A&p Exam 3 Review*

Front 1

Axial Skeleton

Back 1

Form long axis of the body; surrounds soft tissues

Ex: skull, vertebral bones, ribcage

Front 2

Appendicular Skeleton

Back 2

bones of arms, legs, and girdles

Ex: Pelvic-coral bones Pectoral-clavicle, scapula

Front 3

Name the 8 cranial bones

Back 3

Paired Parietals, Occipital, Sphenoid, Paired Temporals, Frontal, Ethmoid

Front 4

Name the 14 facial bones

Back 4

mandible, vomer, nasal(2), maxillary(2), inferior nasal chonchae(2), zygomatic(2), palatine(2), lacrimal (2)

Front 5

Sutures

Back 5

interlocking joints that unite the bones of the skull; not mandible

Front 6

Orbits(Orbital cavities)

Back 6

in the skull house the eyes and present them in anterior position

Front 7

What other things do orbital cavities house?

Back 7

adipose tissue(cushioning), muscles that move the eyes, and lacrimal glands(tear production)

Front 8

Sella Turcica

Back 8

Sphenoid bone; house pituitary gland

Front 9

Cribiform plate

Back 9

ethmoid bone; tiny holes; allows nerves from nose to enter cranium

Front 10

Conchae

Back 10

scroll shaped, covered with mucosa; creates turbulence ; warm and humidify air; sense of smell

Front 11

Wormian Bones

Back 11

sutural bones; tiny irregularly shaped bones that appear in sutures

Front 12

Hyoid bone

Back 12

doesn't articulate with any other bone

Front 13

Mastoid process

Back 13

part of temporal bone; attachment site for some neck muscles; full of air cavities;

Front 14

Intervertebral disks

Back 14

pads between veterbrae that act as shock absorbers and allow spine to flex and extend.

Front 15

Two part structure of the intervertebral disks

Back 15

1. Nucleus pulpois-inner gelatinous region. acts like rubber band

2. Anulus fibrosus-collagen fibers and fibrocartilage that surround the nucleus and limit expansion when spine is compressed

Front 16

Herniated disc

Back 16

involves ruptue of amulus fibrosis followed by protusion of nucleus pulpsis through the anulus. If protusion presses on spinal cord or numbness or severe pain results

Front 17

How many bones in the vertebral column?

Back 17

26

Front 18

How many cervical vertebrae

Back 18

7

Atlas(c1)-articulates with occipital condyles of skull; nod yes

Axis(c2)-acts as pivot for rotation of the atlas; shake side to side "no"

Front 19

Ligamentum Nuchae (nuchal ligament)

Back 19

strong elastic ligament extends form occipital bone of skull to the cervical vertebrae; binds the cervical vertebrae together and prevent excessive head and neck flexion

Front 20

12_______________vertebrae articulate with the ribs.

Back 20

thoracic

Front 21

5___________vertebrae.

Back 21

lumbar

Front 22

The_______is formed by 5 fused vertebrae in adults.

Back 22

sacral

Front 23

The__________(tailbone) consists of 4 fused vertebrae. *muscle ligaments atttach.

Back 23

coccyx

Front 24

Scoliosis

Back 24

abnormal lateral curvature that usually occurs in the thoracic region; common in childhood(girls)

Front 25

Kyphosis

Back 25

hunchback; dorsally exaggerated thoracic curvature; common in elderly people

Front 26

Lorosis

Back 26

swayback; accentuated lumbar curvature; may be temporary in pregnant women

Front 27

How many pairs of ribs form the sides of the thoracic cage

Back 27

12

Front 28

True Ribs

Back 28

first seven rib pairs; direct sternal attachment via costal

Front 29

False Ribs

Back 29

the remaining five pairs; no direct sternal attachment

Front 30

Ribs 8,9,10

Back 30

indirect sternal attachment via costal cartilage

Front 31

Rib pairs 11 and 12

Back 31

no sternal attachment

Front 32

Breastbone

Back 32

sternum

Front 33

Collarbone

Back 33

clavicle

Front 34

Shoulder Blade

Back 34

scapula

Front 35

Upper arm bone

Back 35

Humerus

Front 36

Two forearm bones

Back 36

radius and ulna

Front 37

Wrist bones

Back 37

carpals

Front 38

palm bones

Back 38

metacarpals

Front 39

finger and toe bones

Back 39

phalanges

Front 40

hip bones

Back 40

coxal

Front 41

thigh bone

Back 41

femur

Front 42

knee cap

Back 42

patella

Front 43

lower leg bones

Back 43

tibia and fibula

Front 44

bones of the foot

Back 44

tarsals and metatarsals

Front 45

The medial mallelus

Back 45

tibia

Front 46

The lateral mallelus

Back 46

fibula

Front 47

Medial longitudinal arch

Back 47

curves well above the ground

Front 48

Lateral longitudinal arch

Back 48

very low

Front 49

Transverse arch

Back 49

runs obliquely form one side of the foot to the other, following the lines of the joints between the tarsals and metatarsals

Front 50

Fontanels

Back 50

remnants of fibrous membrane present at birth that connect infants skull bones

Front 51

What is present at birth?

Back 51

congenital defect

Front 52

Colle's fracture

Back 52

a break in the distal end of the radius; common when attempt to break fall with outstretched hands

Front 53

Articulation/Joint

Back 53

where two or more bones meet; hold bones together and allow for mobility

Front 54

Synarthroses

Back 54

allow no movement

Front 55

Amphiarthroses

Back 55

allow slight movement

Front 56

Diarthroses

Back 56

freely movable joints

Front 57

Suture

Back 57

joints between the bones of the skull

Front 58

Gymphosis

Back 58

peg and socket joint ex: teeth in bony socket

Front 59

Syndesmosis

Back 59

joint due to ligament attachment

ex: attachment between tibia and fibula

Front 60

Symphosis

Back 60

Carilaginous joint

ex: pubic symphysis- seperation of pubic bone during childbirth

Front 61

Articular cartilage

Back 61

covers the opposing joint surfaces; thin layer of hyaline cartilage normally prevents bone surfaces from contacting each other during movemnet; slick and smooth to reduce friction

Front 62

Joint cavity

Back 62

contains synovial fluid

Front 63

Articular capsule

Back 63

encloses the joint cavity

Double Layered:

Outer layer- fibrous; attach to periosteum of articulating bones via perforating fibers

Inner layer- production and removal synovial fluid

Front 64

Synovial fluid

Back 64

clear viscous fluid

Functions: lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorption

Front 65

Ligaments

Back 65

reinforce and strengthen the joint

Front 66

Capsular ligaments

Back 66

thickened regions of the joint capsule

Front 67

Extracapsular ligaments

Back 67

outside the capsule

ex: tibial and fibular collateral ligaments

Front 68

Intracapsular ligaments

Back 68

inside the capsule

ex: anterior cruciate igament(ACL), posterior cruciate ligament(PCL)

Front 69

Tendons

Back 69

connect skeletal muscles to bones; provide mechanical support and limit range of motion

Front 70

Bursae

Back 70

small connective tissue sacs lined with synovial membrane and filled with synovial fluid; provide a cushion and reduce friction where ligaments and tendons rub against other tissues

Front 71

Bursitis

Back 71

inflammation of bursa secondary to excessive pressure, friction, trauma, or infection

Front 72

Tendon sheath

Back 72

longer, tubular bursa wrapped around a tendon where it crosses a bone surface

Front 73

Tendinitis

Back 73

inflammation of a tendon sheath, typically due to overuse

Front 74

Factors that help stabilize synovial joints

Back 74

-collagen fibers of joint capsules and accessory ligaments

-shapes of articulating surfaces and menisci prevent movement in certain directions

-presence of other bones, fat pads, or skeletal muscles around joint

-tension in tendons attached to articulating bones

Front 75

Flexion

Back 75

decreases angle between articulating bones

Front 76

Extension

Back 76

Increases angle between artiulating bones

Front 77

Hyperextension

Back 77

extension past the normal range of motion

Front 78

Dorsiflexion

Back 78

lifting the foot towards the shin

Front 79

Plantar flextion

Back 79

depress the foot(points the toes)

Front 80

Inversion

Back 80

sole of the foot moves medially

Front 81

Eversion

Back 81

sole of the foot move laterally

Front 82

Abduction

Back 82

body parts moves away from the midline

Front 83

Adduction

Back 83

body part goes back to midline

Front 84

Pronation

Back 84

forearm rotation so palm faces down or posterior

Front 85

Supination

Back 85

forearm rotation so that the palm faces up or anterior

Front 86

Elevation

Back 86

lifting or moving in a superior direction

Front 87

Depression

Back 87

lowering or moving inferiorly

Front 88

Protraction

Back 88

moving part of the body anteriorly in the transverse plane

Front 89

Retraction

Back 89

posterior movement in the transverse plane

Front 90

Rotation

Back 90

turning movement of a bone around it's long axis

Front 91

Circumduction

Back 91

movement of a limb in a circle

Front 92

Knee joint

Back 92

extracapsular(fibular and tibial ligaments) and intracapsular(anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments) ligaments act to prevent abnormal movement

Front 93

Shoulder joint

Back 93

stability sacrificed to allow greater degree of motion; capsule loose and thin

Front 94

Rotator Cuff

Back 94

Supscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, and teres minor

Front 95

What provides the most stability?

Back 95

the tendon of the long head of the biceps brachii muscle; secures the head of the humerus against glenoid cavity

Front 96

Hip (Coxal) joint

Back 96

range of motion good, but less than shoulder due to strong ligament and deep socket

Front 97

Ligamentum teres

Back 97

ligament head of femur; runs from femoral head to lower hip of acetabulum; contains artery that helps supply the head of the femur; damage cause severe arthritis

Front 98

Sprain

Back 98

when ligament is stretched until some of the collagen fibers are torn; causes pain and immobility

Front 99

Disloction(luxation)

Back 99

when articulating surfaces of bones are forced out of their normal positions;

Front 100

Subluxations

Back 100

partial dislocations

Front 101

Which joint permits the greatest range of motion, therefore susceptible to luxations and subluxations?

Back 101

A joint cannot be both hightly mobile and very strong

Front 102

Rheumatism

Back 102

various conditions causing pain and stiffness of muscles or joints

Front 103

Arthritis

Back 103

any degenerative or inflammatory disease of joints

Front 104

Osteoarthritis

Back 104

degenerative joint disease common in older people

Front 105

Crepitus

Back 105

sign of osteoarthritis; grating sensation caused by friction between dry articular surfaces

Front 106

Rheumatoid Arthritis

Back 106

crippling autoimmune disease; immune system attacks joint tissues; scar tissue

Front 107

Gouty arthritis

Back 107

caused by uric acid crystals

Front 108

Lyme disease

Back 108

tick born disease caused by bacteria

Front 109

Skeletal Muscle

Back 109

voluntary, striated, attaches to bones--->movement

Front 110

Cardiac

Back 110

Involuntary, striated, provides force for pumping blood through the circulatory system

Front 111

Smooth muscle

Back 111

Involuntary, non-striated

1. walls of tubular organs--->movement

2. walls of blood vessels--->controls diameter

Front 112

Excitbbility

Back 112

responsiveness, irritability; stimulated by and respond to nervous system

Front 113

Contractility

Back 113

ability to forcefully shorten when stimulated

Front 114

Extensensibility

Back 114

can be stretched

Front 115

Elasticity

Back 115

can return to original length

Front 116

Name the functions of the skeletal muscle:

Back 116

Production of skeletal movement, maintenance of posture and body position, support of soft tissue, guarding entrances and exits, maintenance of body temperature, joint stabilization, and nutrient reserves

Front 117

Name the three layers of connective tissue part of each muscle

Back 117

1. Epimysium-cover entire muscle, seperate from surrounding tissue

2. Perimysium-divides the muscle into bundles of muscle fibers(fascicles)

3. Endomysium-surrounds each muscle fiber

Front 118

What does the endomysium contain?

Back 118

1.Capillaries-delivery of nutrient and oxygen

2. Motor neuron-nerves that stimulate muscle fibers to connect

3. Satellite cells-stem cells that stimulate muscle fibers to contract

Front 119

Aponeurosis

Back 119

broad sheet of connective tissue layers

Front 120

Muscle Fibers

Back 120

muscle cells

Front 121

Multinucleate

Back 121

contains hundreds of nuclei

Front 122

Sarcolemma

Back 122

cell membrane

Front 123

What are the advantages of so many nuclei?

Back 123

the muscle fibers need many proteins to function

Front 124

Sarcoplasm

Back 124

the cytoplasm of the muscle fiber

Front 125

Myoglobin

Back 125

oxygen

Front 126

Glycogen

Back 126

glucose; *liver

Front 127

Transverse Tubules(T tubules)

Back 127

extensions of the sarcolemma that extend into the sarcoplasm at right angles

Front 128

Myofibrils

Back 128

contrctile rods that run parallel for the entire length of the muscle fiber

Front 129

Myofibrals are bundles of two types of protein filaments:

Back 129

actin(thin filaments) and myosin(thick filaments)

Front 130

Sarcomeres

Back 130

smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber

Front 131

NMJ

Back 131

example of a synapse

Front 132

Synaptic cleft

Back 132

narrow fluid-filled space

Front 133

Neuromascular Junction

Back 133

where neurons communicate with muscle fibers

Front 134

synaptic terminatl

Back 134

where axon branches end

Front 135

Acetylcholine

Back 135

at synaptic terminal; neurotransmitter

Front 136

In the resting sacromere, what is the lock that keeps the active sties on actin filaments inaccessible? What is the key?

Back 136

Troponin; calcium

Front 137

Acetylcholinesterase

Back 137

enzyme that breaks down acetlycholine

Front 138

What are the steps in the Contraction Cycle

Back 138

1. active site exposure-calcium binds troponin, exposes active sites on actin

2. cross bridge attachemnt-myosin heads attach to active sites on actin

3. Pivoting(power stroke)-myosin heads bend, pull actins towards center of sarcomeres

4.detachment of cross bridges-ATP binding cuase myosin heads to let go of actin

5.Reactivation of myosin- myosin splits ATP to get"re-cocked"

Front 139

Duration of contraction depends on

Back 139

1. Duration of nerve simulation or NIA

2. Availability of calcium ions

3. Availability of ATP

Front 140

Rigor Mortis

Back 140

muscles remain in contacted position; when death occurs

Front 141

Motor unit

Back 141

a mote neuron and all the muscle fibers it controls

Front 142

Twitch

Back 142

single, brief contraction/relaxation of a muscle fiber in response to a single stimulus

Front 143

Latent period

Back 143

time between stimulation and onset of contraction

Front 144

Contraction phase

Back 144

from start of contraction to development of peak tension

Front 145

Relaxation phase

Back 145

tension falls to resting levels

Front 146

Treppe

Back 146

phasic rise in muscle tension; when a muscle is again stimulated immediately after the relaxation phase has ended, the resulting contraction will reach a higher tension.

Front 147

Wave summation

Back 147

when two stimuli of equal strength are delivered to the muscle in rapid succession;"ride shoulder" of one before it

Front 148

Incomplete tetanus

Back 148

when the stimulus frequently increases further; tension rises to a peak

Front 149

Complete tetanus

Back 149

when an even higher stimulation frequently eliminates the relaxation phase; skeletal muscle

Front 150

Name the four factors that control the force of contraction

Back 150

-the number of motor units stimulated

-size of muscle fibers

-frequency of stimulation

-degree of muscle stretch

Front 151

Isotonic contraction

Back 151

muscle develops tension that overcomes resistance--muscle shortens

Front 152

Isometric contraction

Back 152

muscle develops tension that cannot overcome resistance--no muscle shortening ex: postural muscles

Front 153

Atrophy

Back 153

decreased cell size(tissue mass); use it or lose it

Front 154

Hypertrophy

Back 154

increased cell sizee(tissue mass); ex body building

Front 155

Hyperplasia

Back 155

increasing cell numbers(tissue mass); cells not getting bigger; ex: uterine hyperplasia at puberty

Front 156

When used actively or strenuously, muscle increases in size and strength and becomes more fatigue-resistant and efficient due to:

Back 156

1. increased number of capillaries supplying the muscle fibers

2. Increased number of mitochondria within the muscle fibers

3. Increased myoglobin's to increase oxygen binding

Front 157

Aerobic metabolism

Back 157

used to generate ATP; takes place in mitochondria and requires oxygen and glucose

Front 158

Anerobic glycolysis

Back 158

used to generate ATP; disadvantages...results in lactic acid buildup, cause muscle aches and fatigue

Front 159

Anaerobic Endurance

Back 159

the length of time muscular contraction can continue to be supported by glycolysis and existing reserves of ATP and creatine phosphate; brief, intensive workouts

Front 160

Aerobic Endurance

Back 160

the length of time muscle contraction can continue to be supported mitochonddrial activity;marathons or long distance swimming

Front 161

For a muscle to return to resting state:

Back 161

Oxygen reserves must be replinished; accumulated lactic acid must be converted to pyruvic acid; glycogen stores must be replaced; ATP and creatin phosphate stores must be resynthesized; the liver converts lactic acid in blood to glucose or glycogen

Front 162

Oxgen Deficit

Back 162

the extra amount of oxygen the body must take in for restorative processes

Front 163

Muscles are classified based on

Back 163

the speed of contraction and the major pathways for ATP formation

Front 164

Slow oxidative fibers

Back 164

Red slow twitch; small diameter muscle fivers; increase myoglobin; increased mitochondria; increased capillary;

Front 165

Fast glycolytic fibers

Back 165

white fast twitch fibers; large diameter muscle fibers; increased glycogen; decreased myoglobin; decreased capillary supply; decreased mitochondria;

Front 166

Fast oxidative fibers

Back 166

intermediate fast twitch fibers; between two ; sprinting and walking

Front 167

Botulism

Back 167

contaminated food

Front 168

Tetanus

Back 168

clostridial toxin; bacteria

Front 169

Myasthenia gravis

Back 169

progressive muscle weakness and paralysis resulting from autoimmune destruction of acetylcholine receptors at NMJ; genetic factors, drooping eyelids and facial muscles

Front 170

Curare

Back 170

poison that binds acetylcholine receptors; paralysis

Front 171

Muscular dystrophies

Back 171

inherited, muscle destroying disease generally appear in childhood

Front 172

Fasciculation

Back 172

spontaneous contraction of a few muscle fibers

Front 173

Cramp

Back 173

sustained spasm of an entire muscle

Front 174

Myalgia

Back 174

muscle pain

Front 175

Fibromyalgia

Back 175

chronic muscle infammation

Front 176

Strain

Back 176

pulled muscle due to excessive stretching or tearing of muscle

Front 177

Herniasab

Back 177

normal protusion of visceral organ or part of an organ through surrounding muscle wall

Front 178

Calcium channel blocker

Back 178

drugs that interfere with calcium movement into cardiace and vascular smooth muscle cells

Front 179

Myoglobinuria

Back 179

reddish-brown urine due to presence of myoglobine

Front 180

Serum Creatinine

Back 180

used to measure kidney function

Front 181

Anabolic Steroids

Back 181

drugs that increase muscle mass, endurance, and recovery from injury

Front 182

Myopathy

Back 182

any disease of muscle

Front 183

RICE

Back 183

acryonmy; rest, ice, compression, elevation

Front 184

Myoblasts

Back 184

embryonic mesoderm cells muscle tissues develop

Front 185

Parallel arrangement

Back 185

long axes of fascicles run parallel to long axis of muscle

Front 186

Fusiform

Back 186

parallel and spindle shaped with expanded bellypenn

Front 187

Prime mover

Back 187

muscle that provides the major force for a particular movement

Front 188

Antagonist

Back 188

opposes or reverses action of prime mover

Front 189

Synergist

Back 189

muscles that provide additional force to assist prime mover

Front 190

Fixator

Back 190

stabilizes a bone during action of prime mover

Front 191

Charley horse

Back 191

muscle contusion; tearing of muscle

Front 192

Shin splints

Back 192

pain in anterior leg caused by irritation of tibialis aterior muscle

Front 193

Trichionosis

Back 193

serious infection that humans can contract when they eat rare pork containing encysted Trichinella larvae

Front 194

Pulled groin

Back 194

strain in one of adductor muscles that move the thigh

Front 195

Leioyoma

Back 195

benign tumor of smooth muscle tissue; sarcoma-malignant tumor so smooth tissue

Front 196

Arthrogryposis

Back 196

persistant contracture or flexure of a joint