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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are all muscles made up of? |
Muscle fibres |
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How do muscles cause our body's to move? |
The contract and relax |
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What are the 3 types of muscle? |
- Voluntary - Involuntary - Cardiac |
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Define voluntary muscles and what do they do? |
- Enables movement - We choose to use these muscles at any time - They're attached to bones - Moves bones under your conscience control - Muscles receive signals from the brain in order to move |
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What is the name of the tough covering that voluntary muscles are wrapped in? |
Perimysium |
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What are at each end of every muscle? |
Tendons |
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What is muscle fibre made up of? |
- Actin - Myosin |
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What does each muscle contain? |
Bundles of individual muscle fibres |
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Define involuntary muscles and what do they do? |
- Essential in maintaining body systems, works without your conscience control - Found in the walls of internal organs - They contract in waves |
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Define what the cardiac muscle is and what does it do? |
- Is vital in sport because it makes the heart pump - Works non-stop without getting tired - Forms wall of the heart chambers - Contracts without conscience effort - Automatic, rhythmic contractions |
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What do the gluteals do and where are they in the body? |
- Extension of the upper leg - Middle of your body at the back (your bum) |
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What do the hamstrings do and where are they in the body? |
- Flexion of the leg at the knee - At the top of each leg at the beck |
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What does the gastrocnemius do and where is it in the body? |
- Plantar flexion of the foot - At the bottom of each leg at the back (calf) |
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What does the trapezius do and where is it in the body? |
- Rotates the shoulder blades backwards - In the centre of the chest at the back of the body spreading up |
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What do the latissimus dorsi do and where are they in the body? |
- Rotates the upper arm at the shoulders - At the back of the body, either side of the chest |
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What do the triceps do and where are they in the body? |
- Extension of the arm at the elbow - At the top of each arm at the back |
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What do the deltoids do and where are they in the body? |
- Abducts the arm from the body - In the upper part of the body covering the shoulders |
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What do the biceps do and where are they in the body? |
- Flexion of the arm at the elbow - At the top of each arm at the front |
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What do the quadriceps do and where are they in the body? |
- Extension of the leg at the knee - At the top of each leg at the front |
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What do the pectoral muscles do and where are they in the body? |
- Adduction of the arm - In the upper part of the chest at the front |
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What do the abdominals do and where are they in the body? |
- Flexion and rotation of the trunk - At the front of the body in the middle just below the chest |
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Describe slow twitch fibres |
- Deep red colour - Contract slowly - Can work for longer periods - Small in size |
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Describe fast twitch fibres |
- Paler red/pink colour - They contract quickly and powerfully - Tire easily - Larger in size |
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What are the average %'s of fast and slow twitch fibres in people |
- 60% slow - 40% fast |
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What determines the ratio of a persons fast and slow twitch fibres and how can it be changed? |
- Genes you inherit determine the ratio - Can be altered by training |
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Define the term antagonistic pair |
- As one muscle contracts (shortens) the other relaxes (lengths) |
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What are antagonistic pairs and where are they found? |
- These are voluntary muscles that work across joints - They work in pairs contracting and relaxing in turn - The muscle that contracts is the agonist/prime mover - The muscle that relaxes is the antagonist |
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What are the muscles that support the prime mover called? |
The synergists |
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What are the points called where two tendons join? |
- Origin - Insertion |
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What is the origin? |
Where the tendons on the bone join the stationary bone/s |
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What is the insertion? |
Where the tendons on the bone join the moving bone/s |
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What are the 2 types of contractions? |
- Isotonic - Isometric |
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What makes a contraction isotonic? |
- Muscle contractions create movement - The contracting muscle shortens - They produce both speed and power |
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What makes a contraction isometric? |
- Muscle contractions that result in tension - No movement occurs as a result - The muscles don't shorten or lengthen - Produces static strength |
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Do muscles ever fully relax? |
No |
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What is muscle tension? |
The idea that muscles are always in a state of partial tension |
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How can we improve muscle tone? |
Exercise |
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What is another term for muscle tone? |
posture |
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What are the short term effects of exercise? |
- Working muscles produce heat - Blood is redistributed to working muscles - Cardiac muscle works harder - Lactic acid build up - Aching muscles cause cramp - Glycogen stores in the muscles are released - Increased demand for oxygen |
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What are the long term effects of strength training? |
- Strength of muscles increase - Muscles grow thicker - Muscular hypertrophy |
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What is muscle fatigue? |
When you use you muscles a lot and they don;t get enough oxygen, they feel tired |
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What is muscular hypertrophy? |
When muscles increase in size |
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What is muscle atrophy? |
When muscles decrease in size |
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What are the long term effects of endurance training? |
- You can use muscles for longer without tiring - Muscles become better at using oxygen - Muscles work better over long periods |
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What type of injury is a sprain? |
A soft tissue injury |
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What causes a strain? |
When a muscle has be pulled or over stretched |
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What is the treatment for a sprain? |
R.I.C.E |
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What type of injury is a sprain? |
A soft tissue injury (joint) |
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What can cause a sprain? |
When ligaments at a joint have been stretched or torn |
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What is the treatment for a sprain? |
R.I.C.E |
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How can we avoid soft tissue injuries? |
Warm up before starting the main activity |
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What are the 3 stages to a warm up? |
- Pulse raiser - Sports specific drills - Stretches |
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What is the main reason that we cool down after taking part in physical activity? |
To disputes any lactic acid from the muscles to avoid cramp |
