Group Psychology (Chapter 14)

Front 1

Group-

Back 1

a collection of individuals who interact with each other, usually to either accomplish work, to promote interpersonal relationships,or both

Front 2

Collective

Back 2

a set of people engaged in a common activity, but with minimal direct interaction

Front 3

Characteristics of a Group

Back 3

-Has roles (various kinds of responsibilities for their various members)

-Has a communication structure (who talks to whom)

-Has a power structure (who yields more and less influence in the group)

-Has norms (Expected standards of behavior)

Front 4

Social Facilitation-

Back 4

other people positively impact performance

A study done by Norm Triplet (late 1800s) was on social facilitation. In one, kids throw out a fishing line and then reel it in as quickly as possible since they know they are being timed, and are having to compete with the other children.

Front 5

Social Inhibition-

Back 5

Other people negatively impact performance

Front 6

Social Loafing-

Back 6

Put forth less effort because you rely on other group members (This is affected by cultural orientation toward individualism or collectivism)

Front 7

Distraction-Conflict Theory-

Back 7

the effect of the presence of others is due not to the mere presence of others, or even to evaluation apprehension, but rather to the distracting effect of having other people around

Front 8

Deindividuation-

Back 8

Loss of self-awareness and self-restraint when a group situation (sense of anonymity)

Front 9

Group Polarization-

Back 9

exaggeration of members’ ideas when brought into a group

Front 10

Causes of Group Polarization

Back 10

New Information

Movement toward the group norm (as people meet other people who support their point of view, and they receive social approval from them, they begin to move in the direction of the group norm.)

Front 11

Risky Shift-

Back 11

Group becomes more risky if the members are likely to act risky

Front 12

Group Think

Back 12

Focusing too much on unanimity of the group, and less on looking at the real purpose of the group

Front 13

Conditions that lead to group think

Back 13

Isolation, cohesion, homogenous group

Absence of objective, impartial leadership

High levels of stress surrounding decision making

Front 14

Symptoms of Groupthink

Back 14

-Close-mindedness

-rationalization

-squelching of dissent

-the formation of a “mindguard” for the group (A person who appoints themself the keeper of the group that keeps people in line)

-The feeling of invulnerability

-Feelings of unanimity

Front 15

Cooperative Orientation-

Back 15

Making a compromise so that both parties will get to do what they want to do

Front 16

Competitive Orientation-

Back 16

Not looking at what you want, but still wanting to punish the other person

Front 17

Altruistic Orientation

Back 17

Thinking only of making the other person happy

Front 18

Individualistic Orientation

Back 18

Thinking only of yourself, and not considering the other person's opinion

Front 19

Bystander Effect-

Back 19

Kitty Genovese; 33 people heard what was going on while Kitty was attacked, but none of them called the cops in until after she was dead. The bigger the crowd, the more likely no one will jump in and help due to the assumption that someone else will help.

Front 20

Conformity-

Back 20

the process by which an individual shapes his or her behavior to make it consistent with the norms of a group

Front 21

Compliance-

Back 21

the process in which an individual follows the commands of an actual or perceived authority figure

Front 22

Effects of Group Size and Cohesiveness

Back 22

Group size

Cohesiveness

Perception of what others are doing

Gender

Social Status

Culture

Appearance of Unanimity

Front 23

social-roles theory of gender-

Back 23

(Alice Eagerly) says that females are generally more likely to conform than men under most circumstances.

Front 24

Justification

Back 24

Justifying your request

Front 25

-Low Ball:

Back 25

Get the target to comply and commit to a deal under misleadingly favorable circumstances, then adding hidden costs, or revealing hidden drawbacks

Front 26

Foot-In-The-Door:

Back 26

Asking the target for a small request to get them ready to do a bigger request-

Front 27

Door-In-The-Face:

Back 27

Making a large request which will be most likely rejected, then getting them to do a smaller request.

Front 28

That’s Not All:

Back 28

Offer something at a high price, then before the target has a chance to respond, you throw in something else to sweeten the deal

Front 29

Hard-To-Get:

Back 29

Convincing your target that what you are offering (or trying to get rid of) is hard to obtain

Front 30

Diffusion of Responsibility-

Back 30

implied reduction of responsibility to take action due to the presence of other people.

Front 31

Antisocial Behavior-

Back 31

behavior that is harmful to a given society or to its members

Front 32

prejudice-

Back 32

A negative attitude towards groups of individuals based on limited or wrong information about those groups or individuals.

Front 33

Social Categorization-

Back 33

the normal human tendency to sort people into groups according to various characteristics the observer perceives to be common to the members of each group

Front 34

Stereotypes

Back 34

perceived typical examples that illustrate the main characteristics of a particular social category, usually based on the assumption that the typical example represents ALL examples of the social category

Front 35

Outgroup Homogeneity Bias-

Back 35

The tendency to view members of an outgroup as all being alike

Front 36

Illusory Correlation-

Back 36

An inferred perception of a relation between unrelated variables. usually arising because the instances in which the variables coincide seem more noticeable than the instances in which the variables do not coincide

Front 37

Realistic-Conflict Theory

Back 37

(Levine & Campbell)- Argues that competition among groups for valuable but scarce resources leads to prejudices

Front 38

Social Identity Theory

Back 38

(Tajfel)- Suggests that people are motivated to protect their self-esteem and that they have prejudices in order to increase their self-esteem through believing that outgroups have less status than ingroups.

Front 39

Aggression-

Back 39

Behavior that is intended to cause harm or injury to another person

Front 40

Hostile Aggression-

Back 40

behavior that is intended to cause harm as a result of an emotional outburst caused by pain or distress

Front 41

Instrumental Aggression-

Back 41

Behavior that happens to cause harm or injury to another person as a byproduct of trying to get something valued by the aggressor

Front 42

Methods for Reducing Aggression

Back 42

Observing Nonaggressive Models (watching nonaggressive models can increase the likelihood of choosing alternatives to aggressive behavior)

Generating Incompatible Responses (One of the most successful techniques; empathy, humor, unexpected responses can defuse aggression)

Using Cognitive Strategies (A stop-and-think strategy raises alternatives to using aggression in the frustrating or threatening situations; an awareness of individual people as humans and of the humanity of fellow humans reduces deindividuation; an awareness of the reasons for another person’s behavior can reduce feelings of anger, frustration, and hostility)