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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Labour?
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1. Craftspeople performing construction work 2. Employed, supervised, and paid by contractor 3. Contractor controls labour 4. Contractor employs a variety of people 5. Labourers, carpenters, operating engineers |
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What is Labour Productivity?
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Rate at which tasks are produced Especially the output per unit of labour Affected by many factors Productivity rates Should be established in the estimate Perception of conditions Project requirements |
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How do calculate Labour Productivity
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Productivity = Output/Input e.g. Earned hours/Worked hours or Productivity = Input/Output |
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What is the definition of Productivity?
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Is a measure of how efficiently inputs are converted to outputs Total Productivity Measure (includes all inputs in an organization labour materials capital) Total Productivity = $sales/input$ Partial Productivity Measure (measures a single input at a time to a specific output) Partial Productivity = cars/employee Multifactor Productivity Measure (ratio of output to a group of inputs as labour and material) Multi-factor Productivity = sales/total $cost |
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What are the forms of Productivity?
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1. Total factor productivity - overall indicator of how well an organization uses all of its resources to create all of its products and services Productivity = Outputs/Inputs 2. Labour productivity - partial productivity ratio that uses only one category of resource to gage the organization's productivity in utilizing that resource Labour Productivity = Outputs/Direct Labour |
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Why measure labour productivity?
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Labour tends to be the largest cost element and a change increase in the labour will impact the profit the most.
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What are some common industry related factors impacting labour productivity? |
1. Uniqueness of the Construction Project 2. Varied Locations 3. Adverse, Uncertain Weather and Seasonality 4. Dependence on the Economy 5. Lack of R&D |
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How can poor weather effect productivity?
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Not adequately anticipated Forces changes in schedules, production and damage to completed work Decreases productivity Can affect some construction materials Protective clothing can impede labour Should be considered in initial project planning |
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How do Projects in existing facilities or congested areas affect productivity?
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Causes slowdown in productivity *Damage to completed finishes may occur *Work will slow to protect work in place Common occurrences *Several trades working in same area *Remodeling and occupied spaces |
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What are some common labour related factors impacting labour productivity?
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High Percentage of Labour cost Little Potential for Learning Lack of Work Motivation |
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What are some common Management related factors impacting labour productivity?
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Contractors are often short-sighted in their view to the project Contractors spend more money on tangible items like tools and equipment Poor planning & management of work Bad estimate Lack of training Staff turnover and retirements |
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What are some common material management problems that impact labour productivity?
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Late deliveries Shortages Carrying distance required Double handling Correct amounts Appropriate storage |
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What can high labour turnover indicate?
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Poor planning General unrest Lack of leadership Inconsistent training Incorrect labour employed |
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How can Accidents and Unsafe conditions impact labour productivity?
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Jobsite Accidents - Result in quick halt of work Unsafe Conditions - Result in overly cautious workers State and federal regulations - Require an active construction safety program |
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How can working overtime impact labour productivity?
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Increases injuries and safety problems -workers may become tired -productivity decreases -work may become disgruntled -results in low morale among other employees Expensive: wages and lost productivity -usually can be avoided -proper project planning and crew size |
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What are some main causes of Labour overruns?
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Restricted site access, work space and site conditions 1. excessive travel time from an assembly area to the work area 2. crowding 3. limited access that results in delays and excessive use of labour instead of equipment 4. inadequate work areas for storage Delay 1. idle labour 2. ineffective work 3. working at a reduces pace due to smaller crews, worker slowdown, insufficient equipment 4. equipment standby 5. performing work in different conditions Acceleration 1. overtime 2. fatigue 3. boredom 4. absenteeism and poor moral 5. multiple-shift operations 6. mobilization and demobilization of additional labour and equipment 7. overworked supervisors who are unable to handle the faster pace or larger workforce Change Orders Contract modifications which increase contract value between 5-10% would be reasonably expected on most construction projects |
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What are some impacts of changes?
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work flow errors latent condition discovered frequent changes confusion and reduce productivity can be minimized knowledgeable examination of documents indication of implemented changes |
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What is schedule compression?
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when excessive amount of non-critical tasks are delayed until they become critical tasks and create chaos near the end of a schedule or phase
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What is the definition of Loss of Productivity (inefficiency)?
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disruption is a material alteration in the performance condition that was expected at the time of the bid from those actually encountered; resulting in increased difficulty and cost of performance...Lost productivity is a classic result of disruption because in the end more labour and equipment will be required to do the same job occurs when more (man-hours) are used to achieve the same amount of work, or less work iis performed rather than planned with no change in the planned resources |
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What is stacking of trades?
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relates to the number of different trades within a measured work area. Measured by total # of trades/area
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What is overcrowding of trades?
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is the increase of all labour types within a given construction work area measured by total # of workers/area
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What is overmanning of trades?
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is the increase in number of workers working in any particular crew measured by # of workers/crew
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