer is supplied by the spiral arteries - Spiral arteries supply all the endometrial glands because they are located in the functional layer |
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What is the trigger for the progestinal phase to switch to ischemic phase.
What physiological events occur during the ischemic phase |
1. Ischemic phase arises when there is a drop in progesterone due to failure of implantation, and subsequent death of Corpus Luteum producing progesterone
2. The fall in progesterone causes the spiral arteries to contract. This cuts of blood supply to the functional layer, which undergoes ischemia and sloughs off ** Remember the basal layer was supplied by the basal artery and thus DOES NOT UNDERGO ischemica and subsequent sloughing during mensturation |
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Describe the three stages of the endometrium and under which hormonal influence they are under.
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Proliferative phase - Estrogen
- OVULATION OCCURS--- Early Secretory Phase - Progesterone Late Secretory phase - Progesterone |
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What substance do endometrial glands accumulate and why?
In which phase of the endometrial cycle are the endometrial glands, actively secreting. |
1. Endometrial glands accumulate GLYCOGEN STORES, which is a precursor for their MUCOUS SECRETIONS
2. The glands are only secretory in the LATE SECRETORY PHASE (occurs from day 21 post ovulation onwards) |
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Histological slide of the proliferative (estrogenic) phase of the Endometrial cycle
Note: - The lamina propria is extremely cellular - No glyocgem accumulations - No space in between the endometrial glands - Thin cuboidal epithelium (not seen in any other phase) |
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Histological slide of the Secretory (progestinal) phase of the endometrial cycle . Note
- LADDER LIKE VACUOLATED APPEARANCE - Huge glycogen storage, break up the Lamina propria, no longer cellular , no more cuboidal epithelium and a bunch of blank spaces like a ladder |
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Close up histology of a secretory phase endometrial gland. Key diagnostic feature is the wavy cell appearance due to glycogen accumulation
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HISTOLOGY OF THE ISCHEMIC PHASE OF ENDOMETRIAL CYCLE, IN CAPS AND ALL BLACK SINCE WILL BE ON EXAM 4SHO, KEY FEATURES TO NOTE:
- MANY PYKNOTIC DARK NUCLEI - THESE NUCLEI ARE SURROUNDING REDDISH STRUCTURES INDICATING BLOOD LEAKAGE INTO THE LAMINA PROPRIA -You can tell you are in the endometrial gland because still might see some spiral glands with glycogen on the side, but pyknotic nuclei and a lot of fkn red means ischemic phase |
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What are the two subdivisions of the Cervix?
Where are they located? What is their respective epitheliums classified as? |
1. Endocervix, located INSIDE the cervical canal, contains simple columnar mucous secreting epithelium
2. Ectocervix, located in the VAGINA - cup like structure in vagina containing Stratified squamous epithelium |
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Histological slide of the endocervix.
Note the simple columnar epithelium the blank space is the cervical gland lumen |
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Histological diff between the simple columnar endocervix and the stratified squamos ectocervix (located in the vagina)
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What is the physiological function of the glycogen stores inside the stratified squamous epithelium.
What change occurs during menstural cycle to these glycogen storage, and why? |
The glycogen is nutrient stores for the vaginal bacteria. This bacteria secretes acid and lower the pH.
During menstural cycle the glycogen stores decrease thus reducing the bacterial number. This raises the pH and allows sperm to enter a safe environment |
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Histological slide of the VAGINAL EPITHELIUM.
Distinguishing feature before this and the esophaguse is that it is also stratified squamous epithelium but esophagus does not have glycogen. If a strat squamous epithelium lights up with PAS it is the vagina. Epithelium: Simple stratified non keratizing epithelium (non keratinizing so not skin, not tongue and glycogen means no esophagus) |
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List the two lactiferous components of the Mammary gland.
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Mammary glands are made up of
Lactiferous ducts - secreting cells Lactiferous sinsu - pathway that the secretions take to the nipple/aerolar surface |
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What are the (2) features of the breast which determine its size
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Amount of:
-DCT -Adipose tissue |
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List the 3 steps of mammary gland formation
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1. Dermal mesenchymal cells induce epithelial bud formation
2. Adipocytes stimulate branching of the epithelial mammary cords 3. Mammary gland becomes hollow and differentiates into two cell types - Rows = Milk Secreting - Myoepthelial cells |
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Mammary gland is a modified __________ ________ _______
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APOCRINE SWEAT GLAND
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What is the difference between a lobule and a mammary lobe?
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Mammary lobule consist of several alveoli secreting milk.
A lobe consist of several lobules connected to a lactiferous duct which joins into a lactiferous sinus |
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What are the 3 important components of the Nipple and what are their functions?
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1. Lactiferous sinus - Carrying milk from the lactiferous ducts in the lobes
2. Smooth Muscle - Needed for contraction and milk ejection upon stimulation 3. SNS innervation - Upon suckling, signals are sent via the SNS nerve to release milk |
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What are the two Connective tissue components of the lactiferous ducts.
How do they differ in a histological section. From where did they arise |
1. Interlobular dense CT, Intralobular loose CT
2. Histologically the intralobular is a lot lighter staining and is covering the duct clusters 3. The intralobular loose CT arose from the papillary layer of the dermis upon the projection of the epithelial bud into underlying dermis The interlobular dense CT comes from the surrounding dermal tissue **(not sure lul) |
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Histological section of the Inactive lactiferous ducts.
Note that the best way to identify the mammary ducts is by NOTICING CLUSTERS OF CLOSE DUCTS, SURROUNDED BY 2 different CT's LIGHTER STAINING LOOSE intralobular CT DARKER staining DENSE interlobular CT |
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Another histological section- again note teh color difference between close to the ducts and around the ducts
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The white stuff would be the adipocytes. Remember also one of the 3 makeups of the tissue
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What kind of epithelium is the nipple composed of?
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Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
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What is unique about the sebaceous glands located at the nipple?
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These sebaceous glands unlike the ones found at hair are not associated with hair follicle, they secrete directly on to nipple surface
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Histological section of the nipple. Things to note:
- Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium (no keratinized epithelium INSIDE body) - Note the sebaceous glands located at the periphery NOT attached to hair follicle - note the ovi lactiferous sinuses projecting into the nipple - Note the vast amounts of smooth muscle that surrounds each lactiferous sinus |
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What is the name of the sebaceous glands found in the nipple aeriolar tissue (just discussed before).
What kind of secretions do they produce What are the 3 functions of their secretions What is special about this gland |
GLANDS OF MONTGOMERY
They produce a mucous secretion The 3 functions of this secretion are - Lubricate the nipple - Secrete a volatile component that the baby can smell and attrack it to suck - Secrete an antimicrobial substance ** These glands are the only sebaceous glands not associated to a hair follicle like they are everywhere else on thin skin |
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Histological section of the Glands of Montgomery. Note:
They are situated under a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium There is no associated Hair follicle They contain large adipose storage, glandular structure but no ductal system, and no lumen |
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Histological slide of a Lactiferous duct in NON PREGENANT WOMEN. Things to note:
Much MORE CT as compared to the Duct system Duct system is small and inactive, has a small lumen |
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Histological slide of a lactiferous duct in a PREGENANY WOMEN, note:
- Prolactin and placental hormones caused the alveolar buds to enlarge, now they take up more of the tissue as compared to CT - They are still NON MILK PRODUCING, but produce an antimicrobial cholostrum |
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Histological slide of lactiferous duct in a LACTATING WOMEn
Note: - the alveoli have opneed up - the lumen is severely enlarged and very lil connective tissue can be seen - looks simliar to the thyroi follicles but the lumens are not homogenous like the thyroid |
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Another slide of a lactiferous duct in a NON PREGENANT WOMEN (no prolactin or placental hormones) Note:
- Tiny duct clusters surrounded by a 2 colored connective tissue system - Surrounding Adipose cells - much more CT than ducts
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Another slide of pregenant but non lactating lactiferous duct
- Note now that the intralobular loose whitish CT almost gone - The alveoli have gotten larger, proliferated and are producing collostrum (antimicrobial) |
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Histological slide of the lactiferous duct in a Late pregenany women
Note the alveoli have opened up! There is now a pink haze in the lumen containing both milk and collostrum, this is stimulated by prolactin to secrete. There is very little CT and more glandular structure |
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Histological slide of a lactating women! No more progesterone just prolactin causing JUST milk secretion
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List the 3 stages of lactation and which hormones are responsile for each phase
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1. Mammogenesis - growth of glandular structure by PROLACTIN, ESTROGEN, PROGESTERONE
2. Lactogenesis - Secretion of milk/collostorum by Prolactin after Partuirition (other hormones have declined) 3. Galactogenesis - Maintenance of secretion by both Prolactin and oxytocin (baby sucking) |
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Name the 4 components of final milk product, and their MODE OF SECRETION
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1. Lactose = Modified and packaged in the golgi apparatus and released via merocrine secretions
2. Proteins (Casein) = syntehsized in the ER and released via merocrine secretions 3. Lipids released via apocrine secretions (via cytoplasmic coat) 4. Plasma cells secrete IgA (collostorum) |
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List which hormone and cell are involved in the milk ejection process
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Sympathetic nerve fibers cause the release of oxytocin which acts on the myoepthelial cells surrounding the glands intiating contraction of the smooth muscle cells
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