Gcse Pe Edexcel

Front 1

What is physical activity?

Back 1

Any form of exercise or movement

It can be planned and structured, or unplanned and unstructured

Front 2

Describe a healthy active lifestyle

Back 2

A lifestyle that contributes positively to social, physical and mental well-being, and that includes regular physical activity

Front 3

Define health

Back 3

A state of complete mental, physical and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease and infirmity

Front 4

What does 'social' refer to and what are the social benefits of physical activity?

Back 4

To do with the community and society

Benefits:
~ Meeting new people and making new friends

~ Opportunities to get together with existing friends

~ Improving cooperation and teamwork skills
~ Increased social activities (and therefore less likely to engage in antisocial behaviour)

Front 5

What does 'physical' refer to and what are the physical benefits of physical activity?

Back 5

To do with the body

Benefits:
~ Contribute to good physical health (stronger bones/reduced chance of developing osteoporosis, reduced chance of coronary heart disease, reduced chance of a stroke, reduced chance of obesity)
~ Increase fitness (strength, muscular endurance, cardiovascular fitness and flexibility)

~ Physical challenge

~ Competition

~ Aesthetic appreciation

Front 6

What does 'mental' refer to and what are the mental benefits of physical activity?

Back 6

To do with the mind

Benefits:
~ The 'feel-good factor' from increased serotonin levels

~ Relieve and/or prevent stress (helps you relax/takes your mind off other problems)
~ Reduced chance of developing stress-related illness
~ Increase self-esteem and self-confidence (feel part of something, are performing better and think you look better)

~ Competition

~ Aesthetic appreciation

~ Physical challenge
~ Contribute to enjoyment in life

Front 7

What is aesthetic appreciation?

Back 7

Recognising the quality or skill of movement in an activity

Front 8

What are the reasons for taking part in physical activity?

Back 8

~ Stimulates serotonin production and feeling of enjoyment

~ Cooperation

~ Competition

~ Physical challenge

~ Aesthetic appreciation

~ Development of friends and social mixing

Front 9

What are the benefits of taking part in physical activity?

Back 9

~ Increased well-being

~ Helps you feel good (serotonin)

~ Increased confidence

~ Contributes to good health

~ Contributes to enjoyment of life

Front 10

Name the key influences that impact on achieving sustained involvement in physical activity

Back 10

~ Cultural
~ Health and well being
~ Resources

~ Image
~ Socio-economic

~ People

Front 11

Name the 'cultural' factors

Back 11

~ Gender
~ Age
~ Race
~ Disability

Front 12

Name the 'health and well being' factors

Back 12

~ Good health

~ Short-term illnesses
~ Long-term health problems

Front 13

Name the 'image' factors

Back 13

~ Fashion
~ Media

Front 14

Name the 'resources' factors

Back 14

~ Location
~ Access
~ Time
~ Availability

Front 15

Name the 'people' factors

Back 15

~ Family
~ Peers
~ Role models

Front 16

Name the 'socio-economic' factors

Back 16

~ Cost
~ Status

Front 17

Name the roles available in physical activity

Back 17

~ Player/Performer
~ Leadership
~ Official
~ Volunteer

Front 18

Name the stages of the sports participation pyramid from bottom to top

Back 18

~ Foundation

~ Participation
~ Performance
~ Elite

Front 19

What is the foundation stage of the sports participation pyramid?

Back 19

~ Introductory stage

~ Bottom of the pyramid

~ Contains the most people

~ Where people start or try an activity and only have basic skills

~ Includes compulsory school sport

Front 20

What is the participation stage of the sports participation pyramid?

Back 20

~ When you choose to continue with sport (it is non-compulsory)

~ Fewer people than at the foundation stage

~ Slightly higher level of skill than foundation, but not as competitive as the performance stage

~ Includes playing in an after-school club

Front 21

What is the performance stage of the sports participation pyramid?

Back 21

~ Player at this stage is really good at their sport

~ Non-compulsory

~ Competitive

~ People play in leagues (though not at top level)

~ Skill is improved by coaching and playing in competitions

Front 22

What is the elite stage of the sports participation pyramid?

Back 22

~ Relatively few performers

~ National and international levels

~ Huge amount of skill and determination

Front 23

What are the common purposes of initiatives?

Back 23

~ Increase participation
~ Retain people

~ Create opportunities

Front 24

What does 'increase participation' mean, why do agencies want to do this and how is it achieved?

Back 24

Getting more people involved in sport and physical activity

For the benefits from physical activity (e.g. increased health and fitness), leading to a healthier nation (better for everyone - individuals and employers) and more entertainment from better performers

Achieved through creating opportunities for people to participate in sport (e.g. clubs)

Front 25

What does 'retain people' mean, why do agencies want to do this and how it it achieved?

Back 25

Keeping people involved in sport

So they maintain or improve fitness and health, may take on other roles and are more likely to succeed

Achieved through an effective network of clubs, a route to progress with good facilities and the opportunity for competition

Front 26

What does 'create opportunities' mean, why do agencies want to do this and how is this achieved?

Back 26

Providing chances for talented performers to compete and perform

Allows talented performers to achieve success

Achieved through progression being possible from foundation to elite stages of participation pyramid by providing better facilities, better coaching and better education

Front 27

What are Sport England working to do and how are they doing this?

Back 27

'Start, stay, succeed'

Working to create a community sport system by:

~ investing National Lottery Funding

~ working with UK Sport (responsible for elite success and Youth Sport Trust)

~ delivering mass participation sporting legacy from 2012 Olympics (Places People Play)

Front 28

What is the Youth Sport Trust working to do and how are they doing this?

Back 28

Working to create a PE and sport system that engages all young people by:

~ working with schools and National Governing Bodies to establish new clubs on school sites

~ creating the next generation of volunteers as coaches, officials and team managers

~ supporting sports colleges

Front 29

What are National Governing Bodies (NGBs) working to do and how are they doing this?

Give an example of an NGB

Back 29

Working to increase the numbers and skill level of those participating in their sport by:

~ increasing the quality and quantity of coaches, volunteers and officials

~ organising more competitions (at all levels)

~ assisting with facility developments

Examples: Football Association (FA) and Badminton England

Front 30

Define fitness

Back 30

The ability to meet the demands of the environment

Front 31

Define exercise

Back 31

A form of physical activity done to maintain or improve health and/or physical fitness; it is not competitive sport

Front 32

Name the components of health-related exercise

Back 32

~ Cardiovascular fitness
~ Muscular strength
~ Muscular endurance
~ Flexibility
~ Body composition

Front 33

Define cardiovascular fitness

Back 33

The ability to exercise the entire body for long periods of time without tiring

Front 34

Define muscular strength

Back 34

The amount of force a muscle can exert against a resistance

Front 35

Define muscular endurance

Back 35

The ability to use voluntary muscles many times without getting tired

Front 36

Define flexibility

Back 36

The range of movement possible at a joint

Front 37

Define body composition

Back 37

The percentage of body weight which is fat, muscle and bone

Front 38

Name the components of skill-related fitness

Back 38

~ Coordination
~ Reaction time
~ Agility
~ Balance
~ Speed
~ Power

Front 39

Define coordination

Back 39

The ability to use two or more body parts together

Front 40

Define reaction time

Back 40

The time between the presentation of a stimulus and the onset of a movement

Front 41

Define agility

Back 41

The ability to change the position of the body quickly and to control the movement of the whole body

Front 42

Define balance

Back 42

The ability to retain the body's centre of mass (gravity) above the base of support with reference to static (stationary), or dynamic (changing), conditions of movement, shape and orientation

Front 43

Define speed

Back 43

The differential rate at which an individual is able to perform a movement or cover a distance in a period of time

Front 44

Define power

Back 44

The ability to do strength performances quickly

Power = Speed x Strength

Front 45

Name three tests of cardiovasular fitness

Back 45

~ Cooper's 12 minute run

~ Treadmill tests

~ Harvard Step test

Front 46

Name a test of muscular strength

Back 46

Hand grip test

Front 47

Name two tests of muscular endurance

Back 47

~ Harvard step test

~ Sit-up bleep test

Front 48

Name a test of flexibility

Back 48

Sit and reach test

Front 49

Name two tests of coordination

Back 49

~ 3 ball juggle

~ Alternate wall toss test

Front 50

Name a test of reaction time

Back 50

Ruler drop test

Front 51

Name a test of agility

Back 51

Illinois Agility Run

Front 52

Name a test of balance

Back 52

Standing stork test

Front 53

Name two tests of speed

Back 53

~ 30 metre sprint

~ 35m flying start sprint

Front 54

Name two tests of power

Back 54

~ Standing broad jump

~ Sergeant Jump test

Front 55

Name the principles of training

Back 55

~ Specificity

~ Progressive overload

~ Individual needs

~ Rest and recovery (and reversibility)

Front 56

What is the specificity principle?

Back 56

Matching training to the requirements of an acitivity

Front 57

What is the progressive overload principle?

Back 57

Gradually increasing the amount of work so that fitness gains occur, but without the potential for injury (uses FITT principles)

Front 58

What is the individual needs principle?

Back 58

Matching training to the requirements of an individual

Front 59

What is rest?

Back 59

The period of time allotted to recovery

Front 60

What is recovery?

Back 60

The time required for the repair of damage to the body caused by training or competition

Front 61

Name the FITT principles

Back 61

~ Frequency

~ Intensity

~ Time

~ Type

Front 62

Define frequency (FITT)

Back 62

How often you train

Front 63

Define intensity (FITT)

Back 63

How hard you train

Front 64

Define time (FITT)

Back 64

How long you train for

Front 65

Define type (FITT)

Back 65

The specific method of training used

Front 66

Define performance

Back 66

How well a task is completed

Front 67

What is reversibility?

Back 67

Any improvement or change that takes place as a consequenceof training will be reversed when you stop training

Front 68

What are the values of goal setting?

Back 68

~ Increased motivation and feel-good factor

~ Increased focus

~ Increased standard

~ Improved monitoring of progress

~ Improved planning of training sessions (due to focus)

Front 69

What does SMART stand for?

Back 69

~ Specific

~ Measurable

~ Achievable

~ Realistic

~ Time-bound

Front 70

Name the methods of training

Back 70

~ Continuous

~ Interval

~ Fartlek

~ Circuit

~ Weight

~ Cross

Front 71

What is continuous training and what are its advantages?

Back 71

Continuous exercise at a moderate to slow pace, without rest

Advantages:

~ Develops cardiovascular and aerobic endurance

~ Beneficial for endurance athletes

Front 72

What is interval training and what are its advantages?

Back 72

Periods of hard work followed by periods of rest

Advantages:

~ Improves speed and muscular strength

~ The rest periods enable the performer to recover to maintain working at a high intensity

~ Beneficial for sprinters and sports which have anaerobic bursts

Front 73

What is fartlek training and what are its advantages?

Back 73

Combining high and low intensity work over varying terrain and pace (form of continuous training)

Advantages:

~ Improves speed and cardiovascular endurance

~ Beneficial for games players

Front 74

What is circuit training and what are its advantages?

Back 74

Combining a variety of exercises or skills into a circuit, with brief periods of rest in between; alternate muscle groups are exercised

Advantages:

~ Improves general fitness

~ Easy and inexpensive to complete

Front 75

What is weight training and what are its advantages?

Back 75

A form of interval training using weighs to provide resistance; one set of repetitions is followed by a period of rest

Advantages:

~ Improves muscular strength (heavy weights with low repetitions)

~ Improves muscular endurance (lighter weights with high repetitions)

Front 76

What is cross training and what are its advantages?

Back 76

Using a combination of different training methods

Advantages:

~ Useful if you take part in more than one activity

~ Useful of your activity combines a number of different events

Front 77

How would you assess personal readiness for physical activity?

Back 77

Complete a PAR-Q (Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire)

Front 78

Define heart rate

Back 78

The number of times the heart beats per minute

Front 79

Define resting heart rate

Back 79

The amount of heart beats per minute when the body is at rest

Front 80

What is your maximum heart rate and how would you calculate it?

Back 80

The maximum number of times your heart can beat in a minute

Maximum heart rate = 220 - your age

Front 81

Define recovery rate

Back 81

The time it takes for the heart to return to resting rate after exercise

Front 82

Define blood pressure

Back 82

The force exerted by circulating blood on the walls of the blood vessels

Front 83

Define stroke volume

Back 83

The volume of blood ejected from the heart each beat

Front 84

Define cardiac output

Back 84

The amount of blood ejected from the heart in 1 minute

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

Front 85

What is systolic blood pressure?

Back 85

Maximum pressure in the arteries when the heart contracts and forces blood out

Front 86

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Back 86

Pressure of the blood in the arteries during the relaxation phase between heart beats

Front 87

What is haemoglobin?

Back 87

Substance found in red blood cells that transports oxygen to body tissues

Front 88

What is cholesterol and what are the two different types?

Back 88

Fatty substance carried in the blood

HDL (High-density lipoprotein) - good cholesterol; transports/removes a large amount of cholesterol building up in the arteries to the liver

LDL (Low-density lipoprotein) - bad cholesterol; causes build-ups in the artery walls

Front 89

What are the immediate effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?

Back 89

~ Increased heart rate

~ Increased systolic blood pressure

~ Increased stroke volume

Front 90

What are the effects of regular participation in physical activity on the cardiovascular system?

Back 90

~ Increased cardiac hypertrophy

~ Increased stroke volume

~ Lower resting heart rate

~ Increased maximum cardiac output

~ Faster recovery rate

~ Increased capillarisation

~ Increased number of red blood cells

~ Healthy veins and arteries

~ Lower cholesterol levels

~ Lower resting blood pressure

Front 91

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

Back 91

~ Blood

~ Blood vessels

~ The heart

Front 92

How do you reduce the risk of high blood pressure?

Back 92

~ Maintain a healthy weight

~ Limit alcohol consumption

~ Don’t smoke

~ Eat less salt

~ Avoid stress

~ Regular exercise

Front 93

What happens during inhalation?

Back 93

~ Intercostal muscles contract (rib cage moves up and out)

~ Diaphragm contracts (chest cavity volume increases)

~ Pressure in lungs decreases

Front 94

What happens during exhalation?

Back 94

~ Intercostal muscles relax (rib cage returns to normal)

~ Diaphragm relaxes (chest cavity volume decreases)

~ Pressure in lungs increases

Front 95

Where does gaseous exchange occur and what happens?

Back 95

It occurs in the alveoli and inhaled oxygen diffuses from alevoli into blood in capillary while carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood, into alevoli and is exhaled

Front 96

What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

Back 96

~ Increased breathing rate

~ Increased depth of breathing

Front 97

What are the long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?

Back 97

~ Increased number of alveoli

~ Increased strength of intercostal muscles

~ Increased strength of diaphragm

~ Increased lung volume (due to increased tidal volume and vital capacity)

Front 98

What is oxygen debt?

Back 98

The amount of oxygen consumed during recovery from anaerobic activity above that used at rest

Front 99

What is vital capacity?

Back 99

The maximum volume of air you can forcibly inhale and exhale

Front 100

What is residual volume?

Back 100

The amount of air left in the lungs after maximal exhalation

Front 101

What is tidal volume?

Back 101

The amount of air breathed in and out during normal breathing

Front 102

What is total lung capacity?

Back 102

The maximum volume of air held by the lungs

Front 103

What are the effects of smoking on the respiratory system?

Back 103

~ Damaged alveoli so less efficient gas exchange

~ Increased risk of emphysema and lung cancer

~ Reduced oxygen carrying capacity of blood due to carbon monoxide bonding to haemoglobin

~ 'Smoker's cough'

Front 104

What is lactic acid?

Back 104

A chemical that builds up during anaerobic exercise, causing pain in the muscles

Front 105

What is a tendon?

Back 105

A connective tissue that joins a muscle to a bone, around a joint

Front 106

What is a ligament?

Back 106

A connective tissue that joins a bone to a bone to form and stabalise a joint

Front 107

What are antagonistic muscle pairs?

Back 107

Muscles arranged in pairs, so when one muscle contracts, the other relaxes to allow movement

Front 108

What is the agonist?

Back 108

The working muscle that is contracting

Front 109

What is the antagonist?

Back 109

The relaxing muscle

Front 110

What are isometric contractions?

Back 110

Muscle contractions which result in increased tension, but the length does not alter so there is no visible movement

Front 111

What are isotonic contractions?

Back 111

Muscle contractions that result in visible movement due to a change in muscle length

Front 112

What is the treatment for a soft tissue injury?

Back 112

RICE (Rest, Ice, Compression and Elevation)

Front 113

What is the deltoid?

Back 113

The muscle that surrounds the shoulder and allows for abduction, flexion and extension

Front 114

Trapezius

Back 114

Large muscle that runs across each shoulder and connects the humerus (upper arm bone) to the shoulder, neck and head. It keeps the shoulder elevated

Front 115

Latissimus dorsi

Back 115

Runs from the humerus down to the lower region of the spine. It can be seen below the arm pit. It adducts the arm at the shoulder

Front 116

Pectoralis major

Back 116

The chest muscle. This is a powerful muscle that adducts and flexes the arm at the shoulder

Front 117

Abdominal muscles

Back 117

THe stomach muscles that flex the trunk bending the body forward

Front 118

Biceps

Back 118

The front muscle on the upper arm that flexes the elbow

Front 119

Triceps

Back 119

The back muscle on the upper arm that extends the elbow

Front 120

Gluteals

Back 120

The gluteus maximus is the largest of this group of muscles. It extends the leg at the hip. This is a backward movement

Front 121

Quadriceps

Back 121

The large muscle group on the front of the thigh. This muscle can flex the leg at the hip, and it can also extend the leg at the knee. Such as kicking a football

Front 122

Hamstrings

Back 122

The large muscle group on the back of the thigh. This muscle can extend the leg at the hip, and it can also flex the leg at the knee. Such as preparing to kick a football

Front 123

Gastrocnemius

Back 123

The large muscle that bulges in the bottom of the leg. This muscle planta flexes the ankle (a pointing of the toe). A powerful action that is used for sprinting, or jumping of the ground

Front 124

7 Components of Diet

Back 124

Carbohydrates
Proteins
Fats
Vitamins
Minerals
Fibre
Water

Front 125

Protein

Back 125

Make up 15% of calories.
Helps us grow and repair muscle.
E.g. eggs, meat, cheese

Front 126

Fats

Back 126

Fats make up 30% of calories
Fats provide energy and keep us warm, however if our body receives a large amount of fat there is a risk of heart disease and obesity.

E.g. oil, butter

Front 127

Vitamins

Back 127

Regulate chemical reactions in the body, and helps release energy from food.

Vitamin A =BONES, TEETH & SKIN
Vitamin C = SKIN
Vitamin D = BONES

Front 128

Minerals (calcium and iron)

Back 128

Provides structure in forming teeth and bones.

Front 129

Water

Back 129

This is needed to hydrate the body.
Water is lost in your breath, sweat & urine

Front 130

Fibre

Back 130

Fibre is NOT a nutrient.
Helps your digestive system
E.g. Fruit, vegetables and whole-grain foods.

Front 131

Carbohydrates… 2 types

Back 131

Complex
Slow release energy
Sugars which are good for us


Simplistic
Fast release energy
Lots of sugar

Carbohydrates contain the fuels that provide us with energy to sustain our performance

Front 132

Males between 15 and 18 need how calories a day?

Females between 15 and 18 need how many calories a day?

Back 132

2750 calories a day.

2100 calories a day.

Front 133

Blood shunting

Back 133

During exercise more oxygen and blood gets delivered to the working muscles.

Therefore, LESS blood and oxygen is delivered to the digestive system.

Distribution of blood changes to the demand. For example: High intensity = more blood

Important to time food intake prior to event, so energy from food can be released and delivered to the working muscles.

Front 134

The general diet for an athlete is . . .

Back 134

HIGH IN CARBOHYDRATES,
LOW IN FAT,
With a high fluid intake, including energy drinks.

Front 135

Mesomorph

Back 135

Wide shoulders.
Narrow hips.
Muscular body, arms and legs.
Very little body fat.

The word ‘Muscular’ will help you remember the body shape of a Mesomorph.

100m sprinter

Front 136

Ectomorph

Back 136

Narrow body.
Thin body, arms and legs.
Little body fat.
Very little muscle.

The word ‘Thin’ will help you remember the body shape of an ecTomorph.

High jump, long distance runner

Front 137

Endomorph

Back 137

Wide hips
Narrow shoulders
Fat arms and legs
Fat body

The word ‘Dumpy’ will help you remember the body shape of an enDomorph.

Shot putter, sumo wrestler

Front 138

Optimum weight:

Back 138

Ideal weight for a person, giving them the best chance for success.

FOR THEIR SPORT
E.g. sumo wrestler & high jumper

Front 139

Body Mass Index

Back 139

Calculating BMI (Body mass index) is a general way of working out whether a person is the correct weight for their height.

BMI = Weight (Kg) ÷ [Height (m) x Height (m)]

underweight, overweight , anorexic or obese.

Front 140

Carbo-loading

Back 140

Eating more carbohydrates before a competition, match/fixture to ensure you body has extra fuel (GLYCOGEN) supplies

Front 141

Weight Gain

Back 141

If the calorie intake exceeds the energy expended

Front 142

Weight Maintained

Back 142

If calorie intake is balanced with energy used

Front 143

Weight Loss

Back 143

If more energy is expended and less calories are taken in

Front 144

Overweight

Back 144

Having weight in excess of normal (not harmful unless accompanied by overfatness).
Heavier than average of gender, height, build.
Not necessarily a threat to health

Front 145

Over fat

Back 145

A way of saying you have more body fat than you should have.
Direct effect on health
Can lead to obesity related disease
High blood pressure, heart attack

Front 146

Obese

Back 146

Very overfat.
Abnormally fat - 20%

Health risks - diabetes, heart disease

In extremes - can be fatal

Front 147

Underweight

Back 147

Weighing less than is normal, healthy or required.
10% under optimum weight
Some naturally underweight
Others try to be underweight to help their sport
Irregular periods, risk of injury, fatigue, osteoporosis

Front 148

Anorexia

Back 148

Pertaining to anorexia – a prolonged eating disorder due to loss of appetite.

Front 149

Why does Optimum Weight vary?

Back 149

Height, muscle girth, bone structure, gender

Front 150

What do you call a diet that gives you the correct amount of all the nutrients needed by your body to be healthy?

Back 150

A balanced diet

Front 151

50% of your diet needs to consist of what essential nutrient?

Back 151

Carbohydrates

Front 152

What do you call the units for measuring the energy value of food?

Back 152

Calories

Front 153

What is healthy eating?

Back 153

Is eating a balance diet to support health and reduce the risk of disease.

Front 154

What does dehydration mean?

Back 154

Is when your body does not contain enough water

Front 155

When the knee extends, what is the name of the agonist?

Back 155

Quadriceps

Front 156

When the knee flexes, what is the name of the agonist?

Back 156

Hamstrings

Front 157

When the knee extends, what is the name of the antagonist?

Back 157

Hamstrings

Front 158

When the knee flexes, what is the name of the antagonist?

Back 158

Quadriceps

Front 159

When the elbow flexes, what is the name of the antagonist?

Back 159

Triceps

Front 160

When the elbow extends, what is the name of the antagonist?

Back 160

Biceps

Front 161

When the elbow flexes, what is the name of the agonist?

Back 161

Biceps

Front 162

When the elbow flexes, what is the name of the agonist?

Back 162

Triceps

Front 163

When you land a jump, your Quadriceps lower you weight towards the ground under control. What is this type of contraction called?

Back 163

Isotonic:
- Eccentric (for the mark)

Front 164

When you push your toes into the ground to jump for a rebound in basketball, what is the name of the muscle that contracts in a concentric action?

Back 164

Gastrocnemius

Front 165

When weight training for muscular strength, how many repetitions should you look to include per set?

Back 165

2 - 8 repetitions

Front 166

When weight training for muscular endurance, how many repetitions should you look to include per set?

Back 166

8 - 20 repetitions

Front 167

How many sets should you complete for each muscle group being trained during weight training?

Back 167

3 - 4 sets

Front 168

What is the name of the Triceps antagonist?

Back 168

The Biceps

Front 169

What is the name of the Hamstrings antagonist?

Back 169

The Quadriceps

Front 170

Which muscle is used to flex the trunk (stomach region)?

Back 170

The abdominals

Front 171

Function of the skeletal system

Back 171

1) Movement
2) Support
3) Protection

Front 172

Flexion

Back 172

The angle of at the joint decreases.

Occurs at the shoulder, elbow and knee.

Front 173

Extension

Back 173

The angle at the joint increases.

Occurs at the shoulder, elbow and knee.

Front 174

Abduction

Back 174

Movement of a limb away from the body.

Occurs at the shoulder joint.

Front 175

Adduction

Back 175

Movement of a limb towards the body.

Occurs at the shoulder joint.

Front 176

Rotation

Back 176

Movement in a cicular action.

Occurs at the shoulder joint.

Front 177

Long term effects of exercise on the skeletal system

Back 177

1) Increased bone density.

2) Ligaments and tendons strengthened.

Front 178

Osteoporosis

Back 178

Weakening of bones caused by a reduction in bone density, making them prone to fracture.

Front 179

Prevention of osteoporosis

Back 179

Weight bearing exercises.

~Moderate impact:
Walking
Running
Tennis
Aerobics

~High impact:
Plyometrics
Basketball
Triple jump

Front 180

Compound/ open fracture

Back 180

Broken bone comes through the skin.

Front 181

Greenstick fracture

Back 181

Break only part way across the bone.

Front 182

Simple fracture

Back 182

Fracture in one line, no displacement.

Front 183

Stress fracture

Back 183

Overuse injuries usually in weight bearing areas, such as the lower leg - shin.

Front 184

Tennis elbow

Back 184

Inflamed tendons at the elbow joint.

Outer part of the elbow.

Front 185

Golfer's elbow

Back 185

Inflamed tendons at the elbow joint.

Inner part of the elbow.

Front 186

Dislocation

Back 186

A bone is pulled or twisted out of place at a joint.

Front 187

Sprains

Back 187

Damage to the ligament at a joint.

Front 188

Torn cartilage

Back 188

Swells.

Found at the end of bones aids;
Friction-free movement
Shock absorption

Front 189

Which mineral and vitamin aids the skeletal system?

Back 189

Calcium

Vitamin D

Front 190

Calcium

Back 190

A mineral which helps build strong bones and increase bone density.

Found in milk, cheese and yoghurt.

Front 191

Vitamin D

Back 191

Maintains healthy bones.

Helps calcium to be absorbed.

Made by the body when the skin is exposed to sunlight.

Front 192

Macro nutrients

Back 192

Carbohydrates
Fats
Proteins

Front 193

Micro nutrients

Back 193

Minerals
Vitamins

Front 194

A balanced diet

Back 194

A diet which contains an optimal ratio of nutrients.

Front 195

Somatotypes

Back 195

Classification of body type.