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37 Cards in this Set
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Hobbs and Holt Behaviour modification (token economy) |
Token economy at school for juvenile delinquents (12-15) 125 in four cottages One cottage a control group Increase in mean percentage of social behaviours One cottage = 66 to 91% No increase in control group |
Study (delinquents in cottages) |
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Bassett and blanchard Behaviour modification (token economy) |
A failing token economy is improved by reestablishing consistency |
General evaluative statement not study (consistency) |
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Blackburn Behaviour modification (token economy) |
Behaviour modification has lil rehabilitative value Improves behaviour in the short term Question as to whether it has long term effects on offenders and reduce recidivism |
Evaluative statement - not study (long term v short term) |
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Ireland et al Anger management |
Natural experiment 50 prisoners who completed a course vs 37 who hadnt Given a cognitive behavioural interview and a self report questtionaire Officers conducted a wing behavioural checklist rating 29 angry behaviours for the week The 50 rated themselves lower and were rated lower No reduction in control group |
Study (prisoners and officers anger rating) |
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Sherman and strang
Restorative justice -behaviour modification |
Meta-analysis (research on the effectiveness of restorative justice) RJ reduced recidivism for some but not all offenders Reduced recidivism for adults more than prison Reduced recidivism for youths the same as prison RJ more effective when its a personal victim, violent and when property is involved Clearest benefits for the victim ( reducing PTSD) |
Meta analysis - recidivism, adults v youths and affecting factors of crime) |
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Morgan Custodial sentencing |
3/4 of young offenders and 1/2 of adults commit further offences within two years of release |
Small facts for recidivism |
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Davis and Raymond
Recidivism |
Review of custodial sentencing Sentences only used to satisfy society (something is being done)Root causes of crime not addressed Prison does little to deter or rehabilitate offenders |
Review on faults of custodial sentencing |
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Walker et al
Recidivism |
Length of sentence doesnt effect recidivism rate of habitual offenders Recidivism varies with age and crimes Young more likely to reoffendTheft and burglary more than twice as likely to reoffend vs drug or sexual offences |
Recidivism affected by offender type |
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Cold et al Psychological effects of custody |
Uk offenders who receive mental health treatment while in prison are 60% less likely to be violent |
Mental health treatment effects on violence (short) |
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Haney Psychological effects of custody Psychological effects of custody Psychological effects of custody Psychological effects of custody Psychological effects of custody Psychological effects of custody Psychological effects of custody |
Psychological effects cause problems when adjusting outside prisonAffect employmentReintegration in social networksAbility to be a parent May still be institutionalized May find it hard to organise their life |
Adjusting to life post prison |
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Sutherland |
Differential association theory |
Theory |
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Farrington differential association theory |
Cambridge study in delinquent development 40 yr longitudinal study 411 males 8 yrs old upto 50 Working class, deprived inner city london 42% convicted of at least one offence (10 to 50 yrs) Risk factor- age 8 to 10 were measures of criminality in the family |
Cambridge longitudinal study (risk factor) |
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Mednick et al Differential association theory |
Criminal adoptive (not biological) parents = more likely to offend |
Criminal adoptive parents |
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Freud |
Psychodynamic explanation- the superego |
Theory |
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Hoffman The superego |
Found hardly any evidence of gender differences Girls more moral than boys |
Limitation of freud (alpha bias) |
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Bowlby |
Maternal deprivation hypothesis |
Theory |
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Bowlby Maternal deprivation hypotheses |
Natural experiment Case histories of 88 patients Child guidance clinic -london 44 accused of stealing 44 control group (still emotionally disturbed) 14/44 were affectionless psychopaths 12/14 had prolonged maternal deprivation in first 2 yrs |
44 thieves study |
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Eysenck |
The criminl personality |
Theory |
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Eysenck The criminal personality |
2070 male prisoners vs 2422 male controls Did the EPQ Subdivided into age (16-69) Prisoners higher on psychotism, extraversion and neuroticism |
Support for the EPQ and his own theory |
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Farrington et al
The criminal personality |
Reviewed studies Offenders score higher on psychoticism No difference for extraversion and neuroticism Little consistence in EEG measures |
Iimitation - review discrediting eysencks work |
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Digman The criminal personality |
Five factor model of personality Extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness High E and N doesnt mean offending is inevitable |
Five factor model of personality |
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Schonenberg and justye Cognitive distortions- hostile attribution bias |
55 violent offenders Emotionally ambiguous faces More likely to percieve the images as hostile and angry |
Ambiguous faces |
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Barbaree Cognitive distortions- minimalisation |
26 incarcerated rapists 54% denied the offence 40% minimised the harm caused |
Minimalising Rapists |
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Heller et al Cognitive distortions |
Young men Disadvantaged groups in chicago Cognitive behavioural techniques to reduced cognitive distortions 13 hour sessions = 44% reduction in arrests |
Disadvantaged in chicago - cognitive behavioural techniques to reduce distortions |
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Kohlberg |
Level of moral reasoning (theory or moral development) |
Theory |
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Chandler Levels of moral reasoning/theory of moral development |
Offenders are more egocentric with poorer social perspective-taking skills Those with higher reasoning levels are more sympathetic and conventional |
Support for kohlbergs theory - no numbers just associations with levels of reasoning |
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Palmer and hollin Levels of moral reasoning/theory of moral development |
332 non offenders vs 126 offenders Socio-reflection measure short form (SRM-SF) 11 moral dilemma related questions Offenders = less mature moral cognitive reasoning (lower levels of moral development) e.g. hedonistic gain |
SRM-SF study, support for Kohlberg - offenders vs control |
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Thornton and reid Levels of moral reasoning/theory of moral development |
Used kohlbergs moral dillemas with criminal samples and measured using the theory Pre-conventional stage = financial and opportunistic crimes Impulsive crimes = no correlation |
Depends on the kind of offence - limitation of kohlberg |
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Lange Genetic transmission |
Twin study 13 MZ twins vs 17 DZ twins One of the twins had been in prison 59% for MZ - both were in prison 12% for DZ |
Twin study support for genetic transmission - both twins in prison |
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Brunner et al Genetic approach |
Male members of Dutch family Several generations had violent history Genetic condition ("Brunner Syndrome") Lower intelligence (IQ of 85) Definciency in MAOA |
Aggressive dutch family - brunner syndrome |
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Christiansen Genetic approach |
3'500 twin pairs in denmark 33% - MZ 12% - DZ |
Concordance rates in denmark |
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Caspi et al
Genetic approach |
Longitudinal study (new zealand) 1000 people Babies in the '70s Assessed antisocial behaviour at age 26 12% with MAOA-L experienced maltreatment as babies |
More factors than genes - limitation Longitudinal new zealand '70s |
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Stephen Mobley
Genetic approach |
Tried to reduce death sentence to life sentence for '91 murder of college student Argued 'genetic predisposition' Didnt work |
Criminal case example of genes not admissable in a court of law |
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Tiihonen et al Genetic approach |
MAOA-L = 13x more likely to have a history of repeated violent behaviour Not everyone with the gene became an offender |
Risk of gene = aggression BUT limitation of genetic transmission (for the argument of free will) |
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Kandel and Freed Neural explanations |
Ppts with anti social behaviour and frontal lobe damage = emotional instability and impulsive actions |
Support for pre frontal cortex damage (emotional instability) - no numbers |
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Raine et al
Neural explanations |
PET scans Murderers/man slaughter Pleaded not guilty by reason of insanity Reduced activity in prefrontal cortex and corpus callosum Abnormal activity in limbic system (amygdala and thalamus) |
Support - PET scans of pleaded insanity offenders |
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Badaway Neural explanations |
Alcohol consumption Major disturbances in the metabolism of serotonin Acute intake depletes serotonin levels |
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