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161 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Front (Term) |
Back (Definition) |
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Children assimilate new patterns of thinking by learning with and from individuals who are more proficient and scaffolding that structured support for facilitating these interactions and moving to the next level. |
Zone of proximal development |
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Don not use water from outdoor resources, as they may contain microorganisms that can cause disease. Replace beakers with polyethylene containers. |
Science safety |
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Unstructured without roles for students to work together within a group |
Collaborative learning |
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Mrs. Brandt will put weather tracking chart on the wall. For the next ten class days students will record the temperature and give a one sentence description every two hours during the class day. What are the students doing ? |
Collecting data |
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Students are only asked to learn about the materials |
The scientific method- observation |
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Students are asked to draw conclusions about what they observe |
Scientific method-analysis of data |
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Making a prediction about The materials |
Scientific method - creating a hypothesis |
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Barometer measures___? |
Atmospheric pressure |
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Weather vane measures___? |
Wind direction |
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Anemometer measures____? |
Wind speed |
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Spoons, breaks, cups measure____? |
Volume |
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What are the integrated process skills, science and engineering practices? |
Observing, classifying, predicting, hypothesizing, designing Carrying out investigations Developing and using models Constructing and communicating explanations |
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What are chemical changes in matter? |
Rusting and burning |
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Reactants are to the left of the arrow Products are to the right if the arrow |
Chemical equations |
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Can change physically or chemically. Anything with mass and volume is ____. ____ can also be compounds, solutions, or mixtures |
Matter |
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Examples of force at a distance Examples; lodestones, compass, earth |
Magnets |
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What are examples of a mechanical force? |
Lever, screw, pulley |
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Vibrations, like when playing an instrument ___travels about 1,100 feet per second. Has highness or lowness(pitch) and is loud or soft (intensity) |
Sound |
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Clouds that are flat and light mean stable weather. Flat and dark mean rain expected |
Stratus cloud |
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Cloud is fluffy, solid, light meaning good weather, dark meaning bad |
Cumulus |
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Cloud is thin, wispy means changes in weather expected |
Cirrus |
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Also called nimbus Tall and thick |
Cumulonimbus |
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Name the planets in order closest to farthest from the sun. |
Mercury, venus, earth, mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune |
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What are the 3 types of rock |
Igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic |
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Magma can become ___rock. |
Igneous Rock |
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____rocks (from the Greek word for fire) form when hot, molten rock crystallizes and solidifies. When magma cools either at volcanoes or while the melted rock is still inside the rock |
Igneous rock |
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____rocks are formed on or near earths surface. Important geological process that leads to the creation of the rock are erosion, weathering, dissolution, precipitation, lithification |
Sedimentary rock |
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Shale and limestone are_____rock formations. |
Sedimentary |
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____rock starts as one type of rock and with pressure, heat, and time gradually changes into a new type of rock |
Metamorphic |
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The tilting of the earths axis causes the northern hemisphere to point toward the sun in the summer months and away from the sun in the winter months (with reverse being true for Southern Hemisphere) |
Earths seasonal patterns |
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The tilting of the earths axis causes the northern hemisphere to point toward the sun in the summer months and away from the sun in the winter months (with reverse being true for Southern Hemisphere) |
Earths seasonal patterns |
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Have chloroplasts and cell walls, which animals do not |
Plants |
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Focused on student centered learning and inquiry In the context of social interactions. Not content driven, or based on inquiry (Observation,experimentation explanation, and social interaction) |
Research based teaching strategies |
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Occur natural and authentic environments |
Field experiments |
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Conducting an experiment multiple times |
Multiple trials experiment |
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An ____ variable is the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment to test the effects on the dependent variable. Example; For example, a scientist wants to see if the brightness of light has any effect on a moth being attracted to the light. The brightness of the light is controlled by the scientist. This would be the _____variable. |
Independent variable |
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A ___variable is the variable being tested and measured in a scientific experiment. For example; How the moth reacts to the different light levels (distance to light source) would be the dependent variable. |
Dependent |
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This variable is in field experiments harder to control |
Extraneous variable |
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The tilt and revolution causes the ____. |
Seasons |
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How often do they solstices occur? |
Twice a year every six months |
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Occurs in single cell animals such as bacteria |
Asexual animal propagation |
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The activities of___Are food getting, respiration, Cretian, repair or movement, response and secretion. Cells are__. |
Living organisms |
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Study of living things From bacteria to plants and animals. In terms of their characteristics, Cellular structures and interactions with other animals |
Biology |
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In plant cells, allows the energy in sunlight to be converted to chemical energy and be biologically available |
Photosynthesis |
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Occurs when a cell membrane Engulfs and stores Particles too large to pass through the cell membrane in vacuoles until the particles are digested |
Phagocytosis |
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And energy producing process that occurs and yeast And other cells in the absence of oxygen |
Fermentation |
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Diffusion of water across a semi preamble membrane |
Osmosis |
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Measure of a substances ability to flow |
Viscosity |
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Solid changes to liquid through addition of head |
Melting |
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Solid changes to liquid through addition of head |
Melting |
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Liquid changes to solid through subtraction of heat |
Freezing |
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Gas changes to liquid through subtraction of heat |
Condensation |
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Liquid becomes a gas through addition of heat |
Evaporation |
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Liquid becomes a gas through addition of heat |
Evaporation |
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Solid changes to gas through addition of heat |
Sublimation |
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Definite volume and shape, with strong bonds among molecules. |
Solid |
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Definite volume without a definite shape. Weak bond among molecules. Can be contained or flow |
Liquid |
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No definite volume or shape, and no hinds among molecules; can be contained or flow freely |
Gas |
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No definite volume or shape; high energy gas-like fluid of charged particles; occurs when matter is heated beyond its gaseous state to become ionized. Predominant state of matter in the universe(stars, atmosphere, comets) |
Plasma |
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Relatively level areas that cover 1/3 of the earths surface |
Plains |
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Https://ngss.nsta.org Provides a variety of resources for science instruction |
National science teacher association |
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Project 2061 |
Created by science AAAS American Association for the Advancement of science |
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Burning, rusting, digestion alter the molecular structure of matter |
Chemical change |
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the individual components are uniformly distributed throughout the mixture; the composition is the same throughout -air -water -vinegar -dishwashing detergent -steel -cup of coffee -plain chocolate -sugar water |
Homogeneous mixture |
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contains liquid, solid or gas in which the components are not uniform or have regions of different properties -cereal in milk -pizza -blood -gravel -ice in soda -salad dressing -mixed nuts -soil |
Heterogeneous mixture |
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These are examples of what kind of mixture; 1. Emulsion made of liquid and liquid ex: oil and vinegar salad dressing 2. Suspension made of liquid and solid ex: vegetable soup 3. Aerosol made of gas and liquid ex: spray paint 4. Gas and solid made of smoke |
Types of Heterogeneous Mixtures |
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the energy an object has due to its motion |
Kinetic energy |
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Chemical Reaction in which energy is primarily given off in the form of heat |
Exothermic |
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Absorbs heat; chemical reaction; results in cooling |
Endothermic |
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- the ability of matter to move other matter or produce a chemical change through transformation or transference - the ability to do Work |
Energy |
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A pure substance made of only one kind of atom (iron, carbon, copper) |
An element |
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Smallest particle of an element _____of the same element have the same number of protons in their nuclei -have 3 types of subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and electrons |
Atom |
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The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom |
Atomic number |
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organizes the elements according to their atomic number and gives their atomic structure, mass, and reactive tendencies -elements groups vertically according to their chemical properties -includes 90 elements that occur naturally, and many other created elements that have radioactive properties, are unstable and have limited lifespans |
The periodic table |
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Groups of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds |
Molecules |
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Also know as compounds, are a combination of two or more atoms from different elements -chemically combined in specific weight proportions |
Compound molecules |
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positively charged subatomic particles located in the nucleus, or center, of an atom |
Protons |
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neutral particles that do not have an electrical charge located in the nucleus, or center, or an atom |
Neutrons |
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Negatively charged subatomic particles existing in the outer portion of an atom |
Electrons |
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occur inside the Sun, nuclear reactors, nuclear bombs and during radioactive decay |
Atomic reactions |
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states that energy cannot be created or destroyed all energy is potential or kinetic |
Conservation of energy law |
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stored energy that results from the position or shape of an object ex: batteries |
Potential energy |
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energy in motion ex: light, sound, heat, a moving car |
Kinetic energy |
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a measure of the randomness or disorder of a system -when energy transforms |
Entropy |
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-by conduction, convection, or radiation -stove burner, fire -kinetic |
Thermal energy (heat) |
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-based on position (potential) or motion (kinetic) -ex: movement of the physical body, simple machines -kinetic or potential |
Mechanical energy |
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-produced by moving electrons -ex: electrical current, lightning -kinetic |
Electric energy |
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-produced by electromagnetic waves, energy traveling in transverse waves -ex: visible light and colors, x rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet rays, radio waves, microwaves -kinetic |
Radiant energy |
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-resulting from the bonds of atoms and molecules -ex: coal, oil, natural gas, batteries, food, wood -potential |
Chemical energy |
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-produced by movement of longitudinal waves -ex: music, voices -kinetic |
Sound energy |
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-results when the nucleus of an atom splits in two (fission) or when the nuclei of atoms become fused together (fusion) -ex: uranium -potential |
Nuclear energy |
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The direct transfer of heat from one substance to another substance that it is touching. ex: metal spoon in hot coffee |
Conduction |
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The transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid ex: boiling water |
Convection |
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has an equal number of protons and electrons so the charges cancel each other, atom has no charge |
Neutral Atom |
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a complete closed path through which electric charges flow ex: flashlight - switch, lamp, battery |
Circuits |
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Has only one path for the electricity to flow ( Christmas lights) |
Series circuit |
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1. an object at rest tends to stay at rest; an object in motion tends to stay in motion at a constant speed in a straight line or path ex: car stops but something on seat keeps moving. car is at red light, needs gas to make it move |
Newtons first law of motion, law of inertia |
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when a net force acts on an object, the object accelerates. The acceleration is directly proportional to the net force and inversely |
Newtons second law of motion |
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the study of the structure and composition of the Earth |
Geology |
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1. Inner core mostly iron 1200 km 2. Outer core mostly liquid nickel, iron and sulfur 2200 km |
Earth layer – core |
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middle layer magma - semi-molten rock 3000 km |
Earths layers – mantle |
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outer layer bedrock overlaid with mineral or organic sediment, soil 5-40km |
Earths layer – crust |
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A number of rigid, but moving, pieces of the Earth's surface |
Lithospheric Plates |
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A time when all of the continents were one land mass supercontinent |
Pangea |
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The process of producing new seafloor between two diverging plates. |
Seafloor spreading |
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theory that Earth's surface is made of rock plates that move with respect to each other -combining seafloor spreading and continental drift |
Plate tectonics |
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Breaks in Earth's crust where rocks have slipped past each other. |
Faults |
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form when two plates separate enough for magma to release through the crust, in violent explosion |
Volcano |
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Molten rock beneath the earth's surface as it cools becomes lava and releases ash |
Magma |
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similar to plains, but have high plains of relatively flat terrain above the surrounding area |
Plateaus |
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Processes by which rock, sand, and soil are broken down and carried away and deposits (deposition) in another area |
Erosion |
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huge, slow moving sheets of ice |
Glacier |
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the chemical breakdown and decomposition of rocks by natural processes in the environment |
Chemical weathering |
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Process of breaking rock into smaller pieces without changing the composition |
Physical weathering |
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the weakening and subsequent disintegration of rock by plants, animals and microbes |
Biological weathering |
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Areas where ground gives way suddenly. |
Sinkholes |
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one of the most productive sinkholes in the world and covers an area over 100000 sq mi |
The Florida aquifer |
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a single inorganic compound with a unique structure and physical properties; can be formed organically or inorganically |
Mineral |
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Form directly from cooling of magma or lava. Ex: granite (magma) and obsidian (lava) |
Igneous rock |
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Mixture of humus, clay, and other minerals that forms the crumbly, topmost layer of soil. |
Top soil |
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part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere - bio means life |
Biophere |
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All the water at and near the surface of the earth, 97% of which is in oceans -forms 70% of the Earth's surface -hydro means water |
Hydrosphere |
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the solid portion of the Earth that includes the crust, mantle, outer and inner core -geo means Earth |
Geosphere |
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the mixture of gases that surrounds Earth -atmos means vapors |
Atmosphere |
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frozen parts of the Earth's surface -cryo means cold |
Cryosphere |
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-electromagnetic radiant energy from the Sun moving through space and the Earth's atmosphere forms the main source of heat energy on Earth -this heat energy is transferred through the planet's systems by radiation, conduction, and convection |
The suns energy |
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where weather occurs; 75% of atmosphere; up to 10 miles above earth surface |
Troposphere |
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layer of protective ozone; 20% of atmospheres; warms as a distance from Earth increases; 10-31 miles from Earth |
Stratosphere |
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space debris burns up at this level to create shooting stars; 31-50 miles above |
Mesosphere |
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temperature rises as thin air absorbs solar radiation; contains charged particles that create the Northern and Southern lights; 50-400 miles above |
Thermosphere |
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-Convection transfers heat through the movement of molecules in water or air and forms cool and warm currents of winds due to the differences in heat absorption -Earth has 6 convection currents: -polar easterlies -westerlies -tradewinds *on each side of the equator |
Convection currents |
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Seasons, climate and weather result from... |
tilt of the Earth, not distance from the sun |
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Seasons, climate and weather result from... |
tilt of the Earth, not distance from the sun |
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Climate zone?
very cold and dry year-round |
Polar |
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Climate zone ?
cold winters and mild summers |
Temperature |
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What climate zone ? hot and dry year-round |
Arid |
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What climate zone ? hot and wet year-round |
Tropical |
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What climate zone ? mild winters and dry, hot summers |
Mediterranean |
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very cold year-round |
Mountain (tundra) |
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-intense lows that form over the oceans in the tropics btwn June and November -has no front, but has a center called the eye, which is the calm - eyewall is the highest winds -are called typhoons in the western Pacific Ocean, cyclones in the Indian Ocean, willy-willies in Australia and baguios in the Phillipines |
Hurricanes |
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-violent, short-lived storms that form when cold, heavy air moves under warm,most air and pushes it upwards -occur almost exclusively in N. America -loud like a train -called a waterspout, if over a body of water |
Tornado |
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-cumulonimbus (nimbus) are often a predictor of strong thunderstorms - may include lightening, rain, gusts of wind, thunder, and hail - rarely lasts more than 2 hours |
Thunder storm |
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Evaporation - sun's heat energy evaporates water to form a vapor 2. Condensation - water vapor and rising cool air forms clouds |
Part of water cycle |
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generally found beneath the top layers of soil through mining and drilling - the US has depleted its resources of over 15 minerals and now imports them Minerals, coal, oil, natural gas |
Nonrenewable Natural Resources |
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-interdependent -a resource that can be renewed over a period of time by some natural process -oxygen, fresh water, solar energy timber biomass, wood, paper, leather, wind |
Renewable resources |
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-is plentiful and does not cause pollution -lifespan of the sun should be several billion years more -must be captured during the day when clouds not obstructing -solar cells and solar heating produce energy from the sun - because the Earth is uneven, the Sun's energy is not evenly dispersed |
Solar energy |
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-an indirect form of solar energy -can turn large turbines on warm farms |
Wind energy |
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Soviet space satellite 1957 first satellite to orbit the earth |
Sputnik |
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1969, two men Armstrong and Aldrin walked on the moon |
Apollo 11 |
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slice of a cork cells like where monks live basis for cell theory - building blocks of life |
Robert hooke |
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1. building blocks 2. division is the process where new cells are formed from preexisting cells 3. contain DNA (hereditary blueprint) passed to daughter cells 4. chemical composition of all cells is similar 5. metabolic processes of life occur at the cellular level |
Principals of cell theory |
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A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell. |
Organelles |
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plants and animals
A cell structure that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell. |
Cell membrane |
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plants only
Ridged outer layer of a plant cell |
Cell wall |
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plants only
stores water; Fluid-filled vesicle in many plant cells. |
Central vacuole |
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plants only
contains chlorophyll, which enables green plants to make their own food |
Chloroplast |
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plants and animals
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended the material or protoplasm within a living cell, excluding the nucleus. |
Cytoplasms |
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plants and animals
system of tubes and sacs that transport molecules from one part of the cell to another |
Endoplasmic reticulum |
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plants and animals
directs molecules to different parts of the cell |
Golgi apparatus |
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plants and animals
liberates energy from glucose in cells for use in cellular activities |
Mitochondrion |
