Geography Grade 9 Exam Review

Front 1

Canada's Population Density

Back 1

4 people per square km

Front 2

What are CMA's (Census Metropolitan Areas)?

Back 2

An urban area in Canada with a population of more than 100,000

Front 3

The Province with the most CMA's

Back 3

Ontario because it is close to the borders, great lakes, has good soil and climate, etc.

Front 4

3 main settlement patterns and regions they are associated with

Back 4

Dispersed - Prairies

Concentrated - Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands

Linear - Quebec

Front 5

Continuous and Discontinuous Ecumene

Back 5

Continuous ecumene - part of the country where there is continuous permanent settlement

Discontinuous ecumene - part of the country where there are significant patches of settlement

Front 6

Is the population of rural areas increasing or decreasing?

Back 6

Decreasing because more people are moving to cities because there are more job opportunities.

Front 7

Part of Canada most likely to experience an earthquake and why?

Back 7

Coastal BC because the North American Plate and the Juan de Fuca plate are converging and the Juan de Fuca plate is subducting underneath the North American plate, they are locked and if they slip a massive earthquake will occur.

Front 8

Convergent, Divergent and Transform boundaries

Back 8

Convergent - Plates moving toward each other, continental meets continental (mountains), continental meets oceanic (oceanic subducts).

Divergent - Plates moving apart from each other, usually happens along the mid-ocean ridge.

Transform - Plates moving in roughly parallel but opposite directions, earthquakes.

Front 9

Tectonic plate Canada is located on

Back 9

North American Plate.

Front 10

What formed the mid-Atlantic ridge?

Back 10

Divergent plate boundary, plates moved apart and formed a ridge.

Front 11

What formed the Rockies?

Back 11

The Pacific and North American Plate collided.

Front 12

How igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks are formed?

Back 12

Igneous - when magma or lava cools

Sedimentary - after years of compaction and cementation of sediments

Metamorphic - changed version of igneous, sedimentary or other metamorphic rocks. From heat and pressure at convergent plate boundary

Front 13

Why the Canadian Shield is not good for farming

Back 13

The Canadian shield has poor rocky soils.

Front 14

Landform region where most Canadians live

Back 14

Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands

(GLSLL)

Front 15

Landform region where Rockies are found

Back 15

Western Cordillera

(WC)

Front 16

Canada's oldest and most eroded mountains

Back 16

Appalachians

Front 17

Landform region that contains oil, natural gas, and potash

Back 17

Interior Plains

(IP)

Front 18

Canada's most remote highland region

Back 18

Innuitian Mountains

(IM)

Front 19

Effect of latitude on average annual temp. (AAT)

Back 19

The farther you are from the equator, the colder it is (less direct sunlight).

Front 20

Effect of ocean currents on air masses

Back 20

Air masses and winds travelling over ocean currents are warmed or cooled depending on the temp. of the ocean current.

Front 21

The rate at which temperature decreases as you go up a mountain

Back 21

Without condensation - 1 degree Celsius per 100m of elevation change*

With condensation - 0.6 degrees Celsius per 100m of elevation change.

Front 22

Direction of prevailing winds in Canada

Back 22

West to East (Westerlies)

Front 23

Continental vs. Maritime climates

Back 23

Continental - Climate of areas far from an ocean (high AAT and low PPT).

Maritime - Climate of areas near an ocean (small ATR and high PPT).

Front 24

Climate region with coldest AAT

Back 24

Arctic.

Front 25

Climate region with warmest AAT and the smallest ATR

Back 25

Pacific Maritime.

Front 26

What the red line represents on a climograph

Back 26

Temperature.

Front 27

Calcified vs. Leached soils

Back 27

Calcified - Dry-climate soils, moisture and nutrients brought up.

Leached - Wet-climate soils, moisture and nutrients brought down.

Front 28

Coniferous vs. Deciduous trees

Back 28

Coniferous - Have needles, softwood.

Deciduous - Have leaves, hardwood.

Front 29

Vegetation known as temperature rainforest

Back 29

West Coast Forest.

Front 30

Transition zone between boreal forest and tall grasses

Back 30

Parkland.

Front 31

Forest region that has been cleared for farming and urban growth

Back 31

Mixed Forest. (Cleared)

Front 32

Wide transition zone between boreal and deciduous forests

Back 32

Mixed Forest. (Zone)

Front 33

Largest vegetation region in Canada

Back 33

Boreal Forest (and Taiga).

Front 34

Where vegetation grows close to the ground

Back 34

Tundra.

Front 35

Landform region, vegetation region, climate region, and soil type we live in

Back 35

Landform - Great Lakes St. Lawrence Lowlands

Vegetation - Southeastern

Climate - Mixed Forest

Soil - Wet-Climate.

Front 36

Total Stock

Back 36

All parts of the natural environment taken together.

Front 37

Resouce

Back 37

Anything that humans find useful, and can be used to produce goods and services.

Front 38

Natural Resource

Back 38

Things found in the total stock that people find useful.

Front 39

Production of energy by type

Back 39

Oil - 46.2%

Natural Gas - 31.7%

Coal - 8.8%

Hydro - 8.1%

Flow and other Resources - 3.3%

Nuclear - 1.9%

Front 40

Renewable resources

Back 40

Resources that can be regenerated if used carefully (fish, forestry, farming).

Front 41

Non-renewable resources

Back 41

Resources that are limited and cannot be regenerated when used up (fossil fuels, minerals).

Front 42

Flow resources

Back 42

Resources that come from natural actions, they must be used when and where they occur (wind, sunlight, water currents). They can't be damaged by human activity.

Front 43

Other resources

Back 43

Resources that do not fit into the other three categories (Northern Lights, Niagara Falls, Rocky Mountains), attract tourists.

Front 44

None of the 3Rs, recycling, reusing, reducing

Back 44

None of the 3Rs - Item is taken to landfill or burned in an incinerator

Recycling - Item is destroyed when you don't want it but material is saved for reuse

Reusing - Item is used by someone else when you don't want it

Reducing - The item is not purchased or produced at all.

Front 45

Rethinking our use of resources

Back 45

Rethinking by individuals - use reusable cups, etc.

Rethinking by companies -

Rethinking by governments -

Front 46

Conservation

Back 46

The wise use of resources.

Front 47

Mining the resource

Back 47

Exploiting a renewable resource in an unsustainable way.

Front 48

Sustained yield management

Back 48

The process of managing renewable resources to ensure that the amount harvested does not cause long-term depletion of the resource.

Front 49

Growing degree days (GDD's)

Back 49

A measure of how warm the growing season is in a location.

Front 50

Intensive farming vs. extensive farming

Back 50

Intensive - small areas of land, large labour force, near urban areas (dairy for nearby).

Extensive - large areas of land, small labour force, (wheat and cooking oil for export).

Front 51

Groundfish, pelagic fish, and shellfish

Back 51

Groundfish - fish that feed and are caught near the ocean ground.

Pelagic fish - fish that feed and are caught near the surface.

Shellfish - fish that have no backbone but hard shells.

Front 52

Inshore fishing vs. offshore fishing

Back 52

Inshore - 16-25km, family run, depend on government support, more labour, less catch.

Offshore - Past continental shelf, company run, more stable, less labour, more catch.

Front 53

Continental shelf

Back 53

Part of the ocean next to continents that is less than 200m deep.

Front 54

Banks

Back 54

Shallow parts of the continental shelf good for fishing

Front 55

200 nautical mile limit

Back 55

Foreign cod catch went down while Canadian cod catch went up.

Front 56

Algonquin Park

Back 56

Unofficial border between southern and northern Ontario. Economic benefit to Ontario, in early 1890's it was clear that it could be devastated by too much logging. Provides jobs seasonally in park and 12 saw mills outside and large tourism industry in park and nearby communities.

Front 57

R/P ratio

Back 57

The number of years that the reserves of a non-renewable resource

Front 58

Formation of fossil fuels

Back 58

Fossil fuels are formed from remains of plants and animals, compaction and cementation of sediments on top.

Front 59

Energy demand in Canada and demand vs. price relationship

Back 59

As price went up, demand not as high.

Front 60

Contribution of fracking to our energy supply

Back 60

Fracking is a variety of techniques used to break shale layers in order to release natural gas and/or oils that have been trapped. It has become common over the years because it is a new and important contributor for expanding our energy supply.

Front 61

Bioenergy

Back 61

Energy from burning biomass (wood products, plants, etc.) or biogas (gas produces in landfills)

Front 62

Metallic minerals vs. non-metallic minerals

Back 62

Metallic minerals - change form when melted (igneous and metamorphic)

Non-metallic minerals - don't change when melted (sedimentary)

Front 63

Mineral reserves

Back 63

A mineral deposit that can be mined profitably.

Front 64

Mining methods

Back 64

Strip mining - Cheapest method, most destructive, used to mine minerals near the surface.

Open-pit mining - Second cheapest, used to mine minerals near the surface and extending down.

Underground mining - Most expensive, used to extract ores deep underground (1000m-3000m deep).

Front 65

Impact of glaciation on diamond mining

Back 65

Makes it difficult to find indicator minerals (minerals found in same rock as rarer diamonds).

Front 66

Profitability of diamond mining, supplying diamond mines, and the SEMA (Social Economic Monitoring Agreement)

Back 66

0.2g per 100 tonnes (1 carat). Difficult and expensive to supply. SEMA is an agreement to benefit First Nations in diamond mining

Front 67

Period when there were more births than deaths

Back 67

1861-1901?

Front 68

The year more people came to Canada than left Canada

Back 68

1913

Front 69

The main reason Canada's population is growing

Back 69

Immigration

Front 70

The century in which immigration became significant

Back 70

20th century

Front 71

The period since natural increase rate has been decreasing

Back 71

1961-1971

Front 72

Canada's total population increase per day

Back 72

923 people.

Front 73

What matters the most when studying population?

Back 73

Rates.

Front 74

How to calculate birth rate

Back 74

Number of births / by population x 1000.

Front 75

Natural increase rate

Back 75

Birth rate - death rate

Front 76

What a negative natural increase rate means

Back 76

More deaths than births

Front 77

What a positive net migration rate means

Back 77

More immigration than emigration.

Front 78

How to calculate population growth rate

Back 78

Natural increase rate + Net migration rate

Front 79

Doubling time

Back 79

How long it takes to double a country's population, calculate with "rule of 70".

Front 80

Rule of 70

Back 80

70 / Population growth rate.

Front 81

Power of compounding

Back 81

Netgrowth occurring on growth that has taken place.

Front 82

Projected growth of Canada's population

Back 82

Growing steadily.

Front 83

% of Canadians that are immigrants or descendants of immigrants

Back 83

97%.

Front 84

Push and pull factors

Back 84

Push - Something that drives someone to leave their current country (war, poor environmental conditions, desperate economic conditions, Irish potato fail in 1840).

Pull - Something that makes a country seem attractive to potential immigrants (good educational and economical opportunities, relatives, friends, free land in prairies from 1896-1913).

Front 85

What makes it difficult to immigrate

Back 85

Interviewing obstacles, can't process, leaving family, don't qualify.

Front 86

Illegal immigrants

Back 86

Can't qualify, don't want to wait.

Front 87

Year Canada had the most immigrants

Back 87

1913.

Front 88

When Canada gave free land in the Prairies

Back 88

1896-1913.

Front 89

Becoming an immigrant

Back 89

Difficult, most Canadians wouldn't qualify, tough standards.

Front 90

Two broad categories of immigrants

Back 90

Economic, and social humanitarian.

Front 91

Provinces where most immigrants settle

Back 91

Ontario, BC.

Front 92

Why immigrants settle in cities

Back 92

Job opportunities, family, friends, support systems.

Front 93

Internal migration

Back 93

Interprovincial and intraprovincial migration.

Front 94

Interprovincial migration

Back 94

Moving from one province to another, low employment to high employment.

Front 95

Provinces that gained the most from interprovincial migration

Back 95

1. Alberta, 2. Ontario, 3. BC.