Exam Prep

Front 1

"Each stage of life has its own psychosocial task, a crisis that needs resolution"

Back 1

Erik Erikson

Front 2

Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development

Infancy (to 1 year)

Back 2

Trust vs. Mistrust
If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust

Front 3

Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development

Toddlerhood (1 to 2 years)

Back 3

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities

Front 4

Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development

Preschooler (3 to 5 years)

Back 4

Initiative vs. guilt
Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent

Front 5

Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development

Elementary School (6 years to puberty)

Back 5

Competence vs. Inferiority
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or the feel inferior

Front 6

Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development

Adolescence (teen years into 20s)

Back 6

Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are

Front 7

Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development

Young Adulthood (20s to early 40s)

Back 7

Intimacy vs. Isolation
Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated

Front 8

Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development

Middle Adulthood (40s to 60s)

Back 8

Generatively vs. Stagnation
In middle age, people discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and or, or they may feel a lack of purpose

Front 9

Erikson's Stage of Psychosocial Development

Late Adulthood (late 60s and up)

Back 9

Integrity vs. Despair
When reflecting on his and her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure

Front 10

Identity

Back 10

One's sense of self; according to Erikson, the adolescent's task is to solidify a sense of self by testing and integrating various roles

Front 11

"a key task of adolescent development is to achieve a purpose- a desire to accomplish something personally meaningful that makes a difference to the world beyond oneself"

Back 11

William Damon and his colleagues (Stanford psychologist)

Front 12

Facts

Back 12

Identity typically incorporates an increasingly positive self-concept.

During the early to mid-teen years, self-esteem falls and for girls, depression scores often increases, but then self-image rebounds during the late teens and twenties.

Front 13

Intimacy

Back 13

In Erikson's theory, the ability to form close, loving relationships; a primary developmental task in late adolescence and early adulthood

Front 14

Csikszentmihalyi and Hunter experiment

Back 14

used a beeper to sample the daily experiences of teens, they found them unhappiest when lone and happiest when with friends

Front 15

"we humans are 'the social animal'"

Back 15

Aristotle

Front 16

Better relationship with mother...

Better relationship with both parents...

Back 16

enjoy the most intimate friendship with girlfriends

tend to be healthy and happy and do well in school

Front 17

The graduation where adults empathize with their parents as fellow adults is taking...

Back 17

longer

Front 18

In Canada the average age at first marriage has ________ by __ years since 1960, this is because...

Back 18

increased; 2

adolescence is a longer period in a person's life due to teens taking longer to complete their education, to leave the nest and to establish careers

Front 19

Today's earlier sexual maturity is related both to...

Back 19

increased body fat (which can support pregnancy and nursing) and to weakened parent-child bonds, including absent fathers

Front 20

"emerging adulthood"

Back 20

the time from 18 to the mid-twenties is an increasingly not-yet-settled phase of life

Front 21

By the mid-twenties our physical abilities ...

Back 21

-muscular strength, reaction time , sensory keenness and cardiac output all crest

Front 22

Among women 35 to 39, a single act of intercourse is ______ as likely yo produce a pregnancy as it would be for a woman 19 to 26

Back 22

Half

Front 23

Menopause

Back 23

the time of natural cessation of menstruation; also refers to the biological changes a woman experiences as her ability to reproduce declines

Front 24

Menopause does/does not create psychological problems for women

Back 24

does not

Front 25

Instead of menopause, men experience...

Back 25

a more gradual decline in sperm count, testosterone level, and speed or erection and ejaculation.

Front 26

If testosterone levels plummet too fast and far, the result may be...

This can be treated by...

Back 26

depression, irritability, insomnia, impotence, or weakness.

testosterone replacement therapy.

Front 27

Life expectancy differs for males and females; males are more prone...

___ more males are born

Back 27

to dying

5

Front 28

During the first year, male infants' death rates exceed females' by...

Back 28

1/4

Front 29

Women outlive men by __ years worldwide and by ___ or ___ years in Canada, United States or Australia.

Back 29

4; 5 or 6

Front 30

By age 100, females outnumber males __ to __.

Back 30

5 to 1

Front 31

Life expectancy is about... The body fails because...

Back 31

85 years; its cells stop reproducing and becomes vulnerable to tiny insults (hot weather, a fall, a mild flu bug, etc.)

Front 32

Evolutionary biologists believe (regarding life expectancy)...

Back 32

We pass on our genes most successfully when we raise our young and then stop consuming resources.

Front 33

Physical decline includes:

Back 33

visual sharpness diminishes, adaption to changes in light levels slows, muscle strength, reaction time and stamina also diminish as do hearing, distance perception and the sense of smell.

Front 34

The eye (physical decline):

Back 34

pupil shrinks, lens becomes less transparent, reducing the amount of light reaching the retina

Front 35

Health while growing older, positive:

Back 35

the body's disease-fighting immune system weakens (more susceptible to life-threatening ailments such ads cancer and pneumonia)

Front 36

Health while growing older, negative:

Back 36

Less often suffer from short-term ailments, such as common flu and cold viruses because of the lifetime's accumulation of antibodies

Front 37

Aging levies a tax on the brain by _______ our neural processing.

Back 37

slowing

Front 38

Brain regions important to memory begin to _______ during aging.

Back 38

atrophy

Front 39

dementia

Back 39

A series of small strokes, a brain tumor, or alcoholism can progressively damage the brain, causing mental erosion

Front 40

Alzheimer's disease

Back 40

a progressive and irreversible brain disorder characterized by gradual deterioration of memory, reasoning,language, and physical function

Front 41

Alzheimer's disease destroys:

Back 41

memory, reasoning and deteriorates

Front 42

Stages of Alzheimer's disease:

Back 42

emotionally flat>disoriented>disinhibited>incontinent>mentally vacant

Front 43

Alzheimer's is a loss of...

Back 43

brain cells and deterioration of neurons that produce the neurotransmitter acetylcholine

Front 44

Alzheimer's physical abnormalities:

Back 44

shriveled protein filaments in the cell body and plaques (globs of degenerating tissue)

Front 45

T or F
Active people are less likely to have Alzheimer's disease

Back 45

true

Front 46

Cook and West experiment:

Back 46

invited 1205 people to learn names; 14 videotaped people said their name and then the same individual appeared and said a fact about them self, thus providing a visual and voice cue for remembering the person's name. Everyone remember the person's name after a second or third time. Younger surpassed the older.

Front 47

Aging and Intelligence (Phases)

Back 47

Phase 1: Cross-Sectional Evidence for Intellectual Decline
Phase 2: Longitudinal Evidence for Intellectual Stability
Phase 3: It All Depends

Front 48

Cross-sectional studies

Back 48

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another

Front 49

Phase 1: Cross-Sectional Evidence for Intellectual Decline

Back 49

Older adults give fewer correct answers than do younger adults

Wechsler concluded that "the decline of mental ability with age is part of the general [aging] process of the organism as a whole"

Front 50

David Wechsler

Back 50

Creator of the most widely used adult intelligence test

Front 51

Phase 2: Longitudinal Evidence for Intellectual Stability

Back 51

Concluded: Until late in life, intelligence remained stable. On some tests, it even increased.

Front 52

Longitudinally Study

Back 52

Research in which the same people are restudied and retested over a long period

Front 53

Phase 1: Cross-sectional critiques

Back 53

Compares 2 different ages AND eras, compared generally less-educated people with better-educated people, people raised in large families with people raised in small families, people growing up in less affluent families with people raised in more affluent families.

Front 54

"wisdom" tests

Back 54

Paul Baltes

expert knowledge about life in general and good judgment and advice about how to conduct oneself in the face of complex, uncertain circumstances.

Front 55

Crystallized intelligence

Back 55

one's accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age

Front 56

Fluid Intelligence

Back 56

one's ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood

Front 57

Denise Park concludes (intelligence and age)

Back 57

we lose recall memory and processing speed, but we gain vocabulary and knowledge.

Front 58

Social Clock

Back 58

the culturally preferred timing of social events such as marriage, parenthood, and retirement

Front 59

Successful Aging:

Back 59

Biological influences
Psychological Influences
Social-cultural Influences

Front 60

Biological influences
(Successful Aging)

Back 60

- no genetic propensity for Alzheimer's dementia, or other diseases
- natural changes that hinder negative thinking
- appropriately meeting nutritional needs

Front 61

Psychological Influences
(Successful Aging)

Back 61

-optimistic outlook
-physically and mentally active lifestyle

Front 62

Social-cultural Influences
(Successful Aging)

Back 62

-support from family and friends
-access to meaningful work or activities
-positive expectations of the surrounding culture
-stable and safe living conditions

Front 63

Continuity and Stages

Back 63

Although progress through the various stages may be quick or slow, everyone passes through he stages in the same order.

Front 64

Stability and Change

Back 64

1. The first two years of like provide a poor basis for predicting a person's eventual traits
2. Some characteristics, such as temperament, are more stable than others, suck as social attitudes
3. In some ways, we all change with age.

Front 65

psychological disorders

Back 65

deviant, distressful, and dysfunctional behaviour patterns

Front 66

ADHD (Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder) symptoms:

Back 66

1. Inattention
2. Hyperactivity
3. Impulsivity