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248 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Doctrine of Signature |
The belief thay God created plants for human use and gave each a visible sign or signature to indicates its purpose |
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Panax |
Latin for cure all |
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Fibrous root system Taproot system |
Two types of root system |
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Taproot system |
A root system consisting of one main prominent root with smaller lateral roots branching from it |
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Fibrous root system |
A root system consisting of several adventitious roots approximately equalsize that arise from the base of the stem |
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Adventitious organs |
Occur in unusual locations, such as roots thay develop on a stem or buds that develop on roots |
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Soil |
Is a valuable natural resource on which humans depend for food |
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Soil erosion |
The wearing away or removal of soil from the land |
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Wind and water |
Usual causes of soil erosion |
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Wind erosion in Grasslands The American Dust Bowl |
Examples of soil erosion |
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Semiarid lands |
Have low annual precipitation rates and are subject to periodic droughts that may last for extended periods |
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Prairie grasses |
Plants that grow best in semiarid lands, are adapted to survive drought |
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Anchorage Absorption Conduction Storage |
Functions of root |
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Root cap |
A covering of cells pver the root tip that protects the delicate meristematic tissue directly behind it |
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Rangelands |
Are grasslands, in both temperate anx tropical climates, that serve as important areas of food production for humans by providing fodder for domestic animals |
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Carrying capacity |
Maximum number of animals thatbthe rangeland plants can supportin a sustainable fashion |
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Overgrazed |
The grazing animals consume so much of the plant that it cannot recover and therefore dies |
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Desertification |
Conversion of rangeland to desert |
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Cassava |
Also called Manioc, is a tropical American plant that is grown in many tropical countries worldwide for its edible starchy roots, which resemble large sweetpotato roots. |
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Tapioca |
Is a granular starch squeezed out of cassava roots and used to make puddings and to thicken soups |
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Sweet potatoes |
Most nutritious roots which contain about 5 percent protein and are rich in Vitamin A and D in addition to iron, calcium, and other minerals |
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Sugar beet |
Is an important agricultural product that provides 35% of the world's sugar |
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Selective breeding |
The process by which humans deliberately enhance desirable features over yime by selecting which individuals to cross |
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Smilax |
Scientific name of dried greenbrier |
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Root hair |
An extension of an epidermal cell of a root that increases the absorption capacity of the root |
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Vascular tissue |
The central core in most herbaceous eudicot roots |
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Epidermis |
Outermost single layer of protective tissue that covers its roots |
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Cellulose |
One of the major components of cell walls which absorbs water as a sponge does |
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Cortex |
Of an herbaceous eudicpt root, which is composed primarily of loosely arranged parenchyma cells with large intercellular spaces makes up the bulk of the root. Primary function is storage |
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Endodermis |
The innermost layer of the cortex of the root that prevents water and dissolved materials from entering the xylem by passing between cells |
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Casparian strip |
A band of waterproof material around the radial and transverse cells of the endodermis; ensures that water and minerals enter the xylem onlu by passing through the endodermal cells |
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Starch |
An insoluble carbohydrate composed of glucose units, is the most common form of stored food in plants |
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Plasmodesmata |
Cytoplasmic connections |
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Symplast |
A continuum consisting of the cytoplasm of many plant cells, connected from one cell to the next by plasmodesmata |
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Apoplast |
A continuum consisting of the interconnected, porous plant cell walls, along which water moves freely |
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Stele |
Cylinder of vascular tissues |
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Pericycle |
A layer of cells just inside the endodermis of the root gives rise to lateral roots |
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Xylem |
Centremost tissue of the stele, often has 2,3,4 or more extensions or xylem arms |
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Phloem |
Is located in patches between the xylem arms |
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Vascular cambium |
Give rise to secondary tissues in woody plants, is sandwiched between the xylem and phloem |
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Pith |
A ground tissue found in the centers of many stems and roots |
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Pith |
Central tissue in some monocot roots |
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Stem nodes |
Regions of the stem where leaves are attached |
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Prop root |
An adventitious root that arises from the stem and provides additional support for the plant |
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Buttress root |
Swollen bases or braces that hold the trees upright and aid in the extensive distribution of the shallow root |
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Pneumatophore |
A specialized aerial rooy produced by certain trees living in swampy habutats; may facilitate gas exchange between the atmosphere and submerged roots |
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Epiphytes |
Are plants that grow attached to other plants, have aerial roots that anchor the plant to yhe bark, branch, or other surface on which it grows |
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Photosynthetic roots |
Certain epiphytic orchids have this |
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Contractile roots |
A specialized root, often found on hulbs or corms that contracts and pulls the plant to a desirable depth in the soil |
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Suckers |
Some roots produce asexually by producing this which are aboveground stems that develop adventitious buds on the roots |
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Graft |
Two types of rpots that may grow together by secondary growth to form a natural ____ |
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Mychorrhiza |
A mutually beneficial association between a fungus and a root that helps the plant absorb essential minerals from the soil |
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Endomychorrhizae |
The fungus penetrates the roots |
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Ectomychorrhizae |
The fungal mycelium (nonreproductive bpdy) emvircles the root like a sheath |
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Rhizobia |
Certain nitrogen fixing bacteria, collectively called this, form associations with the roots of leguminous plants, clover, peas, and soybeans for example |
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Nodule |
A small swelling on the root of leguminous plant which beneficial nitrogen fixing bacteria live |
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Stems |
Links a plant's rpots to tits leaves and are usually aerial, although many plants have underground stems |
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Herbaceous Woody |
Two types of stems |
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Herbaceous |
Consisting of soft, nonwoody tissues. Stems with only primary growth |
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Woody |
With extensive hard tissues of wood and bark. Stems with primary and secondary growth |
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Support leaves and reproductive structure Provide internal transport Stems produce new living tissues |
Three main functions of stems in plants |
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Primary growth |
Increase in the length of a plant which occurs at the apical meristem at the tips of stems and roots |
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Secondary growth |
An increase in the girth of a plany, is due to the activity of the lateral meristems along the sides of stems amd roots |
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Secondary tissues |
New tissues formed by the lateral meristem |
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Primary tissues |
New tissues produced by apical meristem |
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Woody twig |
Exemplifies the external structure of all stems |
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Bud |
An undeveloped shoot that contains an embryonic meristem; may be terminal or axillary |
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Node |
The area on a stem where one or more leaves is attached;stems have nodes but roots do not |
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Internode |
The area on a stem between two successsive nodes |
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Terminal bud |
Bud at the tip of the stem |
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Axillary buds |
Are found in the axils--the upper angles between leaves and the stem to which they are attached |
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Bud scale scars |
Where the bud scales fall of on the stem where they were once attached |
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Leaf scar |
Shows where a leaf was attached on the stem |
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Bundle scars |
The vascular tissue that extends from the stem out into the leaf forms _____ |
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Lenticels |
Sutes of looselu arracged cells that allow gas exhange to occur |
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Epidermis |
An outer covering, provudes protection in herbaceous stems as it does in leaves and herbaceous roots |
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Cuticle |
A waxu layer that reduces water loss from the stem surface, usually covers the epidermis |
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Cortex |
Inside the epidermis, a cylinder several cells thicn that is part of a plant's ground tissue system |
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Vascular bundles |
When an herbaceous eudickt stem is viewed in cross section, the vascular tissues appear as this arranged in a circle |
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Fibers |
Occur in both xylem and phloem, although they are usually more extensive in phloem |
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Phloem fiber cap |
In sunflowers and certain other herbaceous eudicot stems, the phloem contains a cluster of fibers which helps strengthen the stem |
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Pith |
Center of the herbaceous eudicot stem is a ground tissue composed of large parenchyma cells that functiom primarily for storage |
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Pith rays |
The areas of parenchyma between the vascular bundles |
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Monocot stem |
Such as the herbaceous stem of corn, is covered by an epidermis with its waxy cuticle |
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Bundle sheath |
Each vascular bundle is enclosed of Sclerenchyma cells for support |
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Vascular cambium |
A lateral meristem that produces secondary xylem and secondary growth |
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Cork cambium |
A lateral meristem that produces cork cells and cork parenchyma; cork cambium and the tissues it produces make up the outer bark of a woody plant |
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Periderm |
The cork cambium and the tissues it produves are collectively called ___. It functions as a replacement for the epidermis, ehich splits apart as the stem increases in girth |
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Cork parenchyma |
A tissue that stores water and food (as starch granules) |
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Lumber |
Most common wood product |
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Paper pulp |
Second most common use of wood after lumber |
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Plywood |
An important wppd product often used in place of lumber, consists of two pr more veneers that are glued together |
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Sapwood |
The younger lighter colored wood closest to the bark |
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Heartwood |
The older wood in tje center of the trunk that is typically a brownish red. Denser than sapwood |
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Hardwood |
Is the wood of flowrring plants, that is woody eudicots |
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Softwood |
Is the wpod of conifers (cone bearing gymnosperms) |
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Balsa |
Is a flowering plant whose extremely soct, lightweight wpod is used for products rangung from mld airplanes to insulation material fpr ships |
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Annual rings or growth increments |
Concentric circles found in cross sections of wood |
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Springwood |
In the spring, where water is plentiful, wood formed by the vascular cambium has thin walled, large duamete conducting cells and few fibers |
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Late summerwood |
As summer progresses and water becomes less plentiful, the wood forms this and has thicker walled, nartower conducting cells and many fibers |
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Cross section |
Annual rings appear as concetruc rings |
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Rays |
Appears as straight lines radiating from the center of stem |
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Tangential section |
Annual rings are vertical lines that often come together in a V shape and rays are specks or short vertical lines |
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Radial section |
Annual rings appear as lines running the length of the wood, rays, as horizonyal strips |
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Knot |
Basal portion of an embedded dead branch |
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Master chronology |
A complete sample of rings dating back as far as possible |
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Dendrochronology |
The study of both visible and microscopic details of tree rings, used extensively in several fields |
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Tree-Ring Analysis |
Counting a tree's number of annual rings establishes its age |
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Deforestation |
The temporary pr permanent clearance of of large expenses of forests for agriculture or other uses |
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Subsistence agriculture Commercial logging Cattle ranching |
Main causes of deforestation |
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Slash-and-burn agriculture |
They first cut down the forest and allow it to dry, then burn the area and immediately plant crops |
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Subsistence agriculturw |
Each family produces enough food to feed itself, accounts for more than half of tropical rainforest loss |
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Vine |
A plant with a long, thin, often climbing stem |
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Woody vines (Lianas) |
Often produce special rolts with adhesive pads that stick tp the bark of the host tree |
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Herbaceous vines |
Frequently have tendeils, modified leaves or stems that wrap around supports |
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Twiners |
Stems that grow spirally aeound their host as they ascend it |
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Asexual reproduction |
A single indivial may split, bud, or fragment, gicing rise to offspring thata re genetically similar to the parent |
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Rhizome |
A horizontal underground stem that often serves as a storage organ and a means of sexual reproduction |
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Tuber |
The thickened end of a rhizome that is fleshy and enlarged for food storage (ex. Sweet potatoes or carrots) |
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Bulb |
A rounded, fleshy underground bud that consists of a short stem with fleshy leaves (ex. Lilies, tulips, onions, and daffodils) |
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Corm |
A short, thickened underground stem specialized for food storage and asexual reproduction (ex. Crocus, gladious, cyclamen) |
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Stolon or runners |
An aerial horizontal stem with long internodes, ofyen form buds that develop into separate plants (ex. Strawberry) |
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Leaves |
Are the most variable plant organ |
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Blade Petiole |
Two parts of leaves |
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Blade |
The broad, flat part of a leaf. |
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Petiole |
The part of a leaf that attaches he balde to the stem |
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Stipules |
Which are leaflike outgrowths usually present in pairs at the base of the petiole |
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Sessile leaf |
Lacks a petiole and has blade directly attached to the stem, often by a sheath that encircles the stem |
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Simple leaves |
Having a single blade |
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Compound leaves |
Having a blade divided into two or more leaflets |
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Pinnately compound |
the leaflets are borne on an axis that is a continuation pf tbe petiole |
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Palmately compound |
The leaflets arisw from a commin point at yhe end of the petiole |
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Alternate leaf arrangement |
One leaf at each node |
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Opposite leaf arrangement |
As occurs in lilacs, maples and ashes, two leaves grow at each node |
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Whorled leaf arrangement |
As occurs in catalpa trees, three or more leaves grow at each node |
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Parallel venation |
Many primary veins--strands of vascular tissue--run approximately parallel to one another along yhe leaf's long axis, with smaller veinsforming connections betwen the primary veins |
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Netted venations |
Smaller and smaller veins branch off the larger veins in such a way that they resemble a net |
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Palmatelynetted |
Several major veins radiate out from one point |
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Pinnately netted |
Major veins branch off along the entire length of the midvein (main or central vein of a leaf) |
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Epidermis Mesophyll Xylem Phloem |
Major tossues of the leaf |
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Upper epidermis |
Covers the upper surfaces |
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Lower epidermis |
Covers the lower surface |
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Cuticle |
A waxy covering over the epidermisof the aerial parts (leaves and stems) of a plant |
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Stoma |
a small pore flanked by guard cells in the epidermis |
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Guard cells |
A cell in the epidermis of a stem or leaf;two guard cells form a pore, called stoma, for gas exchange |
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Subsidiary cells |
Guard cells are associated with special epidermal cells thata are often structurally different crom other epidermal cells. Provides a reservoir of water and ions move into and out of the guard cells as they change shape during stomatal opening |
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Trichomes |
The epidermis of many leaves are covered with hairlike structures called ____. It reduces water loss from the leaf surface by retaining a layer of moist air next to the leaf |
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Mesophyll |
"The middle of the leaf" The photosynthetic tissue in the interior of a leaf |
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Palisade mesophyll |
Toward the upper epidermis, the columnar ceels are stacked closely together in a layer called ____. Main site of the photosynthesis in the leaf |
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Spongy mesophyll |
In the lower portion, the cells are more loosely and more irregularly arranged, in a layer called |
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Bundle sheath |
A ring of parenchyma or sclerenchyma cells surrounding the vascular bundle in a leaf |
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Photosynthesis |
The biological process that includes the capture of light energy and its transformation into chemical energy or organic molecules which are manufactured from carbon dioxide and water |
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Air pollution |
Consists of gass, liquids, or solids present in the atmosphere at high enough levels to hatm humans, other animals, plants, or materials |
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Ozone |
Worst pollutamt in terms of yield loss, a toxic gas produced when sunlight catalyzes a reaction between pollutants emitted by motlr vehicles and idustries |
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Forest decline |
Characterised by gradual deterioration and eventual death of trees |
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Circadian rhythm |
An internal biological clock that measures time may regulate opening and closing of stomata. Rhythms that follow an approximate 2r hour cycle |
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Blue light. |
Environmental signal. Triggers the activation of proton pumps located in the guard cell plasma membrane |
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Pigment |
A moleculebthat absorbs the light before the induction of a particular biological response |
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Proton gradient |
The difference im concentration of prorona on two sides of a cell membrane; contains potential energy that cane be used to form ATP or do work in the cell |
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Facilitated diffusion |
The diffusion of materials from a region of higher concentration to region of lower concentration tnrough special passageways in the membrane |
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Deciduous |
Plants that shed all their leaves during a particular season |
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Transpiration |
Loss of water vapor from a plant' aerial parts |
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Temporary wilting |
If a plant recovers overnight, because of the combination of negligible transpiration and absorption of water from the soil |
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Permanently wilted |
Plant that cannot recover |
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Hydathodes |
Openings at the tips of leaf veins through which liquid water is literally forced out |
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Guttatation |
Occurs when transpiration is negligible and available soil moisture is high |
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Climate |
Average wheather conditions in an area over a period of years |
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Hydrologic cycle |
Water cycles from the ocean and land to the atmosphere and back to the ocean and land |
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Abscission |
The normal (usually seasonal) falling off of leaves or other plants parts, such as fruits or flowers |
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Carotenoids |
The orange or yellow carotenes and xanthophylls |
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Anthocyanins |
Red water soluble pigments |
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Abscission zone |
Is structurally different froms surrounding tissues. Automatically weak because it has few fibers |
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Suberin |
A waxy, waterproof material, impregnated in their walls |
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Middle lamella |
(the "cement" that holds the primary cell walls of adjacent cells together) in the abscission zone |
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Bud scale |
A modified leaf that covers and protects winter buds |
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Spine |
A leaf modified for protection, such as cactus spine |
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Bract |
A modified leaf associated with a flower or inflorescence but not part of the flower itself |
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Tendril |
A leaf or stem that is modified for holding on or attaching to objects |
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Bulb |
A rounded, fleshy, underground bud that consists of a short stem with fleshy leaves |
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Angiosperms |
Flowering plants |
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Adaptations |
Evolutionary modifications |
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Fertilizatiom |
Fusion of male and female gametes. After fertilization, flowering plants produce seeds inside fruits |
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Gametes |
Eggs and sperm cells |
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Flower |
Reproductive shoot usually consisting of four ds of organs ---sepals, petals, stamens, amd carpels |
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Peduncle |
End of a flower stalk |
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Inflorescence |
Thw peduncle may terminate in a single flower or cluster of flowers known as an ____ |
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Receptacle |
The tip of the peduncle enlarges to form this that bears some or all of the flower parts |
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Complete flower |
A flower that has all four parts |
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Incomplete flower |
Lacks one or more of these four flower parts |
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Perfect flower |
Consists of both stamens and carpel |
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Imperfect flower |
Has either stamens or carpels |
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Sepal |
One of the most outermost parts of a flower, usually leaflike in appearance, that protect the flower as a bud |
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Calyx |
Collective term for all the sepals of a flower |
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Petal |
One of thw often conspicuously colored parts of a flower attached inaide the whorl of petals |
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Corolla |
Collective term for all the petals of a flower |
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Stamen |
The pollen producing part of a flower |
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Filament |
Each stamen has a thin stalk called this |
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Anther |
Top of the stamen, a saclike structure which pollen grains forms |
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Sperm cells |
Generates two male gametes |
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Pollen tube |
Through which the spwrm cells travel to reach the ovule |
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Carpel |
The ovule bearing reproductive unit of a flower |
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Ovule |
The structure in the ovary that develops into a seed after fertilization |
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Stigma |
Which the pollen grains land |
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Style |
Necklike structure through which the pollen tibe grows |
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Female gametophyte or embryo sac |
Develop one female gamete and two polar nuclei |
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Superior ovary |
One that has the other floral organs free from the ovary and attached at the ovary's base |
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Inferior ovary |
One that is loacted below the point at which the other floral organs are attached |
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Pollination |
In seed plants, the transfer of pollen grains from the anther tp the stigma |
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Self pollinated |
If pollinatiom occurs within the same flower or within different flower on the same individual plant |
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Cross pollination |
When pollen grains are transferred to a flower on another individual of the same species |
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Self incompatibility |
Genetic condition in which pollen frains are ineffective in fertilizing the same flower or other flowers on the same individual plant |
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Coevolution |
In which two species interact so closely that they become increasingly adapted to each other as each undergoes evolutionary change by natural selection |
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Nectaries |
Some flowers produce becta, a sugary solution, in special floral glands |
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Nectar guides |
Many flowers have dramatic ultraviolet markings |
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Pseudocopulation |
When male bees try to copulate with flowers that look like female bees |
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Tube cell |
One of the two cells in the pollen grain, grows a thin pollen tube down tnrough the style and into an ovule in the ovary |
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Generative cell |
Second cell of the pollen grain, divides to form two male gametsshich move down the pollen tube and enter the ovule |
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Seed |
Young plany embryo wuth stored nutrients that develops from the ovule after fertilization |
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Endosperm |
The nuteitive tissue that is foemed at some point in the developmeny of all flowering plant seeds |
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Cotyledon |
The seed leaf pf a plant embryo that often conatins food stored for germination |
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Seed coat |
A tough protective that surrounds the seed, derived from the outermost laters of the ovule and enclosed within a fruit |
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Hypocotyl |
The short portion of the embryomic shoot connecting the rsducle to one or two cotyledons |
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Plumule aka Epicotyl |
The shoot apex above the point of attachment of the cotyledon |
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Germplasm |
Any plant material used in breeding |
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Seed banks |
Help preserve the genetic variation within different varietis pf crops and their wild relatives |
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Bromus |
Became extinct in the 1900's but was reintroduced from seeds stored in a seed bank |
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Cryopreservation |
At -160 C in liquid nitorgen is a new method being developed for certain kinds of seeds |
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Fruit |
In flowering plants, a mature, ripened ovary that often provides protection and dispersal for the enclosed seeds |
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Simple fruits |
A fruit that develops from one or several united crops |
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Berry |
Fleshy fruit that has sofr tissues throughout and contains few to many seeds |
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Pepo |
Modified berry in which the fruit wall is a leathery rind |
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Drupe |
Simple, fleshy, fibrous fruit that contains a hard stone surrounding a single seed |
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Follicle |
Simple dry fruit that splits open along one suture to release its seeds |
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Legume |
Simple dey fruit that splits open along two sutures |
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Capsule |
Simple dry fruit that splits open alomg multiple sutures or pores |
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Caryopses/grains |
Simple dry fruitsbthat indehiscent and do not split open at maturity |
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Nuts |
Are simple dry fruits that have a stony walla d do not split open at maturity |
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Achene |
Similar to caryopsis in that it is simple and dry, does not split open at maturity and contains a single seed |
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Aggregate fruit |
A fruit that develops from a single flower with several separate carpels that fuse, or grow together |
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Multiple fruit |
A fruit that develops from carpels of closely associated flowers that fuse, or grow together |
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Accesorry fruit |
A fruit whose fleshy oart is composed primarily of tissue other than the ovary |
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Pomes |
Apples and pears are accessory fruits called ____ |
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Explosive dehiscence |
Fruits burst open suddenly a d quite often violently to forcibly discharge its seeds |
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Germination |
When the seed sprouts |
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Imbibition |
Absorption of water by a dry seed that precedes germination |
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Coleoptile |
Special sheath of cells that surrounds the young shoot |
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Indeterminate growth |
The ability to grow indefinitely |
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Determinate growth |
They stop growing after reaching a certain size |
