Fshd 323 Test 1

Front 1

Changes in the amount of what you are measuring are _____.

Back 1

quantitative

Front 2

Changes in the overall nature of what you are measuring are ____.

Back 2

qualitative

Front 3

laws and programs related to the well-being of children and families

Back 3

social policy

Front 4

Different developmental pathways/experiences may result in the same outcome

Back 4

equifinality

Front 5

Same paths may lead to different developmental outcomes

Back 5

multifinality

Front 6

Unique combinations of personal and environmental circumstances that can result in different paths of change

Back 6

contexts

Front 7

Progressively more complex interactions between an active, changing human and the environment that occur over time

Back 7

proximal processes

Front 8

model of human behavior which states that learning occurs in a social context and that much of what is learned is gained through observation

Back 8

social cognitive learning theory

Front 9

observation which records behavior in the natural setting

Back 9

naturalistic observation

Front 10

observation which structures a situation that is likely to evoke the behaviors of interest so that every participant has an equal opportunity to display the behavior

Back 10

structured observation

Front 11

Strengths and limitations of naturalistic observation:

Back 11

Strengths- natural setting
Limitations- can't control the environment

Front 12

Strengths and limitations of structured observation:

Back 12

Strengths- greater research control
Limitations- artificial setting

Front 13

The effects of the observer on the behavior displayed

Back 13

observer influence

Front 14

The tendency of the observer to notice and report events he is expecting to see

Back 14

observer bias

Front 15

Type of study in which the same group of individuals is measured repeatedly over time

Back 15

longitudinal study

Front 16

Type of study that compares specific behavior of individuals of different ages at the same time on the same tasks

Back 16

cross-sectional design

Front 17

Study which follows multiple groups of participants in distinct age groups over time

Back 17

cross-sequential study

Front 18

Differences between groups caused by different life experiences

Back 18

cohort effect

Front 19

strands of genes that store and transmit genetic info (DNA) to help direct development

Back 19

chromosomes

Front 20

Humans have __ pairs of chromosomes.

Back 20

23

Front 21

segment of DNA located at a particular site on a chromosome that codes for the production of certain kinds of proteins;
basic unit of heredity for all living things

Back 21

genes

Front 22

all of a person's genes, including those that are active and silent

Back 22

genotype

Front 23

genetically based characteristics that are actually shown;

visible expression of characteristics created by the interaction of the genetic makeup and the environment

Back 23

phenotype

Front 24

an alternate form of a gene for a particular trait: typically an individual gets one from each parent

Back 24

alleles

Front 25

when alleles from both parents for a particular trait are different

Back 25

heterozygous

Front 26

alleles from both parents for a particular trait are the same

Back 26

homozygous

Front 27

when numerous genes interact to promote a particular characteristic, i.e. height

Back 27

polygenic inheritance

Front 28

when a single gene has many different influences

Back 28

pleiotropic effects

Front 29

alleles are imprinted so that 1 member of the pair is always activated

Back 29

genomic imprinting

Front 30

too many or too few chromosomes, or a change in chromosome structure caused by breakage

Back 30

chromosome disorders

Front 31

complex inheritance; a combination of genomic imprinting and X-linked chromosome disorder

Back 31

Fragile X Syndrome (mental retardation)

Front 32

disorders caused by the interaction of many genes and environmental influences;
i.e. schizophrenia

Back 32

multifactorial inheritance

Front 33

the degree to which the expression of a gene is influenced by the environment

Back 33

canalization

Front 34

genes are activated or silenced in response to events or circumstances in the environment

Back 34

epigenetics

Front 35

The first stage of pregnancy from conception to two weeks

Back 35

Zygote (germinal) Stage

Front 36

The second stage of pregnancy from 2-8 weeks

Back 36

Embryonic Stage

Front 37

The final stage of pregnancy from 2 months to birth

Back 37

Fetal Stage

Front 38

3 Stages of Delivery

Back 38

Labor, Birth, Expulsion of the Placenta

Front 39

Evaluation of a newborn's heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color

Back 39

APGAR score

Front 40

sympathetic pregnancy in which a man experiences a variety of psychosomatic symptoms associated with pregnancy and childbirth while his partner is pregnant

Back 40

Couvade

Front 41

What is considered a low-birth weight baby?

Back 41

less than 5.5 pounds

Front 42

How early is a baby considered premature?

Back 42

born before 37 weeks

Front 43

When a baby is below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy, it is a ___.

Back 43

small-for-date infant

Front 44

A period of time during which development is occurring rapidly and the organism is especially sensitive to damage, which is often severe and irreversible

Back 44

critical period

Front 45

environmental agent that can disrupt prenatal development and cause malformations or termination of pregnancy

Back 45

teratogen

Front 46

The effects of teratogens depends on 5 factors:

Back 46

dose, timing, length of exposure, heredity,
other negative influences (cumulative)

Front 47

Consequences of prenatal malnutrition in the first trimester:

Back 47

miscarriages or babies with physical defects

Front 48

consequences of prenatal malnutrition in the later pregnancy:

Back 48

low birth weight, small heads, CNS damage

Front 49

Effects of prenatal maternal stress:

Back 49

reduces blood flow to the uterus and deprives fetus of full supply of oxygen;

stress hormones cross the placenta