Grade 9 Canadian Geography Academic Exam Review

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Birth Rate

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Number of births per 1000 in a given population.

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Rural

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Living in or characteristic of farming or country life

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Baby Boom

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The rapid population increase that took place between 1945 and 1960

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Death Raten

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The number of deaths per 1,000 people in given population

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Demography

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scientific study of human populations

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Dependency load

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portion of the population that is not in the workforce; total people under 14 and over 65

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Doubling Time

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the time required for a population to double in size

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Emigrate

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leave one's country of residence for a new one

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First Nation

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An Aboriginal group whose members wish to be treated as a distinct group based on a shared culture and history

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Immigrant

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person who comes to a country where they were not born in order to settle there

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Life Expectancy

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The average lifespan of the population

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Population Density

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A measurement of the number of people per given unit of land

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Population Distribution

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How population is spread out in an area

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Pull Factor

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Factor such as freedom or employment opportunities that attract a person to a country

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Push Factor

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Factor, such as unemployment or the lack of freedom of speech, that makes people want to leave their country and move to another one

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Refugee

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Person who flees to another country to escape persecution or disaster

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Urban

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Relating to or concerned with a city or densely populated area

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Immigrate

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Into a new country and change residency

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latitude

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the distance of any pointnorth or south of the equator, measuredup to 90 degrees

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longitude

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the distance of any pointeast or west of the Prime Meridian,measured up to 180 degrees

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Global Positioning System

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(GPS) a system of satellites and portablereceivers able to pinpoint each receiver’slocation anywhere on earth

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sustainable

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an activity that maintainsan ecological balance by avoiding thedepletion of a natural resource

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Geographic Information System

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(GIS)an information system that stores,analyzes, and presents geographic data

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topography

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the shape and structureof the surface features of a place orregion

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igneousrock rock

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formed frommolten material, such as lava

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sedimentaryrock rock

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made upof layered deposits that have fusedtogether

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metamorphicrock rock

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changedfrom its original form through heatand pressure

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foldmountains mountains

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formedby sedimentary rock being pushedtogether by forces within the earth andfolded into mountains and valleys

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fossil fuel

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a natural fuel formed bygeological forces from the remains ofliving organisms

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evaporite

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a type of sedimentarydeposit resulting from the evaporationof seawater

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plate

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a slab of the earth’s crust; platesare underneath all continents andoceans, regularly moving away fromand toward each other

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plate tectonics

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forces and movementwithin and on the earth’s crustthat form its features, such as mountainranges and ocean basins

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climate

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the temperatures, humidity,rainfall, and atmospheric conditions of aregion over long periods of time

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continental

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continental climate the climate of acontinent’s interior

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precipitation

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climate rain, snow, hail,and fog

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maritime

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climate a coastal climate

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ecosystem

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an ecological communityof plants and animals together with itsenvironment, extending over an area

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Subarctic

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Many swampy areas of scattered coniferous trees mixed with tundravegetation. Along with some Arctic wildlife are caribou, lemmings,and snowy owls.

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Tundra

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A treeless landscape of permafrost with mostly low shrubs, mosses,and lichens. Polar bears, seals, walruses, musk ox, and Arctic foxessurvive in this harsh climate.

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Openwoodland

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An area of scattered evergreen trees, shrubs, and grass. Animalspecies living in this region can include caribou, martens, bears, geese,beaver, and lynx.

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Coniferousforest

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Evergreens such as spruce, fir, pine, and aspen are the most common.This region has deer, moose, black bears, and many fur-bearinganimals, as well as hawks, eagles, and various types of wild ducks.Soils are not very fertile.

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Coast andinteriorforest

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This is primarily a coniferous forest region. The coast region treesshow greater growth because of a wet and mild climate. The higherslopes of mountains above the treeline have tundra and Arctic vegetation.Some southern interior valleys have short grass and plants.Unsettled areas are home to abundant wildlife: cougars, mountainsheep, bears, moose, and birds.

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Mixedforest

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Made up of softwood trees, such as hemlock and cedar, as well ashardwood trees such as maple, birch, oak, and ash. This region hasthe same wildlife as the coniferous region. Soil is more fertile in mixedforests than in coniferous forests.

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Parkland

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A transition zone between the dry southern prairies and the coniferousforest, this region has long grasses and clumps of aspen andcottonwood trees. Wildlife from the coniferous forest and grasslandsare found here.

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Grassland

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This is an area of short grasses with not enough moisture for trees.Antelope, gophers, and wild fowl are the main animals. Bison, untilhunted to near extinction, were the largest animals. Soils are far morefertile than in the forest regions.

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cultural landscapes

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landscapes thathave been changed by human societies

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culture

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thebehaviour, arts, beliefs, andinstitutions of a particular communityor population

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urbanization

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the process of becomingan area with a large, concentratedpopulation

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boom and bust

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words used todescribe a healthy (booming) economyand/or one that is failing (bust)

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Natural forces

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Plate tectonics—movements within and on the earth’s crust—formed themountains of Canada. Mount Robson is the highest mountain in the Rockies. It was erodedand sculpted by glaciers into the landscape we see today. Do you think mountains like thisone might change in the future?

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Nature’s highways

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Melting water from glaciers and rivers shaped the landscapes of Canada.Aboriginal peoples, and later fur traders and explorers, used the rivers to travel across the country.

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Changes.

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The geography of Canada was changed ascolonization spread from the Atlantic Ocean to the PacificOcean. As newcomers grew in number, the landscape waschanged even further. Will these changes continue?

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A smaller world.

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Modern communication has bridgedthe distances of what early explorers called “the great loneland.” The identity of Canadians has been shaped byCanada’s size and landscape. As the country “shrinks” as aresult of new technology, will an identity so closely linkedto the land be lost?

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geographic perspective

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a way oflooking at and understanding the world

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Formal regions

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Based on official boundaries, such as cities andprovinces. Can also include areas that sharephysical or climatic similarities.

These regionsare usually widely accepted.St. Lawrence Lowlands, Greater VictoriaRegional District

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Functional regions

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Based on connections created by an activitysuch as communication or trade flows. Theseregions can only exist as long as the activity orduty exists.

The distribution area of a newspaper, NorthAmerican Free Trade Agreement countries

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Perceptual regions

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Determined by people’s attitudes and feelings.This type of region usually has meaning onlyto individuals who have a “mental map” of itas a region.“

up north,” “the interior”

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globalization

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the process ofeconomic, technological, political,and cultural forces creating a single,global society

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geology

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the study of the earth’s crustto learn its origin, history, and structure

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St. Lawrence Lowlands

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The flat, rolling valleys of the lowlands contain rich soils that make the area suitable for farming. Thisorchard is in the Niagara region. Why might this region be amongthe first areas of Canada colonized by Europeans?

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St. Lawrence River

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River runs from the the Great Lakesto the Atlantic Ocean. Why do you think some of Canada’s largestcities can be found in this region?

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Interior Plains

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include not only flat prairie andfarmland, but also rivers, lakes, and forests. Together, these naturalresources provided a rich environment for both the First Nationspeople who moved throughout the region and the immigrants whofarmed and raised cattle. Why do you think the two lifestyles haddifficulty existing side by side?

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Alberta

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Wind, rain, and river water continue to expose thesedimentary layers deposited millions of years ago. In some parts of.....diverse deposits of fossils have created a booming touristindustry and have attracted paleontologists from around the world.

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Coast Range.

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The jagged peaksof Mount Waddington, BritishColumbias highest mountain,are typical of the ...

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seismic

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relating to earthquakes or othervibrations of the earth’s crust

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subduction zone

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a long region with atrench, where a descending tectonic plateis pushed down into the earth

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Richter scale

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a measure of the power ofearthquakes

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Altitude

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The higher the altitude, the colder the temperature. Mountainous or hilly areas generallyexperience colder temperatures, which is why snow can still appear on mountainsin the summer

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Distance fromthe sea

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The surface of land heats and cools more quickly than water. A large land mass such asCanada can be very hot in summer and very cold in winter. By contrast, temperatures inareas such as the west coast of Canada are moderated by the ocean, creating less of adifference between summer and winter temperatures.

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Wind direction

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In Canada, prevailing winds (those that usually come from one direction) are from thewest or the north. West coast communities have the mildest winter temperatures as aresult of warm westerly winds coming off the ocean.

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Ocean currents

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are either warm or cold, depending on where they come from. Oceancurrents warm or heat the air, which is then blown onto land. The west coast, with awarm current, has a mild climate. Newfoundland and Labrador, next to a cold oceancurrent, has much harsher winters.

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Latitude

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The higher the latitude, the lower the intensity of the sun’s rays. As a result, there is agreater seasonal variation in the length of day and night. These conditions can affectfarming, since crops need long days and warm seasons.

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boreal forest

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Much of Canada is covered by ..... Natural vegetation is determinedby temperature and precipitation, soil, the slope of the land, and drainage. Why do you thinkgrasslands and lowlands, in particular, might show the effects of human activity?

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runoff

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pesticides, herbicides, and othermaterials that drain from fields intorivers, lakes, and groundwater

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feedlot

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an enclosed area where largeherds of cows are fed and raised