Fluoro Exam

Front 1

1. Output intensity of a fluoro tube is measured in what unit? what about patient dose output?

2. Image contrast is equal to brightness ratio of what?

3. At are the three reason for it?

Back 1

1. mR or R (coulombs/kg)
Patien= mrads/rads

2. brightness ratio of the periphery to the center of the output intensifying screen contrast diminishes

3. Due to input screen does nto absorb all photons, some go straight through and age.

Front 2

1. What is vignetting?

2. What is the resolving power of an image intensifier determined by>

Back 2

1. Reduction of brightness at the periphery of the image.

2. input phosphor

Front 3

1. Fluoroscopic image quality is better or worse then radiography?

2. MTF (modulation transfer function) is what?

3. what does MTF of 1 or 9 mean?

Back 3

1. Worse

2. ability of an imaging system to reproduce information.

3. MTF of 1 is perfect, 9 means none of the informatin has been reproduced.

Front 4

1. What is the conversion factor?

2. Vertical resolution depends on what? about about horizontal resolution?

3. What is the bandpass or bandwidth?

Back 4

1. ratio of the luminance of the output phosphor to the input exposure rate

2. vertical=number of vertical lines whereas horizontal resolution is determined by the bandpass

3. frequency range that electronic components of the video system must be designed to transmit or pass along

Front 5

1. As patient dose increase what happen to mA?

2. Electrons are speed up by what? and focused on to the output phosphor by what?

3. What is the unit measurement for image brightness?

Back 5

1. Increase.

2. accelerating anode and focused by electrostatic lens.

3. Lambert

Front 6

1. What does tissue radiosensitivity depend on?

2. At are 4 things that needs to be posed in area where X-ray producing machines are utilized?

Back 6

1. degree of mitotic activity

2. x-ray supervision permit, CRT certificate, tech fluoroscopy permit, RHD form RH2364

Front 7

1. What is a Kell factor?

2. How long does individual radiation monitoring records be preserved?

3. Protective aprons shall be at least ?mm lead and how much does this reduce radiation?

Back 7

1. ratio of the attainable resolution to the actual number of active line pairs per image

2. indefinitely

3. 0.25mm and 97%

Front 8

1. What is the best method of gonadal shielding for an erect male?

2. Regulation require tube potential and current be monitored how often?

3. Minimum lead equivalence of gonadal shielding must be ?mm lead?

4. What is the maximum exposure of a pregnant occupational worker during the 9 month period?

Back 8

1. shaped contact shielding with an athletic supporter

2. daily

3. 0.5mm

4. 500 millirems (5rems)

Front 9

1. Total filtrastion for permanently fixed fluoroscope unit may not be less than ?

2. Table top intensity during fluoroscope should not exceed? for each mA of current at 80kVp

Back 9

1. 2.5mm

2. 2.2R/min

Front 10

1. mA setting for fluoro is typically greater or less then 5mA?

2. Present time for cumulative manual reset timer may not exceed ? minutes?

3. Equipment with Arcade afer 8/'74 shall not be operable which will result in an exposure rate in excess of ?R/min? what about without AEC?

Back 10

1. Less

2. 5 min

3. excess of 5R/min, and 5R/min

Front 11

1. What is the definition of high radiation area?

2. What is definition of radiation ara?

3. What about controlled area?

Back 11

1. part of body which could receive a whole body dose of 100mRem/hr

2. area of body could receive excess of 5mRem/hr

3. area in which radiation safety rule are enforced and occupational exposure of personnel is under supervision

Front 12

Regulations required record keeping of 4 different things?

Back 12

1. calibration, survey and test result

2. x-ray machine receipt

3. transfers and dsposal

4. required dosimetry report

Front 13

1. Stray x-ray coming from x-ray tube housing is called?

2. It must not exceed how much mR/hr at 1 meter from target?

Back 13

1. Leakage radiation

2. 100mR/hr

Front 14

1. Mobile equipment can't be operated at less than ? SID?

2. which 3 things must be monitored monthly?

3. How much R does 12 mR equal to?

Back 14

1. 12'' or 30cm

2. beam alignment, image intensifer resolution and contrast

3. 0.012R

Front 15

What are 3 things that affect patient exposure? What about the type of generator or focal spot size?

Back 15

1. collimation
2. Target to panel distance
3. Exposure dose

Rest don't affect it.

Front 16

1. What are the 2 units of exposure or intensity?

2. What are the 2 units of absorbed dose equivalent used for occupational workers?

3. What are the units of absorbed dose in patient?

Back 16

1. coulombs/kg or Roentgen

2. seivert and rem

3. Gray and rad

Front 17

1. What is a half value layer?

2. What about a tenth value layer?

Back 17

1. Thickness of substance which reduced exposure rate of primary beam by 1/2

2. reduce exposure rate of primary beam by one-tenth

Front 18

1. A filater is a material place din the useful beam to do what?

2. What is a genetic dose refer to?

Back 18

1. To absorb less epenetrating radiation.

2. refer to effects exhibited in future offspring of persons who have been irradiated.

Front 19

1. Radiation protection guides and regulatory requirements are based on what?

2. How much dose exposure will result in formation of cataracts?

3. risk of malformation is signficantly increased above control levels only at dose above what rads?

Back 19

1. linear nonthreshold curve

2. several hundreds

3. 15 rads

Front 20

1. What is the approximate dose to a patient's gonad from barium enema?

2. What are the two cell types that are most sensitive to radiation?

3. Long term somatic effects of low level radiation exposure are ? (2 things)

Back 20

1. 1 rad

2. leukocytes and red bone marrow

3. increased incidence of cancer and life spanning shortening

Front 21

1. As kVP increases and mAs (incr or decrease?) how about patient's skin dose?

2. What is the greatest contribution of unnecessary patient exposure is what?

Back 21

1. Decrease and patient skin dose decreases.

2. Failure to collimate to area of interest

Front 22

1. If exposure area is doubled, then patient dose and exposure is?

2. mA setting is diretly porportional to what?

3. What are the 3 things that table top exposure rate influenced by?

Back 22

1. double

2. pt exposure.

3. filtration, kVP, target to panel distance

Front 23

1. What is the AEC function?

2. Doubling the exposure time increases or decreases patient's total exposure by how much?

3. What si the approximate exposure after 5 minutes of fluoroscope?

Back 23

1. maintain a constant exposure to the image intensifier

2. double

3. 10-30R

Front 24

1. What are the 3 basic principles to reduce dose?

2. Major imaging problem with children is?

3. Major source of secondary radiation is?

Back 24

1. time, distance and shielding

2. motion

3. patient's body

Front 25

1. What unit is the film badge expresses?

2. Where should you wear the film badges?

3. What is the most common material used in TLD?

Back 25

1. millirems

2. above the apron at collar level

3. lithium fluoride

Front 26

What is electronic intensification?

What are the 4 factors that affect intensification?

Back 26

increase illumination of the images

1. dynamic
2. brightness gain
3. flux gain
4. minification

Front 27

1. What is dynamics:

2. What is Brightness gain?

Back 27

1. high voltage btwn cathode and anode cause an acceleration of electrons to the output phosphor

2. flux gain x minification gain. usually 5k to 20k

Front 28

1. What is flux gain?

2. What is minification?

Back 28

1. ratio of the # of light photons at the output phosphor to the # of light photons at the input phosphor

2. ratio of the squared diameter of the input phosphor to the sqare diamter of th e output

Front 29

How do you calculate the magnification?

How about the increased patient dose?

Going form a 9' input to a 6' input?

Back 29

1. 9/6= 1.5 magnified

2. 9^2/6^2= 2.25 increase dose.

Front 30

1. What is the ultimate limitation of any image intensifier?

2. What is the best and easiest way to improve quaality and reduced patient dose?

3. How does it improve quality?

Back 30

1. Quantrum mottle

2. collimation.

3. It reduces scattered radiation reaching the output phosphor therefore improve quality.

Front 31

1. What is the normal viewing distance for eyes?

2. How long does dark adaption take place for eyes?

3. What is integration? How long does it take?

Back 31

1. 12-15 inches

2. 30 minutes

3. ability of the brain to recognize what it is seeing?

takes 0.2 seconds

Front 32

1. What is the unit for quantity of x-ray or output?

2. What is directly porportional to the dose patient received?

3. How much mA does normal fluoroscopic tube carry?

4. How much mA is required for spot film?

Back 32

1. mA

2. mA

3. 2.5mA

4. 100-150mA

Front 33

1. What is the exposure rate directly porportional to?

2. As film size increase what happen to the exposure rate?

3. AT 80kVp maximum of how mcuh R/mA is allowed?

Back 33

1. increases directly poportional to the area of exposure

2. Increses

3. 2.2R/mA

Front 34

1. What is the maximum exposure rate?

2. What is the maximum exposure rate with ABC on unit? what about without?

3. What is the typical exposure rate for fluoroscope patient?

4. Output of the fluoroscope measured in what unit?

Back 34

1. 5R/min

2. 10 R/min vs. 5 R/min

3. 2-5 R/min

4. mR or R/min

Front 35

1. What is the equivalent thickness of the table top?

2. How fast should it move from horizontal to vertical position?

3. Exposure is measured how far from the table top?

Back 35

1. 1mm aluminum

2. 20-25 sec

3. 1cm above

Front 36

1. How many horizontal lines are seen on the TV monitor?

2. How much more lines does 15 vs. 19" monitor have?

3. What is the definition of contrast on monitor?

Back 36

1. 525

2. same number

3. ratio of brightness for the center of the monitor to the periphery.

Front 37

1. What is the purpose of disc recorder?

2. What is the max. frame rate?

Back 37

1. reduce patient dose as much as 95%

2. 30/sec

Front 38

1. What is the primary source of scattered radiation?

2. Most scattered radiation is found?

3. Most of the X-ray is absorbed by what?

Back 38

1. patient

2. 135 degree from the tube or source

3. patient.

Front 39

1. How much ergs of x-ray equally abosrbed in how much tissue is equal to 1 rad?

2. What is the unit of patient dose?

3. How much rad = gray?

Back 39

1. 200erg absorb in 2 gms

2. rad or gray.

3. 100 rad = 1 gray

Front 40

1. What is the measured unit for biologic effect on radiation?

2. What is the international unit for above unit? What is the conversion rate?

3. What is the unit of exposure of radiation in air?

Back 40

1. Rem or mrem.

2. seivert. 100rem= 1 seivert

3. Roentgen.

Front 41

1. How often AEC unit needs to be checked by a physicist?

2. Unit w/o ABC should be checked once every how long?

3. What does "synchronization" mean?

Back 41

1. once a year

2. 3 years

3. check the camera shutter at the same frequency as the x-ray pulse.

Front 42

1. What type of tube provides the lowest exposure rate to patient?

2. What is the lowest methoid of visualizing patient?

Back 42

1. Plumbicon

2. Mirror optics

Front 43

What is AEC? What is ABC?

What is the purpose of thse?

Back 43

Automatic exposure control which is the same as automatic brightness control

its goal is to maintain a constant number of photons to the input phosphor of the image intensifier.

Front 44

1. As the target to panel distance increases from 12 to 18 inches, the patient dose increase or decrease by how much?

2. As you increase the distance btwn the target and image intensifer does it increase or decrease patient dose?

3. What about incresing the distance between the fluoroscope screen from patient?

Back 44

1. decrease by 30%

2. Increase dose

3. Increase patient dose.

Front 45

1. What is the maximum exposure time?

2. What is the occupational dose?

3. What is the NPD per year?

4. What is the Maximum quarterly dose?

Back 45

1. 5 min
2. 5(N-18)MPD
3. 5 REM per year or 5000mR
4. 3 REM

Front 46

What is the max. exposure to
1. whole body
2. extrermities
3. skin?

Back 46

1. 1.25 REM
2. 18.75 Rem
3. 7.5 Rem

Front 47

1. Fetus is allow to be exposre how much Rem at when?

2. What about pregnant technologist?

Back 47

1. 0.5REM

2. 0.5 REM in entire 9 months.

Front 48

1. which cells are more sensitive to radiation? The one need more oxygen or less?

2. For mobile units, does it need an AEC?

3. What are the 3 "must" to be on a mobile unit?

Back 48

1. More oxygen

2. No need for AEC

3. a. need a 5 min timer
b. device to prohibit operation if the source skin distance is <12 inches
c. tbe must always be intercepted by the image intensifier.

Front 49

1. what is the best position for patient in examing the gallbladder?

2. What is the most common problem spoting the gallbladder?

Back 49

1. upright RPO
2. colonic gas

Front 50

What are 3 things that affect table top exposure?

Back 50

1. filtration
2. kVp
3. target to panel distance (target=focal point on anode, panel=table top)

Front 51

1. For an under the table tube, the maximum intensities are received above the table top level at what angle? what about the minimum intensity?

2. What does BOOST control does?

Back 51

1. 135 max and 90 degree min.

2. Incresae tube current (mA) and tube potential (kVp)

Front 52

1. As the mA increases and the kVp is decreased, the patient exposure increase or decrease?

2. Exposure delivered to patient is diretly porportional or not porportional to mA?

3. What is the typical mA setting?

Back 52

1. increased

2. proportional

3. 5mA or below 3

Front 53

1. Intensity of beam should not exceed who much R/min for each mA of operating tube current at 80kVp?

2. If you double your distance from a source of radiation, your exposure will be reduced by how much of the original dose?

Back 53

1. 2.2

2. 1/4

Front 54

1. Gonadal exposure is consider a partial or whole body exposure?

2. Typical exposure for a 120 second UGI is ho much R?

Back 54

1. Whole body

2. 5-15R

Front 55

1. Will AEC function properly if the child does not cover entire exposure detection device?

2. What are 4 exposure monitoring device?

Back 55

1. No

2. TLD, film badge, ion chamber and audible warning device

Front 56

1. What is a TLD?

2. What is the most common material used to make this?

3. What is the problem with TLD?

Back 56

1. thermoluminescent dosimeter

2. made by lithium fluoride

3. No permanent record is provided consider dose is cancelled when TLD is read

Front 57

Radiation monitor device is needed for 3 type of workers?

Back 57

1. person who operate mobile x-ray

2. likely to receive a quarterly whole body exposure of 0.3 rem

3. person who enter high radiation area (>100mRem in one hour)

Front 58

1. when worker should consider wear 2 monitor device?

2. Approximate exposure to patient during a 5 min fluoro is how much R?

Back 58

1. pregnant worker or worker working on special procedure

2. 10-30R

Front 59

Wha tis the filtration requirement for a permanently fixe or intercepting the useful beam to remove less penetrating radiation?

Back 59

2.5mm AI.

Front 60

Leakage radiation at distance of 1 meter from the target can't exceed how much mR/hour?

Back 60

100

Front 61

What are three things needed on a mobile fluoroscopic unit?

Back 61

1. image intensifier
2. device to present operation if beam is not intercepted by primary barier
3. device to prevent operation at SID less than 12 inches source to skin distance

Front 62

1. What is the primary barrier for beam during fluoroscopy?

Back 62

1. image intensifier.

Front 63

1. what is the input phosphor?

2. Wha tis the photocathode?

3. What si the accelerating Anode?

4. What is the electrostatic lenses

5. What is the output phosphor?

Back 63

1. Input phosphor: absorb x-ray and convert their energy into light photons which strike the Photocathode

2. Photocathode causes electrons to be given of in direct proportion to intensity of the fluorescent light.

3. Electron are speed up by accelerating anode

4. Electrostatic lenses focuses the electrons and onto the output phosphor

5. Output phosphor is where the electron's energy striking is converted back to light photons which can be picked up and viewed.

Front 64

1. Wha tis the image intensifier tube lag?

2. What are two most important factors in evaluating image quality?

Back 64

1. the image blur when x-ray tube was moved to fast.

2. statistical quality and adequate level of light for photopic vision

Front 65

What is quantum mottle?

Back 65

a grainy appearance in an image caused by statistical fluctuation of absorbed x-ray photons

Front 66

1. what is minification?

2. What is real image?

Back 66

1. reduction in image size with increase in brightness

2. Light ray intercept on plane to form an image

Front 67

1. Fluoroscope equipment manufactured after 1974 with AEC shall not be operable at any setting which result in an exposure rate in excess of ? R/min?

2. What about without AEC?

Back 67

1. 10

2. 5

Front 68

1. Fluoroscope equipment manufactured after 1974 with AEC shall not be operable at any setting which result in an exposure rate in excess of ? R/min?

2. What about without AEC?

Back 68

1. 10

2. 5

Front 69

1. What is the typical mA setting for spot filming?

2. What is the normal binocular viewing distance?

3. What are two characteristics of contrast agent used in fluoroscopy?

Back 69

1. 150mA

2. 4-10"

3. They have high atomic numbers and low toxicity.

Front 70

1. What is the typical mA setting for spot filming?

2. What is the normal binocular viewing distance?

3. What are two characteristics of contrast agent used in fluoroscopy?

Back 70

1. 150mA

2. 4-10"

3. They have high atomic numbers and low toxicity.

Front 71

1. What is the most conservative type of dose effect curve?

2. What is the conventional unit of ionizing radiation measuring exposure in air?

Back 71

1. Linear nonthreshold curve

2. Roentgen (R)

Front 72

1. What is the most conservative type of dose effect curve?

2. What is the conventional unit of ionizing radiation measuring exposure in air?

Back 72

1. Linear nonthreshold curve

2. Roentgen (R)

Front 73

1. What is the conventional unit of ionizing radiatio of absorbed dose equivalent?

2. what is synchronization?

3. what portion of the retina is densely covered with cone?

Back 73

1. Rems with SI unit of seivert.

2. operation of the camera shutters at the same frequency as the x-ray pulse.

3. Fovea centralis

Front 74

1. What is the conventional unit of ionizing radiatio of absorbed dose equivalent?

2. what is synchronization?

3. what portion of the retina is densely covered with cone?

Back 74

1. Rems with SI unit of seivert.

2. operation of the camera shutters at the same frequency as the x-ray pulse.

3. Fovea centralis

Front 75

1. Where is the fovea centralis located within the eye?

2. cones function most efficientyl in dark/bright light?

3. Which light wavelengths are rods most sensitive to?

Back 75

1. posterior portion of the retina

2. bright

3. blue and green

Front 76

1. Where is the fovea centralis located within the eye?

2. cones function most efficientyl in dark/bright light?

3. Which light wavelengths are rods most sensitive to?

Back 76

1. posterior portion of the retina

2. bright

3. blue and green

Front 77

1. What are the modern input phosphors made of?

2. what is an image intensifier?

3. What are the basic component of image intensifier?

Back 77

1. Cesium iodide.

2. An electronic vaccuum tube that converts the pattern of xray beam to bright light images.

3. Input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic focusing lens, accelerating anode and output phosphor.

Front 78

1. What are the modern input phosphors made of?

2. what is an image intensifier?

3. What are the basic component of image intensifier?

Back 78

1. Cesium iodide.

2. An electronic vaccuum tube that converts the pattern of xray beam to bright light images.

3. Input phosphor, photocathode, electrostatic focusing lens, accelerating anode and output phosphor.

Front 79

1. Why are photocathode and input phosphor curved?

2. What is the material that output phosphor made out of?

3. 0.5-1 inch

4. Why does the output phosphor produces more light than the input phosphor?

Back 79

1. to prevent focusing distortion

2. Zinc cadmium sulfide

3. What is the diameter of the output phosphor.

4. Electron beam arrived at the OP with high kinetic energy.

Front 80

1. Fluoroscopy normally requires a tube current of ? to ?mA

2. At what stage of image intensified fluoroscopy is the number of the image forming photon lowest?

3. The abnility of an image intensifier to enhance image illumination is called?

Back 80

1. 1 to 5

2. as it enter the input phosphor

3. Brightness gain

Front 81

1. What is the output phosphor diameter if it is not given?

2. the further away the focal point is from the output phosphor the more ? the image is?

3. What are the 2 disadvantage of mirro optical system?

4. what are the two methods of TV cameral tube coupling?

Back 81

1. 1" diameter.

2. magnified.

3. one viewer system and light lost from output phosphor

4. fiber optics and lens system.

Front 82

1. When filming in cinefluorography, the maximum magnifiation is acheived with which of the filming method?

2. What prevent retrograde light flow at the output phosphor of the image intensifier tube?

3. what is the best method to attach a cine or spot film camera to the image intensifier tube?

Back 82

1. Total overframing

2. thin aluminum layer.

3. lens coupling

Front 83

1. The probability of an effect occurring rather than its severity and is regarded as a function of radiation dose without a threshold is known as?

2. A thin insulating mica coating in which globules of a light sensitive photo-conductive material are suspended in a matrix of a vidicon tube describes?

3. The anode of the image intensifier tube is (+/-?) charged and is normally supplied with how much V?

Back 83

1. Stochastic effect.

2. The target

3. 25 kV

Front 84

1. With a mobile C-arm, the exposure rate is measured?

2. Focal length and diameter of the lens determine the F-number. Which F-number would allow the greatest amount of light?

3. What size lead disc should be used to determine the contrast of a 9 inche image intensifier?

4. What type of materials would absorb the greatest number of X-ray photons?

5. How much Sv = 35 mRad?

Back 84

1. 30cm from the II tube

2. F-4

3. 2.25cm

4. high "Z" number material.

5. 0.0035Sv

Front 85

When the TPD increased from 12 inch to 18 inh, the skin extrance exposure will be?

Back 85

18-12=6, 6/18= .33. Decreased by 30%

Front 86

1. When filming in cinefluorography, the maximum magnifiation is acheived with which of the filming method?

2. What prevent retrograde light flow at the output phosphor of the image intensifier tube?

3. what is the best method to attach a cine or spot film camera to the image intensifier tube?

Back 86

1. Total overframing

2. thin aluminum layer.

3. lens coupling

Front 87

1. Most magnetic tape recorders the magnetic head gap width is on the order of how much mm?

2. One television fram is equal to how much television fields?

Back 87

1. 0.001

2. 2 fields

Front 88

1. The probability of an effect occurring rather than its severity and is regarded as a function of radiation dose without a threshold is known as?

2. A thin insulating mica coating in which globules of a light sensitive photo-conductive material are suspended in a matrix of a vidicon tube describes?

3. The anode of the image intensifier tube is (+/-?) charged and is normally supplied with how much V?

Back 88

1. Stochastic effect.

2. The target

3. 25 kV

Front 89

1. With a mobile C-arm, the exposure rate is measured?

2. Focal length and diameter of the lens determine the F-number. Which F-number would allow the greatest amount of light?

3. What size lead disc should be used to determine the contrast of a 9 inche image intensifier?

4. What type of materials would absorb the greatest number of X-ray photons?

5. How much Sv = 35 mRad?

Back 89

1. 30cm from the II tube

2. F-4

3. 2.25cm

4. high "Z" number material.

5. 0.0035Sv

Front 90

When the TPD increased from 12 inch to 18 inh, the skin extrance exposure will be?

Back 90

18-12=6, 6/18= .33. Decreased by 30%

Front 91

1. Most magnetic tape recorders the magnetic head gap width is on the order of how much mm?

2. One television fram is equal to how much television fields?

Back 91

1. 0.001

2. 2 fields

Front 92

A certain x-ray tube at some given kilovoltage peak delives a 4 mR/mA at 40 inch distance. At 80 inches distances the radiation output fro the X-ray will be?

Back 92

4mR/mA/"x" = 80^2/40^2

"X" = 1 mR/mA

Front 93

A certain x-ray tube at some given kilovoltage peak delives a 4 mR/mA at 40 inch distance. At 80 inches distances the radiation output fro the X-ray will be?

Back 93

4mR/mA/"x" = 80^2/40^2

"X" = 1 mR/mA

Front 94

What are 4 disadvantage of a pocket dosimeter?

Back 94

1. no permanent record
2. frequent recharging required
3. subject to accidental discharge
4. range of measurement is limited.

Front 95

1. The bucky slot cover should have at least how thick of protective material?

2. What is the conversion factor of the image intensifier.

3. Image intensifier tube has made it possible to reduce patient radiation dose durig fluoroscopy. The ultime limation of the image intensifier tube in this respect is the?

4. Which of the following will decrease patient exposure w/o decreasing the brightness?

Back 95

1. 0.25mm Pb

2. input phosphor to the output light gain.

3. quantum mottle

4. Increase target to panel distance

Front 96

What are 4 disadvantage of a pocket dosimeter?

Back 96

1. no permanent record
2. frequent recharging required
3. subject to accidental discharge
4. range of measurement is limited.

Front 97

1. The bucky slot cover should have at least how thick of protective material?

2. What is the conversion factor of the image intensifier.

3. Image intensifier tube has made it possible to reduce patient radiation dose durig fluoroscopy. The ultime limation of the image intensifier tube in this respect is the?

4. Increase target to panel distance

Back 97

1. 0.25mm Pb

2. input phosphor to the output light gain.

3. quantum mottle

4. Which of the following will decrease patient exposure w/o decreasing the brightness?

Front 98

When you switch an image intensifier from 9 inch mode to 4.5 inch mode. How many times more radiation dose does the patient receive?

Back 98

9^2/4.5^2= 4

Front 99

1. which will decrease patient exposure without decreasing the brightness?

2. What does a close circuit TV system means?

3. During fluoroscopy proceure, a problem that occurs when utilizing vidicon camcer is the blurring of lag of the image as the camera is moved during procedure. The lag or blurring occurs due to?

Back 99

1. Increase target to panel distance.

2. All its signal carried through cables

3. it takes a certain time for image to build up and decay on the vidicon target.

Front 100

1. In regardign to 35mm cine film, which classification should be avoided?

2. How many rads did patient received if total is 0.65 Gray?

Back 100

1. Underframing.

2. 65 rads

Front 101

An examination with a mobile x-ray usually taken at 100cm SID. This result in an exposure of 12.5mR. If 91 cm is the maximum SID that can be obtained for a particular exam, the exposure will be?

Back 101

12.5/"x" = 91^2/100^2

x = 15.

Front 102

If a pocket dosimeter indicates that a radiographer received a dose of 14 mrem for a single fluoroscopic procedure when average distance fro the patient was 24" what would the approxiamte dose have been if the radiographer had been able to maintain an average distance of 48"?

Back 102

14 / "x" = 48^2/ 24^2

x = 3.5 mrem

Front 103

What type of barrier is designed to shield fro scattered radiation? primary vs. secondary vs. lead or lead equivalent?

Back 103

secondary.

Front 104

1. What is the function of a control film badge?

2. What type of barrier is designed to shield areas from the primary beam?

Back 104

1. Measures the base-fog level for a series of film badges.

2. primary barrier.

Front 105

Which has the best resolution?
TV monitor? cine film, spot film or videodisc

Back 105

spot film

Front 106

The kilovoltage peak determines the penetrating ability of x-rays. It is commonly referred to as what?

Back 106

quality

Front 107

The ratio between the vertical resolution and tthe horizontal resolution is calculated using?

Back 107

Kell factor

Front 108

1. According to california radiation control regulation, how often should the tube current and potential be checked?

2. The reason for personnel monitoring is to document that no one receives more than?

Back 108

1. every week.


2. MPD equivalent

Front 109

1. How can you over come Quantum mottle?

2. The alumin equivalence of th etable top may not exceed ?mm at 100kVP?

3. what is resolution measured by?

Back 109

1. increase mA

2. 1

3. line pair grid

Front 110

1. When the fluoroscopic x-ray is located above th etable the exposure rate is measured at how high above the table with ? phantom?

2. The fixed fluoroscopic equipment, inherent provisions must ensure a minimum TPD target panel distance of?

Back 110

1. 30 cm above table with 9" or 7"9 phantom.

2. 12 inches

Front 111

1. Any occupationally exposed individual over 18 years of age may receive a maximun whole body dose equivalent of?

2. the sensitive element in the TV camera which converts a light image to an electrical signal is known as ?

Back 111

1. 5000mRem/year


2. pickup tube

Front 112

1. The type of image seen on tv monitor is called?

2. During a CINE exam, how much mR/frame?

3. The tube current used in fluoroscopy is?

Back 112

1. virtual image

2. 2 mR

3. 0.5-5mA.

Front 113

1. What does whole body dose means exposure as defined by CA?

2. Moving the image intensifier away from the patient in a fixed below the table unit will do what to the patient's dose?

3. Wha tis the max. exposure rate from scatter radiation at 1-3 feet form the table?

Back 113

1. Major portion of the whole body.

2. Increase patient dose.

3. 500-50mR/hr

Front 114

Which is NOT regulated by state provsion?
exposure rate? KVp accuracy? mA? filtration?

Back 114

Filtration

Front 115

1. What happens when you increased the kVp beyond the optimum range?

2. What does NOT affect the scattered radiation produced?
body thickenss? focal spot size? kVp? collimation?

Back 115

1. poor subject contrast?

2. focal spot size.

Front 116

1. X-ray output of fluoroscopy tube is directly proportional to erg? mR, mAmperes, or mRoentgen?

2.In an image intensifier, electronic intensification occurs when?

3. What is the half value layer referrs to? quantity? quality? density? contrast?

Back 116

1. milliamperes

2. electrons are moved at a high spped fro the photocathode to the output phosphor

3. quality.

Front 117

1. When use a smaller image filed size, what 3 things can occur?

2. Does it make the image brighter?

Back 117

1. contrast is enhanced, less scattered reach input and output phosphor

2. NO

Front 118

All fluoroscopic and radiographic x-ray tube must have diagnostic type tube housing which means the leakage radiation at one meters distance may NOT exceed how much mR per hour?

Back 118

100

Front 119

1. What is the tube current? What is its unit?

2. Fluoroscopy is usually performed using how much mA? and voltage?

Back 119

1. the flow of electrons from the filament to the target. Unit is mA

2. 2-6 mA and 75-125kVp

Front 120

X ray production is directly proportional to what?

How much more x-ray is generated by doubling the tube current?

What about voltage?

Back 120

It is directly porportion to the tube current and doubling the tube current double the x-ray produced at certain mA

X-ray production is increased more rapidly with increased voltage then current.

Front 121

1. Which is more effective in terms of increasing the x-ray? increase kVp or mA?

2. If you want more "penetration" you would increase mA or kVp?

3. when generating x-rays, how much increase in kVp is equal to doubling the mA

Back 121

1. Increase kVp

2. kVp

3. 15% kVp = double mA

Front 122

How is x-ray generated?

Back 122

it is produced when electrons are accelerated through a high voltage in range of 50-150kVp and allow to crash into t a target composed of a high atomic number material such as the tungsten target in x-ray tube

Front 123

1. How much is 1 Roentgen = coulombos/kg (C/kg)

2. Radiation safety meters generally read out in units of ? How about medical physicist making measurement of fluoroscopic x-ray machine?

Back 123

1. 2.58 x 10^-4

2. R/hr or mR/hr vs. physicist = R/min

Front 124

1. what is the absorbed dose defined? what is its unit?

2. How much is 1 rad equal to in terms of rem during diagnostic medical x-ray?

Back 124

1. defined as amount of ionizing radiation energy absorbed per unit mass. 1 rad= 100ergs/gram

2. 1 rad = 1 rem.

Front 125

1. What does ABC do if there is inadequacy of brightness?

2. What are two methods to lower radiation to patient, yet keep good imaging?

Back 125

1. Increase kVp first (increase pentration) then increase mA to increase brightness.

2. last image hold and pulsed fluoro.

Front 126

1. Should you use magnification often? why or why not?

2. For C-arm type fluoroscopy, patient should be position close or far from the x-ray tube? why?

Back 126

1. no, cause it increase patient dosage

2. far, to minimize patient entrance dose.

Front 127

1. What is the maximum entrance skin exposure?

2. What is the maximum allowed entrance skin exposure?

Back 127

1. 10R/min.

2. 300R (30 min)

Front 128

1. what are two circumstances where it is okay to have >10R/min?

Back 128

1. during recording of images from x-ray using photographic film or a video camera when an ex-ray source is operated in pulse mod

2. when an optional high level control is activiated. Can go >23R/min . Need continuous manual activaition

Front 129

1. In general, operator will be exposed at dose rate of ? or the skin entrance rate?

2. What are 3 causes that can increase the dose from scattered radiation?

Back 129

1. 1/1000

2. large patient (incr. kVp and mA), large x-ray field, length of time during fluoro is on.

Front 130

What is the inverse square law? how does it apply if the distance between radiation change?

Back 130

I1d1^2 = I2 d2^2

if pt dose is 5R/min, by increase distance from 1 to 2 meter it would decrease the dose by

I2 = 5 x 1^2/2^2 = 1.25mR

Front 131

1. What is the safe distance between x-ray to operator?

2. What is the film badges made out of?

3. Dosimeter is designed to measure dose to the whole or partial of the body?

Back 131

1. at least 2 meters

2. a paper/foil wrapped 35mm camcer film which is loaded into a plastic holder and filter (strips of copper etcc)

3. whole

Front 132

1. Ring badges should be worn inside or outside of the gloves?

2. Dosimeter is assisgned to monitor for how long? Unless what happens?

3. If there is two dosimeter is worn, where should it be worn?

4. What happen if the dosimeter is abnormally low?

5. How often are the dosimeter changed?

Back 132

1. inside.

2. 3 months but if it reach 10% of the limit, then every 1 month

3. one at collar outside the apron and one at the waist under the apron.

4. it will be investigated.

5. every month or quarter.

Front 133

1. What happen if the dosimeter is left in the room or open?

2. What are the dosimeter susceptible to?

3. Which phase of mitosis is the cell MOST sensitive vs. most resistant?

4. According to which law which state radiosensitivity is highest in undifferentiated and actively proliferating cell?

Back 133

1. must be reported

2. heat and moisture.

3. Sensitive G1-2 and mitosis. Most resistant is the S phase.

3. Law of Bergoni-Tribondeau

Front 134

What are two reasons as to why patient may exceed the threshold dose or typical threshold dose in the table without any signs?

Back 134

1. one is that fluoro x-ray is often not necessarily concentrated on single area. 2) because 10R/min or 20 R/min is for very thick patients.

Front 135

1. what is the lethal dose (LD50/30) acute radiation dose w/o medical care?

2. What is the stochastic effect?

Back 135

1. 400rem.

2. radation don't produce specific cancer but it increse risk of developing naturally occuring cancer

Front 136

1. How much radiation will cause temporary sterility in male? How about permanent sterility?

2. How about in female?

Back 136

1. 250cGy (250rad), 500 cGy (500rad)

2. 625 cGy

Front 137

What are the 5 conclusions gathered from the 7 million mice project?

Back 137

1. different mutation differ significantly in the rate at which they are produced by a given radiation dose

2. there is a substantial dose-rate effect with no threshold for mutation production

3. male was more radiosensitive than the female. Most radiation included genetic burden was carried by male

4. genetic consequences of a radation dose can be greatly reduced by extending the time interval btwn irradiation and conception. (6 month to a year is recommended)

5. amount of radiation required to double the natural and spontaneous mutation rate is 20-200cGy

Front 138

What are 3 general effects from irradiation in utero that are dependent upon the dose and stage of fetal developement?

Back 138

1. lethality
2. congenital abnormalities
3. delayed effect not visiable in life but manifest later.

Front 139

1. How much radation deliverd to the embryo before 2-3 weeks of gestation will cuase death?

2. Irridation during 4-11 week can cause what?

3. what about 8-15 week?

4. After which week is the fetus more resistant?

5. What is the leukemia induction risk in fetus irridated?

Back 139

1. 250cGy (250 rad)

2. abnormalities in many organs

3. mental retardiation and microcephaly.

4. 20th.

5. 1/2000

Front 140

1. What is the annual dose limit (mrem) for whole body?

2. skin/extremities

3. lens of eye

4. member of public

5. fetus?

Back 140

1. 5000 mRem (50R)

2. 50,000 mRem (500R)

3. 15,000 mRem

4. 100

5. 500

Front 141

1. what is the standard magnification mode?

2. What is flux gain

Back 141

1. 6" and 9" mode

2. meausre the conversion efficiency of output screen. If 1 electron strkes output screen and 50 photons is emitted then Flux gain is 50

Front 142

Image quality of the fluoroscopy is determine by which 4 things?

Back 142

1. contrast
2. resolution
3. distortion
4. quantum mottle

Front 143

What is contrast controlled by?

Which 2 things affect it?

Back 143

1. amplitude of video signal

2. scattered ionizing radiation and penumbral light scatter

Front 144

What causes quantum mottle? what fix it?

Back 144

too little exposure. fix it by increase mA.

Front 145

What are the 3 advantages of charged coupled devies (CCD)

Back 145

1. fast discharge eliminate lag
2. operate at a lower voltage

3. more durable than video tubes

Front 146

1. What is the minimum source to skin distance?

2. Does kVp varies depend on body parts?

3. Typical conversion factors are betwen? which correspond to brightness gain of ?

Back 146

1. 12" for mobile, 15" for stationary

2. yes

3. 50-300. brightness gain of 5000-30,000

Front 147

What are 6 things that reduces patient exposure?

Back 147

1. use collimation
2. use last-frame hold
3. keep patient to detector or patient to II short as possible
4. use highest KvP and lowest mA
5. Use pulsed fluoro with lower frame rate
6. use non-mag with strict collimation

Front 148

What are 3 factors that indirectly influence the exposure rate by impacting the use of techical factors?

Back 148

1. illumination or lighting in fluror
2. image receptor quality; image monitor adjustment
3. absorption

Front 149

What does filtation do? where is it located?

Back 149

it is necessary to protet the patient skin from receiving unecessary radiation. It preferentially absorb/eliminate the less penetrating x-ray before reaching patient.

Front 150

1. What happen to patient dosage if you increase STD or TPD?

2. What happen to patient doseage if you increase distance between II and patient?

3. What type of tabletop can reduce radiation dose?

4. What is the primary protective barrier and what is it made of?

Back 150

1. decrease dosage

2. increase dosage (cause you will need more x-ray to reach II)

3. carbon fiber.

4. II need at least 2mm of Pb for protection.

Front 151

1. What can be done to adjust quantum mottle? what do most people do?

2. What are the 2 different type of "contrast"

Back 151

1. increase exposure factor (kVp or mA). Most people increase mA to 2-5

2. subject contrast: determined by the kVp and the detetor contrast: determine by the monitor/camera etc..

Front 152

1. What casues size distortion?

2. What cause shape distortion

Back 152

1. object to iamge distance

2. geometric problem in the shape of the image intensification tube. Although the input screen is convex, it does not completely eliminate edge distortion at the output screen.

Front 153

How does II magnify image?

What are the two sizes of the input phosphor? Which has better image? Which is the "magnified" mode?

Back 153

apply different voltage to the electronic lens site. Only the electrons emitted from a small diameter circule are focused onthe output phosphor.

6 and 9 inches.

6 inches, 6 inches

Front 154

What are 3 things that can affect contrast?

Back 154

1. input phosphor does not absorb all the light
2. retrograde light flow fro the output phosphor
3. output phosphor is transplarent to light photons that spread within the structure before visualization or detection.

Front 155

Define resolution?

Back 155

ability of imaging system to differentiate small object as separate images as they are positioned close together.

Front 156

What casues pincushion distortion?

What happens at the edge of the pincushion distortion?

3. What is a veilling glare?

Back 156

1. result form projecting the image form on a curved input phosphor to a flat output phosphor.

2. it magnify it.

3. mainly the consequence of light scatter in the output window of the image intensifier which decrease the contrast in the image.

Front 157

1. what happen to image if you increase kVp? what happen to patient dose if your increase kVp?

2. What are the 3 types of automatic brightness stabilization circuit?

2. what is an undesirble characteristic of most vidicon tube?

Back 157

1. degrade the image. You decrease patient dose

2.
variable mA, preset kVp, variable mA with kVp following,
variable kVp with selected mA.
variable kVp, variable mA

2. image lag which cause smearing of moving object.

Front 158

1. What define bandwidth?

2. How do you calculate Kell factor?

3. A lens with shorter focal length will give larger or smaller image?

4. f-number =

Back 158

1. total number of cycles per second available for display by the TV camera and monitor electronics.

2. vertical resolution/number of scan lines (525)

3. short focal length will given smaller images.

4. focal length/lens diameter

Front 159

1. What is underframing?

2. What is exact framing?

3. What is overframing?

4. What is total framing?

Which should be avoided?

Back 159

1. max size of fluoro image is smaller than the smallest dimension of the fram. (avoid it)

2. diameter of the intensifier image at the output phosphor and the smallest dimension of the cine fram are the same.

3. diameter of the image from the optial system is larger than the shortest dimension o fthe film (part of image is lost)

3. diameter of th eimage from the optical system is equal to the diagnoal measurement of the rectangular aperture.

Front 160

What is video disc recording

is it a lower dose modality than radiography?

Back 160

it perfmit fluoro radiation to build up long enough for image on output phosphor and tv camcer then the image is stored as a single tv frame on the disc and the exposure is terminated after the storage.

NO

Front 161

1. What type of image intensification viewing system has the highest resolution?

2. Which recording system has highest quality?

3. What happen to patient dose if kVp is increased?

Back 161

1. optical mirror.

2. spot film

3. decrease skin dose but increase organ dose.

Front 162

1. What is the standard fluoroscopy radiation dose rate for an average size patient?

2. Why don't use spot film for recording?

3. Why you need to avoid having contast filled structures in the cente rof the screen especially in children

Back 162

1. 1-5 rad/min.

2. more radiation.

3. will fool the ABC to increase mA therefore increase dose to patient.

Front 163

1. What are 3 documents that needs to be displayed in area performing fluoro?

2. What are 3 immediate notification required?

3. What are 3, 24 hour notification?

Back 163

1. certification, laws/regulation and notice to employee

2. total effective dosease >25rems. eye dose >=75 rems or shallow dose equivalent ot the skin or extremities of >250 rems

3. total effective dose >5 rems, eye dose >15 rems or shallow dose >50rem.

Front 164

1. X-ray need to be registered within how long?

2. Who's responsibility to inform the person buying your x-ray tha tit must be register?

3. When do you have to fill fo renewel?

Back 164

1. 30 days.
2. you
3. 30days before expiration.

Front 165

1. What are 3 types of high dose bone marrow exam?

2. What are 3 most common radiation induced cancer?

3. what type of damage can result from radiating fetus at late stage?

4. Is there a threshold base on animal study to suggest genetic effect on radiation?

5. what is the goal of # of Rems /year?

Back 165

1. barium enema, upper GI, abd angiogram.

2. breast, thyroid, blood

3. CNS damage.

4. No

5. <5

Front 166

What are the 4 criteria that a perosnnel monitoring device should fullfil?

Back 166

1. record exposure
2. measure the accumulated exposure over a period of time
3. Provide some indication of the type and energy of the incident radiation and the rate at which it was received
4. provide a legally acceptable record of personnel exposure.

Front 167

How low of Rad can the film badge pick up?

How does TLD work?

which is more acurated? TLD or film badge?

Back 167

1. 10 milirad.

2. It work by crystal (lithium) absorbing radiation and when heated it gives out the ligh which is proportional to the amount of radiation absorbed.

TLD

Front 168

1. What 4 areas are consider "whole body" dose?

2. What are the annual occupational dose equivalent limit for "whole body", skin, lens

3. What is the permitted "public" exposure to radiation?

Back 168

1. head, trunk, arms above the elbow and legs above the knee.

2. whole body= 5rem, skin=50rem and lens=15rem.

3. 0.1rem/year or 0.002 rem/hr

Front 169

What is the difference between RAd and rem?

Back 169

rad= absorbed dose
rem=dose equivalent.

Front 170

What are 3 ways where the x-ray (energy is lost)

Back 170

1. photoelectric effect (electron knock off orbit and lose energy)
2. compton scattering
3. pari producing.