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135 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is not in the axon?
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RER and few polyribosomes
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What is not in the presynaptic terminal?
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Microtubules
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What is horseradish peroxidase used for?
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Reuptake tracer; trace movement to soma after injection to terminals
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What are long axons?
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Golgi type I
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What are short axons?
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Golgi type II
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What is the most numerous cell type in the brain?
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Astrocytes
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How many sensory axons innervate a motor neuron?
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Multiple sensory axons converge to innervage a single motor neuron
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What is hyperreflexia the result of?
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failure of inhibition usually from the upper motor neurons
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How do fast synapses work?
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Ligands
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What does alpha bungarotoxin do?
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Blocks the AChR
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What is the 3rd type of ionotropic glutamate receptor?
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Kainate
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How is the NMDA receptor controlled?
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Voltage and ligand-gated
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How is the GABA receptor excited?
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Benzodiazepine, barbiturates, alcohol
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What is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter outside of the brain?
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Glycine
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Describe the difference between sympathetic and a parasympathetic relay system?
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Sympathetic has a longer postganglionic fiber
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What portion of the neural tube exapnds disproportiately?
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The rostral portion
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What does the diencephalon entail?
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Thalamus, hypothalamus
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What does the mesencephalon become?
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Midbrain, retina
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What doe shte hindbrain divided into?
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Metencephalon: ponss, cerebellum
Myelencephalon: medulla |
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What is the membrane potential?
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Electrical gradient
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Describe the 60/z's for Ek, ENa, ECl-, E Ca2+
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Ek = 60
ENa = 60 ECl = -60 EC a = 30 |
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What is missing from GHK?
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z
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What ions are negligible for GHK in glial cells?
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Na and Cl
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What is the PK: PNa: PCl
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1:0.025: 0.45
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What is the formula for ionic current
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I = conductace (g) * driving force (Vmembrane - E)
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Describe the Na+ channel
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4 domains; each domain with 6 alpha helices
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What is the pocket in the postsynaptic membrane called?
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Junctional fold
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What does bungaotoxin do?
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Decreases quantal size and response to transmitter
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What is the main V-snare?
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Synaptobrevin
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What are the main t-snares?
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SNAP-25; syntaxin
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What speeds vesicle release when it binds to calcium?
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Synaptotagmin
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What cleaves the v-snares and t-snares?
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Botulinum cleaves synaptobrevin, SNAP-25, and syntaxin
Tetanus toxin cleaves synaptobrevin |
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What does the second messenger do in heterosynaptic facilitation?
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Inactivates the potassium channel that terminates the aciton potentail
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What is sensitization due to?
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Heterosynaptic facilitation
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What does AChE bbreak ACh down into?
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Acetic acid and choline
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What two things combine to form acetylcholine?
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Choline and acetyl CoA
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What inhibits AChE?
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Tensilon, organophosphate insecticicdes, and nerve gas
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What are the onlyh output neuron type of hte cerebellum?
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Purkinje cells
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what are the two inputs to the cerebellum?
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Clmbing fibe rand mossy fiber
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What does the cerebellu do?
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Regulates movements nad posture, but may play a roe in planning
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Describe how fluroescence works.
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Ca2+ causes Aequoiin to emit blue light ,which is absorbed by GFP, which emits green light
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What are the two components of rhodopsin?
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Retinal (the ligand) and opsin
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What did Geroge Wald do?
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Discoveed that conversion causes activation of opsina nd tehn dissociation of reintal from opsin
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What does the rhodopsin pathway ultimately activate?
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cGMP
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What does light do to the rhodopsin pathway?
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Depletes cGMP, closing the channel
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What do amacrine cells do?
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Bridge bipolar cells and ganglion cells
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What is the crossing called so that the two visual fields to the two cortical hemispheres?
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Decussation
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What layers of the LGN are ipsilateral?
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2,3,5
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What layers of the LGN are contralateral?
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1,4,6
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What layers are magnocellular in the LGN?
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Layers 1 and 2
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What alyers are koniocelular in the LGN?
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Those just ventral to each layers
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Describe the differences between the magnocellular, parvocellular, and koniocellular cells int eh LGN.
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Mangnocellular: motion (large cent er surround; transient bursts, insenstive to color)
Parvocellular: shape (small center surround, sustained firing, some color senstiivity) Koniocelular; color |
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What type of neurons are those in layers 4Calpha and 4Cbeta in the cortex?
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Stellates
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What type of neurons are outside 4C in V1?
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PYramidal
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Where do magnocelular cells go in V1?
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4Calpha
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Where do parvocellular cells go in v2?
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4Cbeta
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What allows for binocularity in V1?
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Lyer 4 proejctsion
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What are blobs?
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Cytochrome oxidase-rich neurons believed to bemore physiologically active than neurons located between blobs; centered over OCDs; reeive input from koniocelular lyaers in LGN
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Waht did Hubel and Wiesel do?
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(Worked with simple and compelx cells?); found that Layer 4Calpha has no color sensitivey whereas 4Cbeta does
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Describe the second messenger pathway initiated by T1Rs and T2Rs.
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Activate phospholipase C (converting PIP2 to IP3), which activates release of Calcium and Na+, which activates synaptic vesicles
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What did Capecchi and Smithies do?
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Devised methods to select and detect rare homologous recombinants
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What does the sequences Opsin-AChR do?
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Puts AChR in photoreceptors
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Where is transgenic mice DNA injected?
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Injected into fertilized mouse egg prior to fusion of male and female pronuclei
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What was transgenics used to test and on what chemical specifically?
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Whether species differences in perception result from something as simple as differences at the receptor level (because humans can taste glucopyranoside (GP) but mice don't
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WHat are 2 other probable tastes?
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CO2 and fat
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What are the 4 main attributes of sensation?
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Modallity, location, intesntiy, timing
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What are the 3 things that throw off the modalities of sensation?
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1. Selective attention
2. Contrast detection 3. Adaptation |
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What type of consciousness are drives?
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Subconscious
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What are the 3 basic concepts underlying drives?
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1. Homeostasis
2. Diffuse signaling 3. Hypothalamus as master regulator |
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What are the 2 flavors that activate what Trps?
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Menthol activates Trp8 and capscaicin activates Trv1
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What are the 3 effects of the ANS?
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1. Stimulate sympathetic nervous system
2. Inhibit lateral 3. Stimulat erelease of ACTH and TSH |
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WHat are 2 short-term sensory inputs?
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CArbohydrate levels and distension of stomach; (long term are fat levels)
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Where are anorectic peptides and orexigneic peptides from?
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Arcuate nucleus
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Whata reht eanorectic peptides?
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alphaMSH/CART
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What are hte orexigenic peptides?
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NPY/AgRP
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What is one charcteristic of pacemaker neurons?
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Needs both NMDA and Ca2+ activated K+ channels
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Describe the 3 maps of lower motor neurons.
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1. Segmental (Rostrocaudal)
2. Axial (medial) and distal (lateral) 3. Flexors (dorsal) to extensros (ventral) |
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What activates reverse myotatic refelx?
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Golgi tendon organ sends out sensory
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What do lesions to the lateral path result in?
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Fine motor control lss; fingers don't work independently
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What are hte lateral and ventromedial paths for?
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Lateral: voluntary movements of distal muscles; direct cortical control
Ventromedial path: posture and locomotion; brain stem control |
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Describe the motor control hierarchy.
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High: goal: association areas of neocortex, basal ganglia
Middle: tactics; motor cotex; cerebellum Low: execution: brainstem, spinal cord |
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What does removal of basal ganlia cause?
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Parkinson's
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WHat does damage of cerebellum cause?
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Ataxia
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Who worked on the Trophic Theory?
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Hamubrger and Levi-Montalcini
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Describe the cell death program inhibition.
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NGF bind sto trkA receptors, which activates Blc-2 (regulator) which inhibits Apaf-1 (effector), which would normally activate Casp9 and Casp 3 (effectors) leading to death
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Describe the cell death program for C. elegans.
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Ced9 (regulator) blocks Ced4 (adaptor) which activates Ced3 (effector) which causes death
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What is the physicla basis of specificity?
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Not random and not indiscriminate synapses; neurons innervate some postsynaptic targets but not others
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What do axons advance along regarding extracellular matrix.
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Lamins interact with integrins
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WHat is the attractive cue?
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Chemotropism
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What did Roger Spery do?
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Worked with radio model ;cut optic nerve and rotated eye 180 degrees
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What is ephrin?
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A graidnet high-posterior, low-anterior
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What sdid Langley do?
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Selective synapse formation
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What accounts for hte special features of human brains?
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Longer susceptibility to environmental influences (prolonged learning)
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What is strabismus?
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Squin (misalignment of eyes typically due to weakness in extraocular muscle) leads to ambylopia if not treated
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What did Kuffler do?
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Center surround organization
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What did Hubel do?
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Worked with complex cells
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What did Hubel and Wiesel do?
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Worked on ocular dominance in the critical period for sensory deprivation
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How were OCDs labeled?
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Radioactive proline
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Which decreases during develpment, convergence or divergence?
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Both
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Who first worked with imprinting?
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Heinroth
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WHo was William Scovile?
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Removed foci of seizures bilaterally in HM
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who was Brena MIlner?
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Visited HM and reintrocued herself
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How was spatial orientation in HM?
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Severely affected
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Due to HM, what was concluded about declarative, but not procedural memory consolidation?
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Medial tempora llobe important for declarative but not procedural memory consolidation
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What did Knudsen do?
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Critical period for audio-visual remapping in owls
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How might the problem be taken care of for neurons, since they cannot re-enter "growth state?"
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Manipulate second messenger pathways in neurons to promote growth
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What 3 things cause brain to shrink with age?
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Synpases, myeline, dendrites
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What is conduction aphasia a result of?
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Damage to arcuate fasciciulus
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What are 3 left hemisphere functions?
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Lexical and syntatic language; writing, speech
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What did the KE family have difficult with?
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Articulating words and grammar,; few problems in compreshension or cognition
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What is the "oldest" cortex?
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The cinugulate cortex
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What asymmetry is exhibited while babbeling?
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Right
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How do the limbic cortical structures interact with the hypothalamus?
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Via the amygdala
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What is stimulated in DBS?
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Area 25
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What are the main symptoms of schizophrenia?
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Disroganized thoughts
disorganized language delusions hallucinations bizarre behavior inappropriate or flat affect lack of motivation lack of insight |
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What is the first effect antipsychotic?
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Chloropromazine
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What are the 6 treatmetns for?
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Schizophrenia
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WHat is a rough estimate of hieitability?
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Twice the difference btween concordance for idential twins nad concordance for fraternal twins
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What does the non-genetic component of schizophrenia suggest?
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- Leads to idea of susceptibility genes," birth trauma, and virus infection during pregenancy
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Which has vasopressin/oxytocin: prairie or meadow vole?
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Prairie
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Whtat did Vogel and Bogen do?
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Did commisurotomies?
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What did Roger Sperry do?
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Studied commisurotomy patients
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What objects in commisurotomy patietns cannot be identified verbally?
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Objects held in left hand, smelled in right nostril, or seen in left visual field
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What is a synaptic potential?
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Potential right after the synapse
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Where is an action potential found?
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In axon
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What is the difference between synaptic and action potential?
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Unlike synaptic potential, it moves quickly over a long distance by virtue of voltage-gated ion channels ~ reaches higher voltages
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What synaptic potential a type of local potential or vice versa?
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Synaptic potential is a type of local potential
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What is EPP?
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Synatpci potentail measured in postsynatpic muscle cell of NMJ
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What are MEPPs the restul of?
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Stochastic emission of individual vesicels worth of neurotransmitter by teh presynaptic cell
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Is the quadricep a flexor or an extensor?
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Extensor because it straights the leg
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What is the difference between the medial temporal lobe and the hippocampus?
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MTL is larger region of brain that contains hipocampus
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What is the cingular cortex involved in?
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Emotional processing
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What is the difference between a receptor potential?
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Local potential of a receptor, such as cochlea or photoreceptors of retina, which have a potential that is the result of some input to the body
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Which is AM and which is FM?
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Local - AM
Action - FM |
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What do complex cells respond to?
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Movement
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