Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
271 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What does Guildhall mean?
|
From the Saxon 'Gilden' meaning tax or money.
(Historically it is where citizens would pay their taxes) |
|
|
What is Guildhall?
|
It is the town hall & still the ceremonial and administrative centre of the City of London.
|
|
From when does the current building date from?
|
1411 (completed circa 1440)
Built by John Croxton master mason |
|
|
How was the first roof destroyed & who replaced it?
|
During The Great Fire of London in 1666.
A flat roof was rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren circa 1670 |
|
|
When was the 2nd roof replaced?
|
1866
By city architect Sir Horace Jones |
|
|
What happened to the 3rd roof?
|
It was destroyed by an incendiary bomb in December 1940, during the London Blitz.
|
|
|
What was the 4th roof?
|
It was a temporary roof erected during WWII and replaced in 1954.
|
|
How recently was the current roof (5th) installed and by whom?
|
1954 by Sir Giles Gilbert Scott.
It as close as possible replicates the original medieval roof of the original hall. |
|
|
What 5 things was Giles Gilbert Scott responsible for rebuilding?
|
The roof
The clearstory Most of the furnishings & medieval decorations The Gallery The window glazing designs |
|
|
How old is Guildhall?
|
600 years old
|
|
|
How thick are the walls of Guildhall?
|
5 feet thick
|
|
|
How long, broad & tall is the Great Hall?
|
152 ft long
49.5ft broad 89ft high |
|
|
In terms of rank of civic building, which is Guildhall?
|
It is the 3rd largest civic building in the country (as of 2014)
|
|
|
What is Guildhall founded on?
|
The site of the Roman Amphitheatre
|
|
|
When is the earliest recorded use of the term 'Guildhall'?
|
12th century
|
|
There are 2 crypts beneath the building, from when do they date from?
|
The eastern crypt dates from the same time as the walls (15th century)
The western crypt dates from the 13th century. (This is directly under the entrance under the statues of Gog & Magog) |
|
|
What is the Latin motto of the City of London and what is it's English translation?
|
"Domine dirige nos"
Translation: "Lord, direct (guide) us" First recorded circa 1633 |
|
|
What do the banners represent?
|
The 12 Great Livery Companies of the City of London
|
|
What is the 1st Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Mercers
|
|
What is the 2nd Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Grocers
|
|
What is the 3rd Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Drapers
|
|
What is the 4th Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Fishmongers
|
|
What is the 5th Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Goldsmiths
|
|
What is the 6th Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Skinners or Merchant Taylors. (Image is Skinners)
|
|
What is the 7th Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Merchant Taylors or Skinners. (Image is Merchant Taylors)
|
|
What is the 8th Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Haberdashers
|
|
What is the 9th Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Salters
|
|
What is the 10th Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Ironmongers
|
|
What is the 11th Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Vintners
|
|
What is the 12th Livery company in the order of precedence?
|
Clothworkers
|
|
|
Name each of the organisations related to each banner, in order 1 - 12.
M.G.D.F.G.S.M.H.S.I.V.C |
1. Mercers
2. Grocers 3. Drapers 4. Fishmongers 5. Goldsmiths 6. Skinners 7. Merchant Taylors 8. Haberdashers 9. Salters 10. Ironmongers 11. Vintners 12. Clothworkers |
|
|
What is represented behind each banner?
|
The motto of each livery company
|
|
|
Where does the word 'Livery' originate from and what does it mean?
|
From the French word 'Livre' meaning 'uniform/clothing'
|
|
|
What is another way to describe a Livery Company.
|
A guild.
|
|
|
Why are the companies referred to as 'livery companies'?
|
As they have the right to wear a uniform as of their charter.
|
|
|
Why are livery companies referred to as 'worshipful companies of...'
|
As they worship at a church.
|
|
|
What companies are without livery?
|
The Parish Clerks & The Watermen & Lightermen.
|
|
|
When were livery companies formed?
Why? What 3 things were they responsible for? |
During the medieval times as fraternities
To look after their respective trade. Responsible for: Training/Security & Quality of the trade |
|
|
Name the 3 ways of joining a livery company.
Why was it better to do so? |
Servitude (7 year apprenticeship)
Patrimony (father was a member) Redemption (paid) As it would allow you to trade within the City and avoid certain tolls & taxes, thus keeping more profit. |
|
|
Once you were a member of a livery company what status did you obtain?
What did that mean for you? |
Freeman of the City
Meant you were allowed to freely trade within the City limits. |
|
|
In 1515 the order of precedence was established based on what criteria?
|
How many Lord Mayors the company had produced in the last 100 years & how wealthy they were.
|
|
|
Name the popular title for the dispute in rank between the Merchant Taylors & the Skinners.
|
'At Sixes and Sevens'
Every year the 2 companies switch places, to avoid disputes over who is 'higher than the other' |
|
|
From April 2014 - March 2015, what number will the Skinners & Merchant Taylors be?
|
Merchant Taylors - 6
Skinners - 7 |
|
|
Livery companies are relevant to todays world, helping support almshouses, churches, educational institutions and donating money through charitable work, what role do they play in the City government?
|
They elect the Sheriff of the City.
|
|
|
Who elects the Lord Mayor?
|
The Livery Companies & The Court of Aldermen
|
|
What do the shields above the banners represent?
|
The other livery companies. 13 - 110 (as of 2014)
|
|
|
What livery company is at 100, 108, 109 & 110?
|
The Information Technologists (100)
The Security Professionals (108) The Educators (109)The Art Scholars (110) |
|
|
Give the decimal value for the binary number 100.
|
4
|
|
|
All Freemen are expected to become Liverymen, what is the difference?
|
A Freeman has the certificate and has passed the criteria for entry.
A Liveryman is a fully functioning active member of the company, who acts on behalf of the group. |
|
What is the balcony called with 2 statues either side?
|
The Minstrels Gallery
|
|
|
Who sculpted the statues?
When were they made? What are they made of? How tall are they? |
David Evans.
1950-53. Limewood with gold-leaf decoration 2.8m high. |
|
What is the statue on the left of the balcony & what is he holding?
|
Magog, holding a halbert (weapon) & a shield with the image of a phoenix (representing rebirth after fire).
|
|
What is the statue on the right of the balcony & what is he holding?
|
Gog, holding a Morning Star (weapon)
|
|
|
What famous playwright is said to have been scared of the statues in his youth?
|
Charles Dickens
|
|
|
What do the 2 statues represent?
|
They are the ancient guardians to the City, representing a link between the City & its mythical founding by the Roman Brutus.
|
|
What is depicted on the window behind the statues & mimicked across the hall in the other windows?
|
The names of all 686 Lord/Mayors of the City of London & the monarch who reigned during their term in office
|
|
Who was the first Mayor of London?
Where is he? |
Henry Fitz-Ailwyn (1189)
Lower left hand corner where the green 'R' and blue 'J' in shields are depicted representing King Richard I and King John I. (window with Gog & Magog) |
|
Below the blue 'J' representing King John I, the name 'William Hardell' should be displayed, what instead is there?
What significance did he play during the reign of King John? |
Magna Carta.
He was the only non baron or bishop present at the signing of the Magna Carta (1215). |
|
|
'Point 13. The City of London shall enjoy all its ancient liberties and free customs, both by land and by water. We also will and grant that all other cities, boroughs, towns, and ports shall enjoy all their liberties and free customs.'
Appears in which document? |
Magna Carta.
|
|
|
King John, 5 weeks prior to the signing of Magna Carta, granted a new charter to the City, it allowed annual elections to be held on condition of what?
|
The Mayor presented himself to the King or justices for approval and to 'swear fealty'.
|
|
By the 'HIV' in the central section representing Henry IV the name 'Richard Whittington' is displayed, what name did he go into English folklore as?
And what other panels does his name appear in? |
Dick Whittington
'He heard the Bow Bells ring, which seemed to cry out 'Turn again Whittington, thrice Lord Mayor of London' Richard II Henry IV Henry V |
|
|
When is it suggested the form 'Lord Mayor' came into use?
|
First allusion to a Lord Mayor or Dominus Major is 1283.
From 1545 the form was brought to common use. |
|
|
As of 2014 there have been 686 Lord/Mayors of London, how many have been women?
|
2
|
|
What are the names of the female Lord Mayors of the City of London, in the order of which they held office including the year.
|
Lady Mary Donaldson 1983
Fiona Woolf 2013 |
|
|
Where are the names of the female Lord Mayors?
|
Mary Donaldson to the left of Magog.
Fiona Woolf directly opposite in the clearstory on the right. |
|
|
Are female Lord Mayors referred to as 'Lady Mayoress' or 'Mayoress'?
|
They are always referred to as 'Lord Mayor' regardless of gender.
|
|
|
What event takes place the day after the Lord Mayor takes office.
What day does it typically take place on? |
The Lord Mayors Show.
The 2nd Saturday of November. |
|
|
What is the point of the Lord Mayors Show?
|
To 'show' the citizens who the new Lord Mayor is.
|
|
|
It was a condition of the new Charter that every year the newly elected Mayor should present himself at court and swear loyalty to the Crown.
How many monarchs has the Mayor sworn allegiance to? |
The LM has sworn their loyalty to 34 Kings & Queens of England.
Originally the Mayor of London travelled to the small town of Westminster every year from that point to give his oath to the King, and has every year since, despite plague, fire and war. |
|
|
What is the route of the Lord Mayors Show?
|
Guildhall to the Royal Courts of Justice
|
|
The Lord Mayor travels by coach during the Lord Mayors Show, what year did this start in?
|
1757 by Lord Mayor Charles Asgill
|
|
|
Prior to the coach how did the Lord Mayor travel during the Lord Mayors Show?
|
By state barge along the Thames
|
|
|
In processions the individual floats are called so because?
|
Originally they travelled along the Thames alongside the Lord Mayor and as they literally 'floated' and the name 'float' has since stuck.
|
|
|
The Lord Mayor's show is featured in what plays, diaries, films, pantomime and adventures?
|
Shakespeare's plays.
Pepys' diary. Hitchcock's 'Sabotage' Dick Whittington's pantomime. James Bond's adventures. |
|
|
How many statues are there in the Great Hall? (Not including the Minstrels Gallery)
|
6
|
|
|
In clockwise order name each of the guiding points from the statue of Churchill to the Royal Regiments.
|
Winston Spencer Churchill
Vice Admiral Horatio Nelson Arthur Wellesley, The Duke of Wellington The Trials William Pitt the Elder, Earl of Chatham The Dias William Pitt the Younger William Beckford The Buffett Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment) The Mayoral Window The Royal Regiments (City of London) |
|
|
What do the monuments represent?
|
Those who made lasting impressions on the City.
|
|
What is the statue of Churchill made of?
What is the name of the sculptor? When was it unveiled? |
Bronze, Portland stone base.
Oscar Nemon 1955 |
|
What fact about Churchill's head shows the level of skill involved in sculpting?
|
To the left he looks as his classic 'British Bulldog' pose.
To the right he looks to have a smirk |
|
|
Churchill liked Nemon so much, what did he create as thanks to him?
|
A bust of Nemon, on display at Churchill's home, Chartwell.
|
|
On the Portland base the letters:
KG OM CH MP Are written, what do these stand for? |
KG: Knight of the Garter - the highest order of chivalry given by the monarch.
OM: Order of Merit - for distinguished service given by the monarch. CH: Companion of Honour - Outstanding achievement in the field of politics. MP: Member of Parliament |
|
|
What honour is not shown which Churchill also received?
|
The Honorary Freedom of the City in 1943 as recognition of the part he played in saving the Nation in the darkest hour of WWII.
|
|
|
Where did Churchill receive an honour from the City?
|
In the bomb damaged Great Hall, with temporary roof, soot covered walls. (1943)
|
|
|
How did the City present Churchill with this honour?
|
In a casket shaped like a cigar box made from the shattered oak timbers of the old Guildhall roof destroyed 1940.
|
|
|
What did Churchill receive in his honour upon his death in 1965?
|
A state funeral - the largest to date, in St. Paul's Cathedral.
Buried in Bladon, Oxfordshire, near his birth place of Blenheim. |
|
|
Churchill's right foot is polished, why?
|
Before entering the House of Commons a statue of Churchill and Lloyd George flank the doorway, it is customary to rub the foot of either of these statues for good luck, this superstition has clearly carried over to the City also.
|
|
|
During a dinner party with Lady Astor, Churchill is quoted to of said what, in response to Lady Astor's comment:
'Winston, if you were my husband, I'd put poison in your coffee!' |
'Nancy, my dear, if you were my wife, I'd drink it!'
|
|
|
At a dinner party the Liverpool MP Bessie Braddock was quoted to of said to him:
'Sir Winston, you are drunk! What is more, disgustingly drunk!'. What was Churchill's rebuttal? |
'Madam, you are ugly and, what is more, disgustingly ugly, but in the morning I shall be sober!'.
|
|
|
What is the Honorary Freedom of the City?
|
It is the highest accolade that the City can bestow upon an individual.
|
|
|
What does the individual receiving the Honorary Freedom of the City receive?
|
An illuminated manuscript and a gold box to the value of 100 guineas.
|
|
What is the statue of Nelson made of?
What year was it unveiled? Who sculpted it? |
Marble
1810 James Smith |
|
|
The City has a specific way in which this statue commemorates Nelson, what is it (this is also the inscription at the bottom of the monument)?
|
To commemorate the man, not in the presumptuous hope of keeping him in our memory; but instead to manifest their [City] estimation of the man and their admiration of his deeds.
This is a testimony of the gratitude, which the City hopes will remain for as long as it exists as Nelson's fame, can only be, the end of time itself. |
|
|
Name the figures represented in the Nelson statue.
|
Left: Britannia, sitting on a lion, holding a medallion with Nelson's head
Top Centre: City of London writing Nelson's victories: Nile, Copenhagen, Trafalgar Beneath the City: Neptune Behind Neptune: A fish & cornucopia |
|
|
What is beneath the figures in the Nelson statue?
|
A relief of the Battle of Trafalgar.
2 sailors either side: Right = Navigation Left = Munitions Centre above the battle: Commemoration by the City to the man. |
|
|
What is a Cornucopia?
|
'A horn of plenty' representing the riches brought to the country through the successes of the individual depicted.
|
|
|
How can we tell the City is depicted in the Nelson/Chatham statue?
|
She is wearing a Mural Crown, representing City walls.
|
|
|
What is the mood of Britannia, the Lion & Neptune?
|
Mournful over the loss of Nelson.
|
|
|
How did Nelson die?
|
Shot by a French sniper on the deck of his ship, the Victory whilst wearing his full dress uniform including medals.
Shot through the shoulder & ruptured his spine, died 3 hours later. |
|
|
Nelson knew his fleet had won, after he died how was his body stored?
|
In a barrel of brandy/wine. Journey home took 4 1/2 weeks.
|
|
|
Where was Nelson's body laid & later buried?
|
Laid in state at the Painted Hall at Greenwich Hospital, then taken to Whitehall.
Given a full state funeral with an escort of 10,000 soldiers on 9th January 1806 and entombed at St. Paul's Cathedral. |
|
|
Briefly describe the battle formation of naval combat during Nelson's time.
|
Ships would line up broadside and fire at one another.
|
|
|
What risky tactic did Nelson employ which saw him to victory?
|
He broke his ships into 2 halves and ran them directly at the French/Spanish line.
Once they had broken through the English could fire their broadsides at close range inflicting maximum damage. |
|
|
Nelson received the Honorary Freedom of the City in 1797 after which battle?
|
The Battle of Cape St. Vincent (Spanish defeat)
|
|
|
What was the item/s which Nelson received as the Honorary Freedom?
|
An illuminated manuscript & a gold box to the value of 100 guineas.
|
|
|
Following the battle of the Nile, Nelson wrote to the Lord Mayor saying:
'Having had the honour of being a Freeman, who survived the battle I trust you with the [broken] sword of the defeated French Admiral, Monsieur Blanquet' who survived the battle and I trust you will accept this as a remembrance that Britannia still rules the waves, which she will continue to do'. How did the City react? |
'Once a Freeman, always a Freeman' i.e. cannot confer the Honorary Freedom again.
City passed a special resolution in his honour: Another manuscript & a gold sword studded with diamonds. |
|
What is the Statue of Wellington made of?
Who sculpted it? When was it unveiled? |
Marble
John Bell 1856 |
|
|
Starting at Wellington, and working counter clockwise, describe the 3 figures in the statue.
|
Wellington, top centre, wearing his ordinary clothes, field marshals baton in his left & the peace [treaty] of 1815 in his right.
By his right foot are books with the word 'DISPATCHES' inscribed. On the left the figure of peace, looking up adoringly, corn in her right hand signifying 'plenty' & oak wreath in her left hand signifying the saving of the citizens of Europe from Napoleon. To the right is War, plumed helmet, cuirass & buskins (boots), leaning on a sheathed sword & holding up victors wreath looking fed up now war is over. |
|
|
Describe what is depicted beneath the 3 figures.
|
The words 'WISDOM, DUTY, HONOUR'
A frieze of the 'Last Charge' from the Battle of Waterloo. -Wellington in the thick of things on horseback, ordering to advance. Napoleon watching from afar (top right) or possibly Marshal Blucher and the Prussians arriving - debate. |
|
|
The Duke of Wellington served as Prime Minister twice, what dates?
|
1828 - 1830 & again in 1834
|
|
|
What is the Treaty of Vienna 1815?
|
The official end of the Napoleonic Wars.
|
|
|
What hairstyle was Wellington said to of coined?
|
'The short back & sides' as he never wore a wig & kept his hair short.
|
|
|
What footwear is he of said to have invented?
|
The Wellington Boot.
A modified Hessian boot (common style at the time) Made of leather, but cut to fit closer and higher up the knee. |
|
|
After his first cabinet meeting, upon meeting with a close friend, what was Wellington quoted to of said when asked how it went?
|
'An extraordinary affair. I gave them their orders and they wanted to stay and discuss them!'.
|
|
|
He is wearing on his chest which 3 honours?
|
The Riband of the Garter (he was a Knight)
The Bath Star for Gallantry Waterloo Medal |
|
|
What other honour was bestowed upon Wellington which is not depicted on the statue, but is the highest honour the City was bestow upon an individual?
|
The Honorary Freedom of the City (1812)
|
|
|
Wellington was born in Ireland, from an anglo-irish background, and fought for full civil rights to Catholics in the UK, what was the name of this act?
|
The Catholic Emancipation Act of 1829
|
|
|
In response to his Catholic views a group of rioters gathered outside Wellington's house and threw stones through his windows.
What did Wellington do in response and what nickname was he given after this? |
He installed iron shutters to prevent them from being broken again.
He became known as 'The Iron Duke' due to this act. |
|
|
Wellington died, aged 83 in 1852, his funeral was the largest ever seen.
Where was he buried? |
His tomb lies next to Lord Nelson in St. Paul's Cathedral.
10s of thousands of people crammed the streets, so much so you couldn't enter the Cathedral due to the crowds. |
|
|
What event did Wellington's funeral stop from taking place?
|
The Lord Mayors Show (1852)
|
|
|
Wellington lived at Apsley House on Hyde Park Corner, what was the address of this house?
|
Number One London
|
|
From when to when were trials held at Guildhall?
|
From the 11th to the 19th century
|
|
|
Why were trials held at Guildhall?
|
Up until the 1800's London was more or less the City.
There were a number of important law courts in the area. Guildhall was big enough to accommodate trials and was the centre of City government. Was a lot easier to have prisoners who were held at the Tower taken to Guildhall, tried and taken back to the Tower to be executed than to take them to Westminster and back. |
|
|
Who was Anne Askew?
|
A protestant martyr, tried to heresy. She was tortured on the rack until she he bones became disconnected as she refused to confess.
She had to be carried into the trial and to Smithfield where she was burnt, aged 25 - 1546. |
|
|
Who was Henry Howard?
|
Descended from King Edward I & III, Cousin to Henry VIII 2nd & 5th wife. Brother-in-law with Henry VIII's illegitimate son.
He and his friend Thomas Wyatt established the form of sonnet used by Shakespeare and others - 3 quatrains & a couplet. Tried for treason for suggesting his father be Lord Protector of Edward VI & for displaying elements of royal arms in his shield. Beheaded Tower Hill aged 29 - 1547 |
|
|
Who was Sir Nicholas Throckmorton?
|
Implicated int the Wyatt Rebellion - 1554 - an attempt to overthrow Queen Mary I.
Found innocent by the jury, so the jury was sent to the Tower, but refused to change the verdict, so were released with heavy fines. |
|
|
Who was Lady Jane Grey & Lord Guildford Dudley
|
Lady Jane Grey was the 9 days queen, descended from King Henry VII through his daughter Mary, she was used as a pawn in order to place a protestant on the throne instead of the catholic Mary (daughter of Henry VIII).
Due to overwhelming support for Mary, she was tried for treason and beheaded in Tower Green - within the Tower of London to save herself from the jeering of the crowds aged 19 - 1554 Guildford Dudley was her husband, son of the regent of King Edward VI in an effort to secure his descendants the throne married him to Jane. He was beheaded on Tower Hill. The Lord Mayor Thomas White presided over the trial 1553. Both are buried at St. Peter ad Vincula at the Tower |
|
|
Who was Archbishop Cranmer?
|
He was a leader of the English Reformation & Archbishop of Canterbury.
Helped build a case to annul Henry VIII's first marriage. Wrote the first 2 editions of 'the book of Common Prayer' used in the Anglican Communion & developed new doctrinal standards. Tried as a traitor during the reign of Queen Mary I for his protestant views, although he reconciled himself with the catholic church, on the day of his execution he withdrew his recantations and died a heretic to the Roman Catholics and a martyr to the Protestants. Died Oxford 1556 - aged 66 |
|
|
Who were Henry Peckham and John Daniel?
|
They were men who conspired to rob the exchequer.
Executed Tower Hill - 1556 |
|
|
Who was John Felton?
|
Fixed a copy of Pope Pius V's Bull 'Regnans in Excelsis' ("reigning on high") excommunicating Queen Elizabeth I to the gates of the Bishop of London's palace.
For this act of treason he was tried and sentenced to be hung, drawn and quartered at St. Paul's church yard - 1570. |
|
|
Who was Dr. Roderigo Lopez?
|
Chief Physician to Queen Elizabeth I.
Born in Crato, Portugal, raised as a New Christian - considered a 'Marrano' (hidden Jew) by the Portuguese Inquisition. Had a successful practise & was house physician at St. Bartholomew's Hospital. Suggested he distilled poisons for noblemen and his success was less to do with medical skill but more his tongue. A complex conspiracy web against Don Antonio the pretender to the Portuguese throne developed which implicated him [Lopez] as conspiring with the Spanish to poison the Queen. The Queen didn't believe the rumours and delayed his execution by 6 months. Executed at Tyburn 1594 - aged 69 Possible inspiration for the character 'Shylock' in 'The Merchant of Venice' |
|
|
Who was Henry Garnet?
|
He heard the confession of Robert Catesby, that he was planning on blowing up Parliament.
As it was received under the seal of the confession he felt he could not speak of it to the authorities. When they found out, he was tried and convicted of high treason. He was hung, drawn & quartered at St. Paul's churchyard - 1606 - aged 51 |
|
|
Who was Sir Gervase Helwys?
|
Lieutenant of the Tower.
Tried in connection with the murder of Thomas Overbury (poisoned in the Tower). Found guilty of negligence and as an accessory. Hanged at Tower Hill 1616 aged 55 |
|
What is the Chatham statue made of?
Who sculpted it? When was it installed? |
Marble
John Bacon 1782 |
|
|
What is Chatham depicted as?
Why? |
As a Roman senator, in full attire.
Due to his excellent oratory, rhetoric and debating skills, reminiscent of Roman senators at a time when Britain liked to see themselves as successors to the Romans. Pitt also lead to the formation of the British Empire. |
|
|
What is under Chatham's left arm?
|
The rudder of state.
He is guiding the country safety through turmoil. |
|
|
Who is Chatham embracing with his right hand?
What attributes can we see around this figure? |
Commerce.
She is holding a compass on her knee. At her feet, an anchor, sail and large rope bound bale. |
|
|
What figure is reaching across?
How can we tell it is this figure? |
The City of London.
She is wearing the mural crown. Her right hand supports a shield with the Arms of the City on it. (behind the shield there is a cannonball & cannon but very hard to see) |
|
|
What figure sits on a lion?
|
Britannia, with the Union flag at her feet.
|
|
|
What is to the right of the figure sitting on a lion?
What does this represent? |
A beehive.
Representing industry i.e. hard work. |
|
|
What is the object spilling goodies into the lower statues lap?
|
A cornucopia or horn of plenty
|
|
|
From top to bottom, name the 4 boys supporting the object spilling goodies in the lap of the lower statue.
|
North America (Indian headdress)
Africa (Jackal headdress) India (Turban) Europe (Crown) |
|
|
What do the four boys represent?
|
The 4 corners of the known world.
|
|
|
What is beneath these statues?
|
A relief detailing the commemoration & the Cap of Liberty (signifying freedom) in a laurel reef.
|
|
|
The Seven Years war was dubbed as what by Winston Churchill?
|
The First World War, as it was the first global war.
|
|
|
What years did the Seven Years War take place?
What status was Chatham at the time? |
1754 - 1763
Secretary of State |
|
|
When did Chatham serve as Prime Minister?
|
1766-1768
(He is regarded by some as one of the greatest leaders of Great Britain in the 18th century) |
|
|
What nickname did Chatham have as until 1766 he refused to accept any title?
|
The Great Commoner.
|
|
|
The American city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania is named after him, why?
|
He levied the stamp tax on the colonies.
|
|
|
What honour did Chatham receive from the City?
|
The Honorary Freedom of the City 1757.
First person to receive it. |
|
|
What was the intention of the sculptor to convey with this statue?
|
The prosperity that Pitt brought to the British Nation
|
|
|
When did Chatham die?
Where is he buried? |
1778.
Westminster Abbey. There was some contention between the City & Westminster as to where to bury him as the City wanted him buried at St. Paul's. This monument was installed to be a fitting commemoration to a great man who was much beloved by the City. |
|
|
What disease/s did Chatham suffer from?
|
Gout amongst various others.
|
|
|
Guildhall is used for state visits, banquets. Royalty has been entertained here and is regularly used for state events.
What takes place every 2-3 months amidst all of these grand events? |
Every 2-3 months (10 times a year) at 1pm on the 2nd Thursday of the month the Court of Common Council convene to discuss the mundane runnings of the City.
All the necessary items which need to be discussed and approved by a local authority. |
|
|
From when does the charter of the City date from?
How old is the City government? How long has the City been here governing itself? |
The City is so old it does not have a charter, only royal confirmations of rights and customs it had before England was unified in 1066 by William I.
(stated in Magna Carta) The government within the City is older than Parliament, older than England and the Kingdoms United. It has been here, doing this since 'time immemorial'. |
|
|
Until the institution of mayoralty in 1189, which office governed the City?
|
The Sheriff.
|
|
|
Who is the head of the council?
Who are the proceedings done by? |
The Right Honourable, the Lord Mayor of London.
The Town Clerk. |
|
|
What style does the Lord Mayor use?
|
The Right Honourable, The Lord Mayor of the City of London.
|
|
|
Who shouts 'Oyez, Oyez, Oyez' to summon order before the Lord Mayor enters?
|
The Sergeant at Arms/Common Cryer
|
|
|
The Lord Mayor sits at the centre back, doffs his/her tricorn hat and says...
|
'Domine, Dirige, Nos' to signal the council is in session.
|
|
|
Who sits next to the Lord Mayor on the stage?
|
The Sheriffs & the 25 Aldermen.
|
|
|
The office of Sheriff is the oldest in the City, what does the title Sheriff derive from?
|
Shire Reeve or Country Justice.
A Port Reeve is a justice of a mercantile town; such as London. |
|
|
What is a Sheriff?
|
They act as the deputy Mayor and are Justices of the Peace.
|
|
|
Why does one Sheriff leave?
|
As one always needs to be present at the Old Bailey so leaves after 5 minutes.
|
|
|
What do the 25 Aldermen represent?
|
Each of the 25 wards of the City.
|
|
|
How is the City divided and how many government officials are elected to represent them?
|
The City is divided into 25 wards and 125 members are elected to represent them. Each ward elects one Alderman and two or more Common Councilmen, depending on its population, totalling 100 Common Councilmen and 25 Aldermen.
|
|
|
Describe how the City is divided within itself.
What is each division called? |
The City is divided into 25 'wards' or districts.
Wards date to medieval times where one Alderman would be in charge of the ward or district. Alderman meaning 'elder-man'. |
|
|
What colour robes do the Aldermen wear?
|
Red with fur collars.
|
|
|
What colour robes do the Court of Common Council wear?
|
Mazarine Blue.
|
|
|
How many Common Councilmen/women are there?
|
100
|
|
|
Name the 4 elements which make up the governing body of the City.
|
Lord Mayor.
Sheriffs. Aldermen. Common Councilmen. |
|
|
After the motto, the Lord Mayor speaks of his/her activities since the past meeting.
What happens next? |
The Town Clerk takes over, and goes through the minutes of the last meeting.
Then takes place the formal 'motion to carry...' regarding various acts/laws in the City. |
|
|
What is a Town Clerk?
|
The Chief Executive.
They are responsible for the management of the organisation. |
|
|
How long is the public permitted to watch?
|
20 minutes.
|
|
|
Are members of the government paid?
What party do they belong to? What do they represent? |
They are unpaid.
The City is apolitical. They represent a wide range of professions and City interests. |
|
|
What are the 3 ways the City is monetarily supported through?
|
City Funds
City Cash Bridge House Estates |
|
|
What is the City Fund?
|
It is made up of business rates, council tax, income tax from investments & other grants.
i.e. Public Cash |
|
|
What is the City Cash?
|
Money donated by individuals , legacies & endowments built up over centuries which have been invested and go toward paying for key activities such as The Lord Mayor, Open Spaces, Guildhall School, The Old Bailey & many more.
i.e. Non Public Cash |
|
|
What are the Bridge House Estates?
|
Originally set up through rent, private endowments & bridge taxes to deal with the upkeep of London Bridge.
The money has been managed over the centuries so now as well as maintaining bridges the excess can be used to help charitable causes throughout London with the City Bridge Trust. |
|
Who designed the statue to William Pitt the Younger?
What is it made of? When was it unvieled? |
James B. Bubb.
Marble. 1813. |
|
|
Who is the top centre figure pointing, as though giving a speech?
Why? What is he wearing? |
William Pitt the Younger.
He was highly regarded for his oratory skills. The robes of the Chancellor of the Exchequer. |
|
|
Who are the statues either site of Pitt the Younger?
What do the statues represent? |
Right = Mercury, God of Eloquence and Commerce.
Wearing winged hat & sandals, holding a caduceus staff in one hand and a small scroll in the other. Left = Apollo God of Learning. |
|
|
What is beneath William Pitt the Younger?
|
Britannia riding triumphantly on a Hippocampus (not Hippogriff) or Seahorse.
She is holding a trident in her left hand, the symbol of naval power & a fish in her right hand. To the right of Britannia a rocky base and the prow of a Greek ship can be seen. |
|
|
The statue of Pitt the Younger was restored after WWII by which livery company?
|
Fishmongers.
|
|
|
Originally the statue of Britannia was sculpted with a thunderbolt, why is she now holding a fish?
|
There is no official answer, only stories and tales, but no one really knows, except for maybe the Fishmongers.
|
|
|
What is beneath the statues?
|
An inscription on the base, which talks highly of how the City regarded Pitt.
|
|
|
Pitt the Younger was Prime Minister in which years?
|
1783 - 1801 and again in 1804 - 1806
|
|
|
When and how did Pitt the Younger die?
|
1806, of alcohol and in debt.
|
|
|
What reputedly were William Pitt the Younger's final words?
|
Either:
'My Country! Oh my Country! Or: 'I think I could eat one of Bellamy's veal pies' |
|
|
Pitt the Younger served as Prime Minister during which wars?
|
The Napoleonic Wars.
|
|
|
Why did the City commemorate Pitt the Younger?
|
He revived and invigorated the commerce and prosperity of the country.
|
|
|
What did Pitt the Younger introduce?
|
The Income Tax.
|
|
|
What did William Pitt the Younger unite during his term as Prime Minister?
|
He united the Kingdoms of England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland to form the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland in 1801.
|
|
|
What nickname did Pitt the Younger receive from the people due to his attitude?
|
Honest Billy
|
|
|
What honour did the City bestow upon Pitt the Younger?
|
The Honourable Freedom of the City.
Men of the City pulled his coach home out of a sign of respect. |
|
Who sculpted the memorial to William Beckford?
What is it made of? When was it unveiled? |
James F. Moore
White Marble (figures) Black Marble (inscription) 1772 |
|
|
Beckford was the son of one of the richest sugar plantation owners of which country?
|
Jamaica.
|
|
|
Beckford was a wealthy, successful and well educated man.
How many plantations & slaves did he own? |
13 plantations.
Over 3000 slaves. |
|
|
What is William Beckford wearing?
What is he doing? |
The robes of the Lord Mayor.
He is in a pose of delivering a speech. |
|
|
Name the 2 figures either side of Beckford.
|
Right = Commerce, holding instruments of trade & navigation - a compass & anchor.
Holding a cornucopia. Wearing the mural crown Left = The City of London, with the Sword of State, Mace and City Arms. Wearing the Cap of Maintenance. |
|
|
What mood are the 2 statues either side of Beckford in?
Why? |
Fed up/depressed.
Because trade is in decline. |
|
|
Beneath the statues, in black what is the inscription?
|
This is Beckfords remonstrance.
|
|
|
Beckford was a fan of huge dinner parties, how much was it said did one cost him?
|
£10,000
|
|
|
Who was John Wilkes?
|
Member of the Hellfire Club - thought to foment and encourage seditious, libellous and other immoral tendencies.
Described as a pornographer and slave owner. City of London MP. |
|
|
How is John Wiles celebrated in the UK?
Why? |
As a champion of free-speech and liberty.
He wrote an article in the North Briton attacking and accusing George III and his ministers of corruption and stating their policies regarding the colonies were misguided. |
|
|
What wouldn't George III let John Wilkes do?
|
Stand as City of London MP even though he won the election.
|
|
|
What did Beckford do about Wilkes' situation with George III
|
Marched with the court of Aldermen in full robes to St. James's Palace to protest the treatment of Wilkes and presented a speech to the King.
|
|
|
The King listened to Beckford's case but declined to accept it.
How does this reflect to the monument? |
Beckford at this point remonstrated and this is the point of which the monument is commemorating.
The fact that Beckford argued or remonstrated with the King is why the City commemorated him. |
|
|
This is a rare example of the City commemorating a Lord Mayor, why?
|
The City very rarely ever commissioned works of art of any Lord Mayor, most depictions of Lord Mayors are gifts to the City.
|
|
|
Why did the City commemorate Beckford, and why does the City love him?
|
Because he stood up for the City.
|
|
What is the Buffett made of?
|
Oak.
|
|
|
What is the Buffett used for?
|
It is designed as the backdrop to the high table during banquets.
|
|
|
Historically, where has the Buffett been placed when the Monarch is present?
Where is it placed now? |
Historically it was placed at the top centre of the Dias.
Now it is left where it currently stands. |
|
|
Why is the Buffett located where it is?
|
Opposite is the press balcony, they can get much better views of the Queen or Lord Mayor at the Buffett and of all the guests arriving through the main entrance to the right.
More convenient for the press. |
|
|
Describe the decoration and what the shelves are used for.
|
The brackets in the centre are where the Lord Mayors Sword and Mace are displayed.
4 dragons top. Badges date from 1890s of the Lord Mayor & Sheriffs of the time. Slight gothic reference in decoration. Shelves to display the City's gold & silver - show of City wealth. |
|
|
Historically where did the Lord Mayor sit during state visits by the Monarch?
Where do they sit now? |
To the side of the Monarch on the Dias.
Now they do the same only the Buffett is at the current location. |
|
|
Describe the table formation during state visits by the Monarch.
|
Long tables stretching the length of the room in rows with the high table on the Dias.
|
|
|
Describe the table formation now.
|
High table before the Buffett, tables arranged across the hall.
|
|
|
The balcony to the right of the balcony opposite the main entrance is referred to as what?
|
Women's balcony.
Dates from a time when women weren't allowed to eat with, but could watch men eat. It is said they lowered a basket down & a generous man would fill it so they could have a picnic of sorts. |
|
|
What statues are opposite the Buffett?
What famous statesman made a reference to them during a state visit? |
Lord Nelson & the Duke of Wellington.
President Chirac of France. (wittily referenced being surrounded by Frances nemeses - 'Standing here with Nelson on my left and Wellington on my right' |
|
|
What famous banquet was held to celebrate the defeat of Napoleon?
|
The Allied Soverigns Banquet - 18th June 1814.
(Painting by William Daniell) City laid on a large banquet, borrowed chandeliers from livery companies, all the finest gold and silver were displayed & Guildhall was open to the public for 3 days so they could admire it. Guests included, George IV, the Tsar of Russia, the King of Prussia. Then Napoleon escaped - no banquet after Waterloo (just in case) |
|
|
Typically at a state banquet, foreign dignitaries would be entertained at which 3 sites?
|
Buckingham Palace.
Windsor Castle. Guildhall (City of London) |
|
|
The Buffett originates from the 1890s, is this original?
|
This one is a post WWII copy of the original.
|
|
Who sculpted the monument to the Royal Fusiliers?
What is it made of? What is it fitted into? When was it unveiled? Which war does it commemorate? |
F.W. Pomeroy.
Bronze. The old window frame of Guildhall. 1905. The Boer War 1899-1902. (It is politically correct to refer to the Boer War as either the First or Second South African War to demonstrate that it affected South Africans of all cultures) |
|
|
Describe the 3 panels which made up the monument to the regiment.
|
Both side panels are surmounted by reliefs of Medusa heads, beneath is a cartouche with a leaping horse.
Central panel = List of the dead soldiers, in order of rank & battalion, surmounted by the insignia of the Order of the Garter. Base panel = City arms in the centre, City motto (Domini, Dirige, Nos) and an inscription about the monument. Right panel = A trooper, standing in a contemplative attitude, with hands folded on the stock of his rifle - pointing down. Left panel = Figure of Victory/Peace facing inward, placing a palm upon the central inscription tablet, honouring the fallen. |
|
|
What is the regiment monument the first to do?
|
The first to commemorate each name of the fallen soldiers, whereas prior monuments would only commemorate the high ranking officials.
|
|
|
With whom did the British fight against during the Boer War?
|
Dutch farmers (Boer being dutch for farmer)
|
|
|
Why did the British fight the Boers?
|
As gold was discovered in Boer land and the British sought to annex it for themselves.
|
|
|
What equipment did the British bring?
|
Dust uniforms (Indian word is Khaki)
Relatively old fashioned rifles. Sabers & lancers. |
|
|
What equipment did the Boers have?
|
The latest German rifles.
No uniforms so could just 'disappear' Knew how to make trenches & understood the terrain intimately. |
|
|
What 2 types of warfare did the Boer war force to meet?
|
19th century cavalry meets 20th century guerrilla warfare.
|
|
|
Lord Kitchener was in charge of the British army, what actions did he inflict on the Boers?
|
The fenced off the entire land, installed 8000 block houses to monitor the borders.
British forces swept through the country, killing cattle & sheep and burning crops. |
|
|
How many undefended Boer farmhouses did the British destroy?
|
30,000 approximately.
|
|
|
The destruction of the farmhouses left primarily women and children homeless, what did the British do?
|
They rounded them up on trains and took them to hastily constructed refugee camps, guarded by the army.
They soon became outdoor prisons, thanks to military incompetence rather than design they soon became places of horror. |
|
|
What phrase with Kitchener give the world thanks to his actions with the homeless Boers?
|
Concentration Camps.
(literally camps which concentrated the population) |
|
|
A Cornish woman came to the camps to provide blankets and food.
She saw the horrors, the disease, the starvation, the poor sanitation, the hordes of flies. What was her name? |
Emily Hobhouse.
She told the British people what was happening in the British name. She talked of wholesale cruelty, murder of children and the extermination of a people. |
|
|
How many Boer women & children died in British concentration camps?
|
approximately 26,000.
80% under 16. |
|
|
After 2 1/2 years the Boers surrendered, what did it cost the British?
|
The equivalent to £20 billion and a quarter of a million soldiers to defeat 60,000 [approximately] farmers.
|
|
|
After the war, what was revealed to the British about the state of the men in the army?
|
Almost half who volunteered were either sick, too weak or generally unfit for service.
It made the British take a long look at its own citizens. |
|
Who made the Mayoral Window?
What type of glass is it made of? When was it installed? What does it commemorate? |
Alfred Fisher, Chapel Studios & the Worshipful Company of Glaziers.
English glass. 1989. 800 years of Mayoralty. |
|
Which Mayor does it commemorate specifically?
|
The first - Henry Fitz-Aliwyn 1189-1212.
(only Mayor to serve in office for a full term. |
|
Why is 'Mayor' in black?
|
Originally said 'Lord Mayor'.
The Aldermen present were stunned as Henry Fitz-Aliwyn was only 'Mayor' (Lord Mayor being used around the 14th century) The piece was amended within 4 days. |
|
Describe the Coat of Arms in the left window.
|
Fitz-Ailwyn did not have a coat of arms.
The coat of arms are 4 weather vanes and 5 martlet birds with no feet associated with heraldry. Top is a figure with a sledge hammer. Around the shield are mantling leaves, worn under a helmet and are white & red like the shield. |
|
Describe the Coat of Arms in the right window.
|
City of London Coat of Arms.
Shield with cross of St. George, short sword upper left of St. Paul. City Motto: Domini Dirige Nos Dragons supporting shield either side. |
|
What coat of arms is at the bottom left window?
|
Coat of Arms of Lord Mayor Bidwell at the time of unveiling.
This was the most complex piece. |
|
What badge is on the bottom right window?
|
Company of Glaziers.
Tools - 2 grazing irons, which shape the edge of glass and 4 nails. |
|
On the left window describe the first segment.
|
Fitz-Ailwyn pictured talking to the citizens about house building - medieval timber house in picture.
Fitz Ailwyn was a great planner and organised the City. Considered 1st town planner of London. |
|
Describe the second segment on the left window.
|
Fitz Ailwyn is welcoming King Richard I back from the Crusades.
Richard is on his horse, crossing London Bridge, Tower of London in the background. |
|
Describe the second segment on the left window.
|
Fire of 1212, Fitz Ailwyn organising the town planning of the City after the fire.
Rebuilding 400 years before Wren. Mouse present - links to right hand window. |
|
Describe the first segment of the right window.
|
Dick Whittington and his cat - chasing the mouse in the left window.
The Great Fire of London 1666 & St. Paul's burning. |
|
Describe the second segment of the right window.
|
Christopher Wren and his plans to rebuild the City.
St Paul's Cathedral. Haberdashers Hall and mason with trowel. |
|
Describe the third segment of the right window.
|
Guildhall, destroyed in the Blitz.
City modern landscape (1989) Lloyds, Natwest Tower (Tower 42) Fishmongers Hall, London Bridge & the River Thames. |
|
What is on the bottom right of the right window.
|
A tiny chapel, a Dutch gabled Methodist chapel.
Made by Chapel Studios. Chapel Studios symbol. |
|
|
How many Privileged Regiment badges are depicted on the wall?
|
11.
(6 to the left and 5 to the right of the door) Left: The London Regiment The Royal Marines The Grenadier Guards Princess of Wales Royal Regiment The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers The Honourable artillery Company Right: Coldstream Guards The Blues and Royals The Rifles 600 Squadron Royal Auxiliary Air Force London Division Royal Naval reserve |
|
|
What is a Privileged Regiment?
|
They have the privilege to march through the City in full uniform, with bayonets fixed, flags flying and drums beating.
|
|
|
When does the privilege date from?
|
1668 (Charles II) Holland Regiment could recruit for the war against the Dutch and to beat a drum.
|
|
|
Which King established no citizen of London should be compelled to go to war and no recruiting in the City?
|
King Edward III in 1327.
(Soldiers weren't allowed in the City and weren't allowed to march through unless they conquered it - never happened) |
|
|
Until how recently were there soldiers stationed in the City?
|
1973 - a detachment of Coldstream guards stationed at the Bank of England after the Gordon Riots of 1780.
|
|
|
Who is the Colonel in Chief of all guards regiments?
|
The Queen.
First woman to become Colonel of the Grenadiers at age 17. |
|
|
The challenge to a body of troops entering the City is what?
|
The head of the Battalion & the City Marshall meet.
City Marshall calls out 'Who comes there?' The commanding officer replies '[Name of unit] exercising their ancient privilege and right to enter the City of London with colours flying, drums beating and bayonets fixed.' City Marshall replies \I have it on the authority of the Lord Mayor to receive and attend you Battalion through the City' He salutes and leads the Battalion through the City, past Mansion House to the City boundary. |
|
|
During line ups such as the Trooping of the Colour, where do the Coldstream and Grenadiers stand due to their dispute?
|
Grenadiers stand on the right.
Coldstream on the left. |
|
The Royal Regiment of Fusiliers
|
The Fusiliers take their title from the time of King James II in 1685 when he ordered Lord Dartmouth to form an Ordnance Regiment to guard the artillery.
He called them my Royal Regiment of Fuzileers and had them armed with the Fusil, (a lightweight flintlock musket) the most up to date weapon of the day. They became the 7th of Foot, the Royal Fusiliers (City of London Regiment). Other infantry regiments subsequently became Fusiliers, the most famous of which, the Royal Northumberland (5th of Foot) they won the distinctive red and white Hackle, worn by all ranks in the Regiment. It was awarded to the Royal Northumberland Fusiliers in recognition for the defeat of the French at the Battle of St Lucia in 1778. White hackles were removed from the French dead by the Fusiliers. In 1829 King William IV ordered the white plume to be worn by all line infantry regiments. |
|
The London Regiment
|
(London Scottish) Company, can trace its descent from the Highland Armed Association of London and the Loyal North Britons, which had been raised in 1793 and 1803.
(Queen's Regiment) Company – the 1779 Act of Parliament authorised the raising of Volunteer Companies to be attached to County Militia Regiments. Company – Bloomsbury; 1859 Thomas Hughes, a philanthropist and founder of the Working Mens' College, formed a Company of Volunteers. Company 28th Middlesex (London Irish) Rifle Volunteer Corps – formed in 1860 was popular and numbered among its ranks Marquises’, Earls and Lords including Lord Palmerston (who joined as a private soldier), and WH Russell of The Times. |
|
Coldstream Guards
|
A guard regiment who marched to meet Charles II upon his return to England at which point they laid down their arms to show that they accepted him as King.
Formed 1650 in Coldstream, Scotland as part of the New Model Army (Parliamentary formed army after the Civil War) - only other regiment who can trace itself to the New Model Army is the Blues & Royals. Oldest regiment in the Regular Army in continuous active service. Founded by General George Monck. Motto: Mulli Secundus 'Second to None'. Are second in line of precedence of guard regiments after the Grenadiers. Have a dispute between the Grenadier Guards as although they formed earlier they could not swear allegiance to the King until the restoration. Nickname of 'Lilywhites' - colour of facings. Formal title: Her Majesty's Coldstream Regiment of Foot guards. Always parade 5 minutes before the start of any parade. |
|
The Grenadier Guards
|
First in order of precedence of guard regiments.
Formed as a Royalist regiment in Burges from Royalist exiles in 1656 during Charles II exile to be his personal guard regiment. Motto: Honi soi qui mal y pense 'Evil be to him who evil thinks' Called 'Grenadier' since July 1815 due to part played in defeating the Grenadiers of the French Imperial Guard at the Battle of Waterloo. - Called Royal Regiment of Guards. Nickname: Bill Browns. |
|
|
The Honourable Artillery Company
|
The oldest fighting regiment in the world.
Formed in 1537 by King Henry VIII, from an existing guild of St. George dating back to Norman times. |
|
|
The Blues and Royals
|
Formed in 1661 by King Charles II for the defence of Tangier.
In 1969 they were amalgamated with the Royal Horse Guard to form the Blues and Royals. Both Royal, blues refer to the Horse Guard. |
|
|
What are the 3 honours of which the City can bestow?
To whom can they be bestowed upon? |
Freedom of the City - An individual
Honorary Freedom of the City - An individual Privilege of the City - A regiment |
|
|
Name the monuments in the Great Hall of people who received the Honorary Freedom of the City?
|
Churchill
Nelson Wellington Pitt the Elder Pitt the Younger |
|
|
What do those receiving the Freedom of the City receive?
|
A certificate.
|
|
|
Historically those receiving the Honorary Freedom of the City would receive what?
What do they receive now? |
An illuminated manuscript & a gold box to the value of 100 guineas (inspired by the background of the individual receiving it)
A scroll and an inscribed box. |
|
|
Other notable people to receive the Honorary Freedom or Freedom are...
|
Stephen Fry
Nelson Mandela J.K. Rowling Florence Nightingale (2nd woman) Margaret Thatcher Benjamin Disraeli Princess Diana Dame Judi Dench And many more... |
