Gen Bio

Front 1

Double layer of phospholipids

Back 1

Hidup hydrophilic ends from outer border

Hydrophobic tails from inner layer

Front 2

Transport Proteins:

Back 2

Regulate movement of hydrophilic molecules through membraneA) Channel Proteins (e.g. Na' channels)B) Carrier Proteins (e.g. glucose transporter)

Front 3

Receptor Proteins

Back 3

Trigger cell activity when molecule from outside environment binds to protein

Front 4

How are Substances Transported Across Membranes?

Back 4

Answer: Concentration GradientsConcentration = Number of molecules in a given unit of volume (e.g. grams/liter; moles / liter)Gradient = Difference between two regions of space such that molecules move from one region to the other

Front 5

Recognition Proteins:

Back 5

• Allow cells to recognize / attach to one another• Glycoproteins: Proteins with attached carbohydrate groups

Front 6

Osmosis

Back 6

Movement of water from an area of high [water] to area of low [water] across semi-permeable membrane

Front 7

the prefix hyper refers to the extracellular fluid having a higher osmolarity than the cell's cytoplasm; therefore, the fluid contains less water than the cell does. Because the cell has a relatively higher concentration of water, water will leave the cell.

Back 7

Hypertonic Solutions

Front 8

the extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the cell. If the osmolarity of the cell matches that of the extracellular fluid, there will be no net movement of water into or out of the cell, although water will still move in and out. Blood cells and plant cells in hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic solutions take on characteristic appearances.

Back 8

Isotonic Solutions

Front 9

used to relate the osmolarity of a cell to the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid that contains the cells. In a hypotonic solution, the extracellular fluid has lower osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell, and water enters the cell. (In living systems, the point of reference is always the cytoplasm, so the pre- fix hypo- means that the extracellular fluid has a lower concentration of solutes, or a lower osmolarity, than the cell cytoplasm.) It also means that the extracellular fluid has a higher concentration of water in the solution than does the cell. In this situation, water will follow its concentration gradient and enter the cell.

Back 9

Hypotonic Solutions

Front 10

Describe the total solute concentration of a solution

Back 10

Osmolarity

Front 11

Describe how a extracellular solution can change the volume of a cell by affecting osmosis.

Back 11

Tonicity

Front 12

("cell drinking")• Uptake of fluid droplets

Back 12

Pinocytosis

Front 13

Uptake of specific molecules via coated pits

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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis

Front 14

("cell eating")• Uptake of large particles (e.g. bacteria)

Back 14

Phagocytosis

Front 15

Movement of large particles into cells (vesicle formation)

Back 15

Endocytosis

Front 16

Movement of large particles into cells (vesicle formation)

• parang sya yung kumakain 😭

Back 16

Endocytosis

Front 17

Movement of large particles out of cells (eg. hormones)

Eto naman yung palabas 😎

Back 17

Exocytosis

Front 18

How are cells surface specialized?

Back 18

Junction allow cells to connect and communicate

Front 19

the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

Back 19

ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE

Front 20

Endergonic and exergonic reaction

Back 20

Endergonic reaction: requires energy usually ATP

Exergonic reaction: releases energy, occurring spontaneously

Front 21

A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another is called an______

Back 21

oxidation-reduction reaction

Front 22

proteins that help speed up chemical reactions in our bodies.

Back 22

Enzymes

Front 23

Enzymes belong to the biomolecule group of?

Back 23

Proteins

Front 24

The structure of enzymes and substrates are a "_______" model

Back 24

Lock and key

Front 25

The location where they bind (sit down) is called the _______.

Back 25

active site

Front 26

The molecules that bind to the enzyme are called ____.

Back 26

Substrates

Front 27

After the enzyme and substrate bind it is called an

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enzyme-substrate complex

Front 28

Factors that affect enzyme action

Back 28

Temperature the rate of an enzyme increases with the temperature. If the temperature is too high it can denature or destroy the shape of the enzyme so that it no longer fits to the substrate

Front 29

Chemical messengers called _____ can signal a cell to start or stop an enzyme from working

Back 29

HORMONES

Front 30

__________________inhibitors are medications that help relax the veins and arteries to lower blood pressure. ACE inhibitors prevent an enzyme in the body from producing angiotensin II, a substance that narrows blood vessels

Back 30

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

Front 31

What are the factors that affect enzyme action in your notes

Back 31

Temperature

pH

Hormones

Inhibitors

Front 32

•Yeast cells also contain INVERTASE, another enzyme that can break sucrose, and SUCRASE. This enzyme works on the small percentage of sucrose found in sugar. These two enzymes are responsible for producing much of the glucose needed by the yeast for fermentation.

Back 32

Bro read

Front 33

is an energy-driven process where membrane proteins transport molecules across cells, mainly classified as either primary or secondary, based on how energy is coupled to fuel these mechanisms.

Back 33

Active transport

Front 34

is the process by which molecules, atoms, or ions diffuse through a semipermeable membrane down their concentration gradient without the assistance of transporter proteins.

Back 34

Simple diffusion

Front 35

is the passive movement of molecules along the concentration gradient. It is a selective process, i.e., the membrane allows only selective molecules and ions to pass through it.

Back 35

Facilitated diffusion

Front 36

An _______ may prevent or slow the enzyme rate by blocking the active site where the substrate sits down!

Back 36

INHIBITOR