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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ethnic Group |
group of people of common ancestry and cultural tradition |
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Assimilation |
implies complete blending with the host culture and may involve the loss of many distinct ethnic traits |
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Acculturation |
ethnic group adopts the ways of the host society to be able to function economically and socially |
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Ethnic Homelands |
-large rural areas, often have overlapping municipal borders, sizable populations -tend to reinforce ethnicity (ex. French-Canadian homeland in Quebec) -strong sense of attachment |
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Ethnic Substrate
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regional cultural distinctiveness that remains following the assimilation of an ethnic homeland; ancient, vanished ethnicity (ex. Etruscan people) |
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Ethnoburb |
suburban ethnic neighborhood, sometimes home to relatively affluent immigration populations |
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Chain Migration |
-an individual or small group decides to migrate to a foreign country; typically arises from negative conditions in the home area -push vs. pull -hierarchical and contagious diffusion -channelization |
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Return Migration |
ethnic diffusion of voluntary movement of a group of migrants back to their ancestral homeland (ex. Black Belt in the South US) |
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What happens to an ethnic group's culture as they migrate to a new country? |
-cultural simplification (process where immigrant ethnic groups lose certain aspects of their traditional culture in the process of settling somewhere new -immigrants borrow, invent, and modify their culture to better suit the adopted place |
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Preadaptation |
a complex of adaptive traits and skills possessed in advance of migration by a group, giving them survival ability and competitive advantage in occupying the new environment |
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Environmental Racism |
-targeting areas where ethnic minorities live with respect to environmental contamination -poor families migrate to the last and worst places (ex. color communities in urban ghettos) |
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Sovereignty |
the right of individual states to control political and economic affairs within their territory without external interference |
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Enclave |
piece of territory surrounded by a country (ex. Vatican City within Rome, Italy) |
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Exclave |
piece of national territory separated from main body of a country (ex. Hawaii) |
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Natural Boundary |
political border that follows some feature of natural environment (ex. mountains) |
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Ethnographic Boundary |
political boundary that follows some cultural border (ex. language) |
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Geometric Boundary |
political border drawn in geometric manner (straight line) |
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Relic Boundary |
former political border that no longer functions as a boundary; often leave behind a trace of local cultures (ex. Berlin Wall) |
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Centripetal Forces |
any factor that supports the internal unity of a country (ex. a national hero like Gandhi in India) |
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Centrifugal Forces |
any factor that disrupts the internal unity of a country (ex. religions, ideologies, etc) |
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Supranational Political Bodies |
-supranationalism (exists when countries voluntarily give up some portion of their sovereignty to gain the advantages of a closer relationship with neighbors) -supranational organization (group of independent countries joined together for purposes of mutual interest) |
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Gerrymandering |
-drawing of electoral district boundaries in an awkward pattern to enhance the voting impact of one constituency at the expense of another -packing vs. cracking |
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Core Area |
territorial nucleus from which a country grows in area and over time, often containing the national capital and the main center of commerce, culture, and industry |
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Peripheral Region |
-region that is isolated from another region because of physical and human factors -physically and economically isolated from the 'main' region -Factors that effect the main region don't effect the peripheral region |
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The Cleavage Model |
-used to explain pattern in electoral geography -explains persistent regional patterns in voting behaviour |
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Federal vs. Unitary Governments |
-federalist governments can reduce appeal of separatist movements by distributing power - |
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Proselytic Religion |
actively seeks new members and aims to convert all humankind (ex. Christianity, Islam) |
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Ethnic Religion |
identified with a particular ethnic or tribal group, does not seek to convert (ex. Judaism) |
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Orthodox Religion |
strands with most major religions that emphasize purity of faith and not open to blending with other religions |
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Fundamentalism |
movement to return to the founding principles of religion |
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Political Ecology |
the understanding of how political and economic forces affect people's relationships to the land |
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Abrahamic Religions |
Christianity, Judaism, and Islam |
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Semitic Religious Hearth |
-originated from deserts of Middle East -spread through relocation and expansion diffusion -contact conversion (spread of religious beliefs by personal contact) |
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Indus-Ganges Religious Hearth |
-northern edge of Indian subcontinent -faith carried overseas, most converted religions lost to other religions -Hinduism began in Punjab -Buddhism began in Ganges Plain |
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East Asian Religious Hearth |
-adopted widely throughout China -hierarchical diffusion -spread through trade and military conquest |
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Sunni vs. Shiite |
-Sunni Muslims represent the Islamic orthodoxy -Shiite Muslims form majority of Iran and Iraq, believe that Ali (Muhammad's son-in-law) should have succeeded Muhammad |
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Catholic and Protestant perception of church |
-abstract -Catholic churches: large, ornate -Protestant churches: small, subtle |
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Core of Mormonism |
Utah |
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Mystical vs. Sacred Spaces |
-sacred space: area recognized by a religious group as worthy of devotion, loyalty, esteem, or fear to the extent that they become sought out -mystical space: a sacred space of vanished ancient religions gains the functional status of mystical place (ex. Stonehenge) |
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States vs. Nations |
-state: a centralized authority that enforces a single political, economic, and legal system within its territory (ex. Ontario, Canada) -nation: an independent country dominated by a relatively homogeneous culture group (ex. Brazil) |
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Secularization |
-refers to the historical process in which religion loses social and cultural significance. |
