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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is GERD?
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Gastro-esophageal reflux disease; a reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus which causes pain and discomfort .
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How is GERD normally prevented?
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By the lower esophageal sphincter (LES), which is a higher pressure area and prevents reflux into the esophagus from the low pressure area of the abdominal cavity.
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What can cause GERD?
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decreased tone and pressure of the LES, increased intra-abdominal pressure, increased gastric volume, acites, nicotine, caffeine, alcohol, beta and ca+ blockers, straining, etc.
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What problems does GERD cause?
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gastric contents irritate esophagus tissues and causes a breakdown which causes inflammation, erosions and ulcerations. The body tries to repair itself by making Barrets type epithelium which is pre-cancerous tissue.
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What are some s/sx of GERD?
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heart burn, substernal pain, regurgitation, sour taste, wheezing, dysphagia
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What interventions can we do for GERD?
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avoid or limit foods and meds that cause problems, avoid alcohol and nicotine, do not eat 2 hrs before bedtime, limit fluids with meals, don't lay down after a meal, avoid restrictive clothing, HOB up, avoid heavy lifting.
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What meds can help with GERD?
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Antacids, H2 receptors (pepcid, tagament, zantac, proton pump inhibitors (prevacid, prilosec, nexium)
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What is a hiatal hernia?
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weakness in the diaphragm and part of the stomach goes up to the thoracic cavity.
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What are two types of hiatal hernias?
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Sliding hiatal hernia and rolling hiatal hernia.
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What is a sliding hiatal hernia and what are the s/sx?
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The LES and a portion of the fundus moves thru the diaphragm into the thorax. S/sx: GERD like symptoms
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What is a rolling hiatal hernia and what are the s/sx?
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Fundus of the the stomach and portion of the greater curvature of the stomach roll up into the thoracic cavity (LES stay in ab. cavity). S/sx: fullness after meal, breathlessness, chest pain, reflux rare.
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What are some interventions for hiatel hernias?
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small frequent meals, avoid heavy lifting, HOB up, meds, surgery, ng tubes, etc.
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What is gastritis?
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inflammation of the gastric mucosa; mucosal barrier fails
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What is a complication of gastritis?
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Gastritis can damage chief and parietal cells that produce intrinsic factor which allows us to absorb vit. B-12 at puts you at risk for pernicious anemia.
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What is acute gastritis and what can cause it?
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short term problem caused by alcohol, drugs or food poisoning.
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What is chronic gastritis and what problems can it cause?
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long term problem which involves all layers of the stomach and is associated with gastric ulcers, cancers, etc.
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What are some s/sx of gastritis?
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pain-usually relived by food, can't tolerate spicy/fatty foods, weight loss.
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What are some interventions for gastritis?
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H2 receptor antagonists, vit. B-12 replacement, dietary changes, decrease in caffeine and alcohol, stress management.
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What is peptic ulcer disease?
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A ulcer in the GI tract caused by tissues coming into contact with gastric acid and usually occur on the lesser curvature of the stomach.
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What are duodenal ulcers?
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Most common ulcer and occur in the duodenum (small intestine) and are related to H. pylori.
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What are some s/sx of ulcers?
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burning pain relieved (duodenal) or worsened (gastric) by eating
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What are some complications of ulcers?
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peroration, hemorrhage, pyloric obstruction
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What are some interventions for ulcers?
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dietary changes, rest (physical and mental), ng tube, ns lavage, meds (antacids, H2 receptor antagonist, prostoglandin analogs, mucosal barrier fortifers, surgery
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What is IBS?
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Irritable bowel syndrome: gastric mobility problems or intenstinal mobility problem.
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What are some s/sx of IBS?
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several episodes of constipation, diarrhea, or combo of both, may have pain which subsides after defecation which is not being caused by an organic problem.
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What interventions are there for IBS?
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no specific tx, anti-diarrheals or increased fiber help, manage stress or avoid irritating foods.
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What is an abdominal hernia and what are the different types?
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intestine protrudes through a weakened area of the abdominal muscle related to increased intra-abdominal pressure. types: reducable, irreducable or incarcerated, and strangulated.
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What is a reducable and irreducable hernia?
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Reducable hernia the intestine can be returned (pushed back) to abdominal cavity where a irreducable hernia cannot.
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What is a strangulated hernia?
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ischemia of the intestines results from decreased blood supply and can lead to necrosis, bowel obstruction or perforated bowel.
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What are some s/sx of abd. hernias and what causes them?
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lump on abdomen (may need to reposition pt- have stand up or do valsalva maneuvers. Causes: heavy lifting, trauma, weakness of abd. muscles.
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What are the interventions for abd. hernias?
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truss or surgery, no heavy lifting, push hernia back in if reducable, etc.
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