Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
118 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Development
|
Age-related changes that are orderly, cumulative, and directional.
|
|
|
Qualitative Change
|
A developmental change involving a fundamental transformation in an ability or characteristic.
|
|
|
Quantitative Change
|
A developmental change involving an increase in the amount of an existing ability or characteristic.
|
|
|
Behavioral reorganization
|
A change in the way a developing child organizes and uses his or her capabilities; one way in which qualitative change occurs.
|
|
|
Normative Development
|
The general changes and reorganizations in behavior that virtually all children share as they grow older.
|
|
|
Individual Development
|
(1) Individual variations around the normative course of development; (2) continuity within a child's developmental pathway.
|
|
|
Adaptation
|
A change in a species that increases chances of survival in a particular environment.
|
|
|
Natural Selection
|
THe process by which traits that are well adapted to an environment are selected through reproduction and become increasingly common in a species.
|
|
|
Evolution
|
The development of species through structural changes over time.
|
|
|
Maturation
|
Age-related physical changes guided by a generic plan.
|
|
|
Theory
|
An organized set of ideas about how things operae; an attempt to explain past findings and predict future ones.
|
|
|
Piagets Stages
|
Sensorimotor
Preoperational Concrete Operational Formal Operational |
|
|
Sensorimotor period
|
Piaget's term for the first two years of life, when awareness of the world is limited to what can be known through sensory awareness and motor acts.
|
|
|
Preoperational
|
Piaget's term for the period when children have mental representation but do not yet reason logically or systematically.
|
|
|
Concrete Operational
|
Piaget's term for the period when children begin to use logical operations to reason about concrete objects.
|
|
|
Formal Operational
|
Piaget's term for the period when children gain the ability to reason systematically about abstract issues and hypothetical problems.
|
|
|
Information-Processing Theory
|
A theory that seeks to explain human thought processes by comparing them to the workings of a computer.
|
|
|
Sociocultural theory
|
a theory that emphasized the role of social interaction and specific cultural practices in the development of cognitive skills.
|
|
|
Private speech
|
Audible speech that children direct to themselves in regulating their own behavior
|
|
|
Inner Speech
|
Children's inaudible directives to themselves, used for behavior regulation.
|
|
|
Zone of proximal development
|
Vygotsky's term for the gap between a particular child's current performance and potential performance with guidance from someone more skilled.
|
|
|
Psychoanalytic Theory
|
Any theory of development derived from the ideas of Freud.
|
|
|
Id
|
Freud's term for the part of the mind that consists of primitive drives and instincts.
|
|
|
Ego
|
Freud's term for the part of the mind whose major role is to find safe amd appropriate ways to express instinctual drives.
|
|
|
Superego
|
Freud's term for the the conscience; the part of the mind that has internalized rules and values governing behavior.
|
|
|
Fixation
|
failure to resolve the major issues of a psychosexual stage, resulting in repeating symbolic reliving of those issues.
|
|
|
Social Learning theory
|
A theory that emphasizes the learning of behaviors through associations with different kinds of consequences, especially in a social context.
|
|
|
Modeling
|
Learning by imitating others behavior, especially behavior that has been learned to have positive consequences.
|
|
|
Adaptational theory
|
Bowlby's developmental theory, which integrates ideas from evolutionary, psychoanalytical, and cognitive theories to explain the development and impact of early attachment relationships.
|
|
|
Hypothesis
|
A testable proposition, often developed to check the validity of a theory
|
|
|
Experiment
|
A study in which researchers control conditions and systematically manipulate one or more factors, so as to rule out all influences except one being investigated
|
|
|
Ecolgical Validity
|
The degree to which experimental findings in the laboratory generalize to the outside world.
|
|
|
Nonexperimental methods
|
Research methods in which information about behavior is collected without manipulating the factors thought to be influencing it
|
|
|
Correlational Methods
|
Research methods that allow researchers to examine relationships among factors but not to draw conclusions about causes and effects.
|
|
|
Natural Experiment
|
An observational method in which researchers compare groups of people who differ naturally on the factors being studied.
|
|
|
naturalistic observation
|
A research method in which naturally occuring behavior is observed in everyday settings.
|
|
|
Ethology
|
A field pf study relying on observation of species in their natural habitats, in order to understand patterns of behavior and their functions.
|
|
|
Survey Research
|
Research in which information is collected using interviews or questionnaires.
|
|
|
Longitudinal Study
|
A study following a group of subjects over a period of time.
|
|
|
Cross-Sectional Study
|
A study comparing groups of people of different ages at the same time.
|
|
|
Cohort Effect
|
In a cross-sectional study, a difference between age groups due to a peculiarity in one of the groups being studied rather than to a general developmental difference.
|
|
|
Subject attrition
|
In a longitudinal study, the loss of participants over time.
|
|
|
Accelerated longitudinal design
|
A type of longitudinal study in which researchers simultaneously follow seeral age groups over a period of time.
|
|
|
Canalization
|
The extent to which genese constrain enviornmental influences on particular traits.
|
|
|
Bidirectional effects
|
Two-way developmental influences between family members
|
|
|
Transactional model
|
Sameroff's model describing the cumulative effects of ongoing two-way influences between children and parents.
|
|
|
Family Day Care
|
A day care setting in which a group of children is cared for in the home of a nonrelative
|
|
|
Socioeconomic status
|
The grouping of people within a society on the basis of income, occupation, and education.
|
|
|
Culture
|
A system of beliefs, attitudes, values, and guidelines for behavior shared by a group of people.
|
|
|
Socialization
|
The process by which children acquire the rules, standards, and values of a culture.
|
|
|
Subcultures
|
Groups whose beliefs, attitudes, values, and guidelines for behavior differ in some ways from those of the dominant culture.
|
|
|
Prenatal period
|
The period of development prior to birth
|
|
|
Differentiation
|
A Developmental process in which structures and functions become increasingly specialized.
|
|
|
Chromosome
|
Threadlike structure in which the organism's genetic instructions are stored, composed of DNA and located in the nucleus of each cell.
|
|
|
Gene
|
A segment of DNA that contains the code for producing a particular protien.
|
|
|
Genome
|
The complete DNA sequence for an organism.
|
|
|
Somatic cells
|
The cells that make up the body, not including the egg and sperm cells.
|
|
|
Mitosis
|
The process of cell division by which the body grows and repairs itself, in which the genetic material from the parent cell is duplicated in each daughter cell.
|
|
|
Homologues
|
Two chromosomes that form one of the 23 pairs of human chromosomes and resemble each other in size, shape, and the types of genes they carry.
|
|
|
Meiosis
|
The process of cell division by which egg and sperm cell are formed.
|
|
|
Germ cells
|
The cells from which eggs and sperm are produced.
|
|
|
Gamete
|
A mature reproductive cell
|
|
|
Crossing over
|
An exchange of corresponding segments of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
|
|
|
Sex Chromosomes
|
In humans, the 23rd pair of chromosomes, which determine genetic gender, Females are XX and Males are XY
|
|
|
Critical Period
|
A limited time during which some part of a developing organism is susceptible to influences that can bring about specific and permanent changes.
|
|
|
Gonads
|
The sex glands-the ovaries and testes.
|
|
|
Hormone
|
A chemical produced in the body that regulates physiological processes.
|
|
|
Androgens
|
Male Sex hormones
|
|
|
Allele
|
One of several alternative forms of a particular gene.
|
|
|
Homozygous
|
Carring two identical alleles for a particular trait
|
|
|
Heterozygous
|
Carring two different alleles for a particular trait
|
|
|
Genotype
|
An individual's genetic makeup
|
|
|
Phenotype
|
An individual's observable traits
|
|
|
Sex-linked traits
|
Recessive genetic traits that are carried on the X chromosome and are commonly expressed only in males.
|
|
|
Polygenic
|
Influenced by multiple gene pairs.
|
|
|
Ovum
|
An egg cell
|
|
|
Ovulation
|
Release of an ovum into one of the fallopian tubes, the passages that lead into the uterus.
|
|
|
Zygote
|
The cell resulting from the union of a sperm cell with an ovum.
|
|
|
Dizygotic twins
|
Fraternal twins, the result of the fertilization of two ova by two different sperm.
|
|
|
Monozygotic twins
|
identical twins, the result of the division of a single fertilized egg into two seperate units during its early cell division.
|
|
|
Embryoblast
|
A group of cells at one end of the blastocyst that develops into the embryo
|
|
|
Trophoblast
|
The cells in the blastocyst that form the basis of the embryo's life-support system.
|
|
|
Blastocyst
|
The hollow, ball-like structure into which a zygote develops in the first week following conception.
|
|
|
Embryo
|
The term applied to the developing organism during weeks 2 through 8 of prenatal development.
|
|
|
Organogenesis
|
The formation of organs and other major body structures.
|
|
|
Placenta
|
A mass of tissue that supplies oxygen and nutrients to the embryo and carries away waste products.
|
|
|
Umbilical cord
|
A cord containing blood vessels that connects the embryo with the placenta
|
|
|
Amniotic sac
|
The fluid-filled sac that surrounds and protects the embryo and the fetus.
|
|
|
Endoderm
|
Cells that develop into internal organs such as the stomach, liver, and lungs.
|
|
|
Mesoderm
|
Cells that become the muscles, skeleton, and blood.
|
|
|
Ectoderm
|
Cells that form the central nervous system, sensory organs, and skin.
|
|
|
Embryonic induction
|
A chemical interaction between the cells of different tissues that triggers developmental changes in the embryo.
|
|
|
Cephalocaudal Development
|
The principle that development proceeds from the head downward.
|
|
|
Proximodistal Development
|
The principle that development proceeds from the center of the body outward.
|
|
|
Fetus
|
The term applied to the developing organism during weeks 9 through 38 percent of prenatal development.
|
|
|
Neural Tube
|
A tube running from the head to the tail of the embryo, which will develop into the brain and spinal cord.
|
|
|
Neurons
|
Nerve cells
|
|
|
Neurogenesis
|
Formation of neurons
|
|
|
Cerebral Cortex
|
The brain's thin, highly convulated outer layer.
|
|
|
Synapses
|
Connections between neurons.
|
|
|
Trimesters
|
Three-month periods that correspond to changes inthe mother's experience of pregnancy.
|
|
|
Congenital defect
|
Any abnormality that is present at birth
|
|
|
Single-gene disorder
|
Any disorder produced by inheritance of a single gene.
|
|
|
Chromosomal abnormality
|
Any genetic defect that occurs when errors in meiosis produce sperm or egg cells with incorrect numbers of chromosomes or with damaged chromosomes.
|
|
|
Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
|
A type of chromosomal abnormality that occurs when a baby recieves an abnormal number of sex chromosomes.
|
|
|
Teratogen
|
A substance in the environment that can cause physical malformation during prenatal development.
|
|
|
Risk factors
|
Factors that increase the likelihood of negative developmental outcoes.
|
|
|
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
|
A constellation of problems found amoung babies born to heavy drinkers.
|
|
|
Estrogen
|
a female sex hormone.
|
|
|
Ultrasound
|
A technique that produces a computer image of a fetus by bouncing sound waves off of it
|
|
|
Amnicentesis
|
Withdrawal of amniotic fluid for the purpose of testing for chromosomal abnormalities.
|
|
|
Chorionic villus sampling
|
A technique for analyzing the fetus's genetic makeup using cells from the developing placenta.
|
|
|
Apgar Scale
|
A scale for rating a baby's well-being shortly after birth.
|
|
|
Anoxia
|
A distuption in the baby's oxygen supply during or just after birth
|
|
|
Premature
|
Referring to a baby born less than 35 weeks after conception
|
|
|
Low birth weight
|
less than 2500 grams at birth
|
|
|
Very low birth weight
|
less than 1500 grams at birth
|
|
|
Cesarean Section
|
Delivery of a baby bu surgical incision in the abdomen and uterus of the mother.
|
