Gen Bio 2 Test 3

Front 1

leukocytes

Back 1

1. They all have a nucleus

2. They are important in inflammation, host defense and fighting infection

3. They are produced in bone marrow in adult humans

4. They are usually a bit larger than erythrocytes

Front 2

(T/F) There are 5 different portal systems in humans (Homo sapiens)

Back 2

False

Front 3

In humans, normal venous Po2 is ____ mm Hg and venous Pco2 ____ mm Hg

Back 3

40, 46

Front 4

Significant ingestion of ethanol inhibits ADH release. Decreased ADH levels would cause the following.

Back 4

increase urine volume, diluted urine

Front 5

What P50 value shows the hemoglobin with the highest oxygen affinity?

Back 5

p50= 10

Front 6

a majority of___ is carried in the blood bound to hemoglobin and the majority of ___ is carried in the blood as bicarbonate ion.

Back 6

oxygen, carbon dioxide

Front 7

a significant drop of increase in blood glucose concentration in a normal human will cause ____ by the pancreas

Back 7

an increased release of glucagon

Front 8

at the ___ end of a muscular capillary, there is usually a net filtration primarily due to the higher ___ at that end of the capillary

Back 8

arteriolar, blood pressure

Front 9

The bile salts are important for

Back 9

emulsifying lipids

Front 10

the atmospheric pressure at an altitude of 10,000 feet is 523 mm Hg. The partial pressure of oxygen at this altitude is ___ mm Hg.

Back 10

109

Front 11

What classes of vertebrates can excrete a concentrated urine?

Back 11

birds, mammals

Front 12

Which of the following hormones is released by the anterior pituitary gland in humans?

Back 12

ACTH

Front 13

(T/F) The pulmonary circulation in mammals is a higher resistance circuit than the systemic circulation.

Back 13

false

Front 14

the way that changes in pH affects the affinity of hemoglobin for o2 is called the Bohr effect. When proton concentration [H+] the affinity for hemoglobin for o2 ___.

Back 14

decreases

Front 15

Coronary blood flow is maximum during ventricular ___.

Back 15

diastol

Front 16

A significant sustained increase in systematic arteriole blood pressure would cause ___. (assume no change in other factors)

Back 16

a decrease in ADH release

Front 17

(T/F) the most efficient type of flow pattern for exchange is cross current flow.

Back 17

False

Front 18

Iodine is required for the synthesis of the hormone(s) ___ released directly by the thyroid gland.

Back 18

T3, T4

Front 19

The h2co3/ hco3 buffer system is effective in blood because ___.

Back 19

Co2 acts as a volatile acid that can be removed or retained by the lungs.

Front 20

(T/F) The Chondrichthyes use urea to help balance their ECF osmolarity with sea water. Thus, they have a high level of urea in their ECF.

Back 20

True

Front 21

Layers containing a smooth muscle in a typical section of the mammalian GI tract is called the ___.

Back 21

Muscularis

Front 22

What does the vasa recta do?

Back 22

1. acts as a countercurrent exchanger

2. Maintains hypertonic medullary interstitium byremoving water

Front 23

Excretion in the mammalian kidney equals ___ plus ___ minus.

Back 23

filtration, secretion, reabsorption

Front 24

(T/F) when activated, the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate

Back 24

true

Front 25

(T/F) When activated, the sympathetic nervous system increases intestinal motility.

Back 25

False

Front 26

(T/F) When activated, the sympathetic nervous system increases blood pressure

Back 26

true

Front 27

(T/F) When activated, the sympathetic nervous system decreases urine transformation

Back 27

True

Front 28

(T/F) When activated, the sympathetic nervous system increases cardiac output.

Back 28

True

Front 29

The T wave of an ECG depicts ___.

Back 29

Ventricular repolarization

Front 30

When Aldosterone is present ___ and water reabsorption by the kidney ___

Back 30

sodium, increases

Front 31

(T/F) The Mitral and aortic valves are innervated by the systemic nervous system and open and close because of these nerves.

Back 31

false

Front 32

Decreasing systemic arteriolar radius will ___ average blood pressure. Assume all other variables remain constant.

Back 32

increase

Front 33

Cardiac output is equal to ___ times ___.

Back 33

heart rate, stroke volume

Front 34

Edema (fluid accumulation in the interstitial space) can occur when ___.

Back 34

1. capillary filtration greatly exceeds capillary re-absorption

2.the lymphatic ducts are blocked

Front 35

Carbon dioxide is ___ soluble than oxygen in water and diffuses ___ than oxygen

Back 35

more, slower

Front 36

during inspiration, intrapleural pressure ___ in humans.

Back 36

decreases

Front 37

Rodents, lagomorphs and other non-ruminant herbivores digest cellulose in a special GI structure called the ___.

Back 37

cecum

Front 38

(T/F) one of the common treatments for mild hypertension is the use of a diuretitic (a class of drug) which increases urine output and reduces blood volume.

Back 38

True

Front 39

The osmolarity of a 0.90% solution of CaCl2 (MW= 111) is ___.

Back 39

243.0 Mosm

Front 40

About 60-70% of renal tubular reabsorption occurs in the ___.

Back 40

Proximal convoluted tubule

Front 41

If a patient has a tumor in their thyroid glands that coninuously secrets excess thyroid hormone, What would you expect?

Back 41

1. Decreased TSH and TRH plasma levels

Front 42

the loop of henle is important in generating a ___ by acting as a ___

Back 42

Hypertonic medullary interstitium, countercurrent multiplier

Front 43

Although the kidneys weight about 0.4% of total body mass, they receive 20% of each cardiac output. This high blood flow, in part is used to supply the oxygen demands of the kidneys. The o2 consumption in renal tissue is used to generate large amounts of ATP. What is the main renal process that requires so much ATP?

Back 43

Tubular reabsorption

Front 44

The pancreas in humans secretes ___ into the intestine via the pancreatic duct.

Back 44

1. enzymes to digest proteins, carbohydrates and lipids

2. bicarbonate to neutralize acid from the stomach

Front 45

injection of the drug which causes arteriolar vaso constriction directly triggers an initial increase in blood pressure. What will be the reflex response (Driven by the baro receptors) of the cardiovascular system?

Back 45

There will be an increase in heart rate???

there will be an increase in stroke volume???

Front 46

(T/F) Increase in the ECF concentration of K would cause depolarization of cardiac muscle cells plasma membranes and could end up stopping cardiac action potentials.

Back 46

True

Front 47

Hemorrhage or blood loss leads to hypovalimia (low blood volume). A sudden hypovalimia would directly cause

Back 47

1. decreased cardiac output

2. Decreased blood pressure

Front 48

Peptide hormones, such as arginine- vasopressin and oxytosin bind to

Back 48

cell surface receptors

Front 49

In the Heart, the aortic valve closes because

Back 49

Aortic pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure

Front 50

a sustained decrease in BP would elicit what reflex responses

Back 50

1. increased angiotension II concentration in the blood

2. increased aldosterone concentration in the blood

3. increase ADH concentration in the blood

4. arteolar vasoconstriction

Front 51

The maximum amount of air that a normal individual can voluntarily move in or out by breathing is called the ____.

Back 51

vital capacity

Front 52

water moves between carious fluid compartments because of ___.

Back 52

osmotic gradient

Front 53

An individual ingests an overdose which, at least initially, causes an increase in ventilation. Assuming the drug is working directly on the peripheral chemoreceptors, the drug is most likely ___.

Back 53

an acid

Front 54

endocrine

Back 54

secreted into the blood

Front 55

paracrine

Back 55

local secretion

Front 56

Autocrine

Back 56

secreted by the same cell type

Front 57

2 types of hormones

Back 57

hydrophylic (polar), lipophylic (nonpolar)

Front 58

anterior pituitary glands

Back 58

ACTH, FSH, GH, Prolactin, MSH, TSH

Front 59

Posterior pituitary glands

Back 59

ADH (Vasopressin), Oxytocin

Front 60

Diabetes Mellitus

Back 60

increase urine, increase glucose (increase in urine), lack of insulin

Front 61

Diabetes Insipidus

Back 61

Lack of ADH (from post. pituitary, works on kidneys)

Front 62

circulatory system in unicellular organisms

Back 62

O2, nutrients, waste exchange by diffusion

Front 63

Circulatory system in organisms

Back 63

Need to move stuff to & from each cell by convection, such as hydraulic pressure

Front 64

Major function of the circulatory system

Back 64

transport

Front 65

Vertebrate circulation system functions

Back 65

transportation (Gas exchange, nutritive, excetory), regulation (hormone transport, temp. reg.), Protective (hemostatis, inflammation, immune resp.)

Front 66

hemostasis

Back 66

prevention of blood loss

Front 67

types of flow

Back 67

concurrent, countercurrent, cross current

Front 68

Hematocrit

Back 68

volume of RBC/ total volume

Front 69

Plasma

Back 69

-liquid portion of the blood

- 55% by volume in mammals

-contains

-h2o

-salts/electrolytes

-glucose

-metabolites/ lactate

Front 70

coagulation

Back 70

formation of a clot

Front 71

platelet active drugs (anti platelet)

Back 71

aspirin, clopidogrel (plavix), GPIIbIIa (Fibrinogen Receptor Inhibitors)

Front 72

anti- coagulant drugs (prevents clot)

Back 72

Heparin, Warfarin, Thrombin Inhibitors

Front 73

Blood pressure=

Back 73

Cardiac Output *vascular Resistance

Front 74

there must be a ___ for flow to occur

Back 74

pressure difference

Front 75

mammalian and bird circulations

Back 75

4 chambered hear

2 circulations in series

Front 76

P wave

Back 76

atrial depolarization

Front 77

QRS

Back 77

ventricular depolarization

Front 78

What is the regulated and defended variable in the cardiovascular system?

Back 78

Baroreceptors

Front 79

Parasympathetic CNS

Back 79

cranial- saccaral, efferent pathway

Front 80

sympathtic CNS

Back 80

thoracic- lumbar, efferent pathway

Front 81

Cardiac output=

Back 81

SV*HR

Front 82

Vascular resistance=

Back 82

8nl/(pi)r^4

Front 83

diastole

Back 83

relaxation

Front 84

systole

Back 84

contraction

Front 85

Fick's law

Back 85

Diffusion rate (mL/min)- DA(Delta P/D)

D-diffusion constant

A- area for diffusion

Delta P- pressure diff

d- distance for diffusion

Front 86

Henry's Law

Back 86

Inc temp means dec. amount of gas dissolved

Front 87

Patm=

Back 87

760 mm Hg

Front 88

Po2

Back 88

160 mm Hg

Front 89

Po2 @ mitochondria=

Back 89

10 mm Hg

Front 90

Ventilation

Back 90

Bulk flow- convection

Front 91

Gas exchange

Back 91

Diffusion

Front 92

Henry's Coefficient

Back 92

0.003mLO2/100 ml Blood/ mm Hg

Front 93

Renal excretion equation

Back 93

E= (F+S)-R

E- Renal Excretion

F- Glomular Filtration

S- Tubular Secretion

R- tubular Reabsorption

Front 94

3 mechanisms of urine formation

Back 94

1. Glomular Filtration

2. Tubular Reabsorption

3. Tubular Secretion

Front 95

Vasa Recta

Back 95

Countercurrent exchanger which carries away excess water

Front 96

+ADH (Anti Diuretic Hormone)

Back 96

Opens Aquaporin (Channels) for H2O

Front 97

-ADH

Back 97

Channels closed

Dec. H2O reabsorption

inc. urine Production

Front 98

kangaroo rat is adorable, it even jumps!

Back 98

Front 99

Aldosterone

Back 99

steroid hormone secreted by adrenal cortex- cause distal convoluted tubule to reabsorb sodium

Front 100

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

AKA Vasopressin

Back 100

secreted from the posterior pituitary causes water to be reabsorbed from the collecting duct into the medullary interstitium

Front 101

endocrine function

Back 101

HCO3- secretion

enzyme secretion

Front 102

#50 is going to be

Back 102

Extra long loop of Henle

Front 103

9 essential amino acids

Back 103

1. isoleucine

2. leucine

3. lysine

4. methionine

5. phenylalanine

6. tryptophan

7. threonine

8. valine

9. histidine

Front 104

essential fatty acids

Back 104

1. Alpha linolenic acid (ALA) (An omega 3 fatty acid) 18:3

2. linoleic Acid (an omega- 6 Fatty Acid) 18:2

Front 105

Minerals

Back 105

Fe H

Zn H

Selenium

Front 106

3 primary "Germ Layers" form at gastrulation

Back 106

ectoderm

mesoderm

endoderm

Front 107

hCG

Back 107

human chorionic Gonadotrophin (PRegnancy test)

Front 108

Homeotic genes determine___ in a developing embryo

Back 108

anterior- posterior

dorsal- ventral

Front 109

Apoptosis

Back 109

programmed cell death

also important in host defense

Front 110

Necrosis

Back 110

the other cell death