Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
91 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Which is correctly ordered from smallest to largest? |
molecules, cells, tissues
|
|
|
Homeostasis is
|
maintenance of a balanced internal environment
|
|
|
A negative feedback loop is
|
is used in maintaining stable core body temperature is used in maintaining stable blood pressure c. includes a receptor, a control center, and effector and a set point |
|
|
When a blood vessel is damaged, platelets cling to the injured site and release chemicals that attract more platelets. The self-amplifying cycle is a hallmark of:
|
Positive Feedback
|
|
|
Equilibrium will be established when
|
charged particles move down an electrical gradient
|
|
|
A directional term meaning toward the side, or away from the midline
|
lateral
|
|
|
The plane which divides the body or specimen into anterior and posterior portions
|
frontal
|
|
|
The quadrant of the abdomen in which the liver is found
|
right upper quadrant
|
|
|
Directional term meaning above
|
superior
|
|
|
The cavity in which the spleen is located
|
abdominal
|
|
|
The term referring to the front of the body
|
ventral
|
|
|
The term referring to the back of the body
|
dorsal
|
|
|
Term referring to the ventral side
|
anterior
|
|
|
Term referring to the dorsal side
|
posterior
|
|
|
Closer to the point of attachment or orgin
|
proximal
|
|
|
Away from the point of attatchment or orgin
|
distal
|
|
|
On the same side of the body
|
ipsilateral
|
|
|
On opposite sides of the body
|
contralateral
|
|
|
Term meaning closer to the body surface
|
superficial
|
|
|
Term meaning further from the body surface
|
deep
|
|
|
Term referring toward the tall or inferior end
|
caudal
|
|
|
Term referring to the forehead or nose
|
rostral
|
|
|
Term referring to the head or superior end
|
cephalic
|
|
|
Name the associated Viscera to the specific cavity |
|
|
|
Cranial Cavity
|
brain
|
|
|
Vertebral Canal
|
spinal cord
|
|
|
Thoracic Cavity Pleural Cavities (2) Pericardial Cavity |
lungs heart |
|
|
Abdominopelvic Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity |
digestive organs, spleen, kidneys bladder,rectum, reproductive organs |
|
|
3 Characteristics of Life
|
Organization—living things exhibit a higher level of organization than nonliving things • Cellular composition—living matter is always compartmentalized into one or more cells • Metabolism—sum of all internal chemical change: anabolism (synthesis) and catabolism (digestion) • Responsiveness—ability to sense and react to stimuli (irritability or excitability) • Movement—of organism and/or of substances within the organism |
|
|
Receptor
|
structure that senses change in the body (e.g., stretch receptors above heart that monitor blood pressure)
|
|
|
Integrating (control) center
|
control center that processes the sensory information, ―makes a decision,‖ and directs the response (e.g., cardiac center of the brain)
|
|
|
Effector
|
cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis (e.g., the heart)
|
|
|
Positive Feedback and Rapid Change
|
1. Fetus’ head pushes against cervix 2. Nerves send signals to brain 3. Brain stimulates pituitary to secrete oxytocin 4. Oxytocin stimulates uterine contraction 5. Fetus’ head applies more pressure to cervix and cycle repeats, strengthens |
|
|
a weak attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and a slightly negative oxygen or nitrogen atom in another
|
Hydrogen Bond
|
|
|
Polar covalent bonds and a V-shaped molecule give water a set of properties that account for its ability to support life. 5? |
– Solvency – Cohesion – Adhesion – Chemical reactivity – Thermal stability |
|
|
tendency of one substance to cling to another
|
Adhesion
|
|
|
tendency of like molecules to cling to each other
|
Cohesion
|
|
|
ability to participate in chemical reactions
|
Chemical Reactivity
|
|
|
Colloids
|
in the body are often mixtures of protein and water
|
|
|
Acid
|
is a proton donor (releases H+ ions in water)
|
|
|
Base
|
is a proton acceptor (accepts H+ ions)
|
|
|
Metabolism
|
all chemical reactions of the body
|
|
|
Energy-storing (endergonic) synthesis reactions • Requires energy input • Production of protein or fat
|
Anabolism
|
|
|
Energy-releasing (exergonic) decomposition reactions • Breaks covalent bonds • Produces smaller molecules
|
Catabolism
|
|
|
Four categories of carbon compounds
|
– Carbohydrates – Lipids – Proteins – Nucleic acids |
|
|
splitting a polymer by the addition of a water molecule Figure
|
Hydrolysis
|
|
|
monomers covalently bind together to form a polymer with the removal of a water molecule Figure
|
Dehydration Synthesis
|
|
|
Three important monosaccharides
|
Glucose, galactose, and fructose
|
|
|
sugar made of two monosaccharides
|
Disaccharide
|
|
|
Three important disaccharides
|
– Sucrose—table sugar • Glucose + fructose – Lactose—sugar in milk • Glucose + galactose – Maltose—grain products • Glucose + glucose |
|
|
Polysaccharides—long chains of monosaccharides (at least 50); three key examples
|
– Glycogen—energy storage in cells of liver, muscle, brain, uterus, vagina – Starch—energy storage in plants that is digestible by humans – Cellulose—structural molecule in plants that is important for human dietary fiber (but indigestible to us) |
|
|
are a quickly mobilized source of energy
|
Carbohydrates
|
|
|
5 primary types of lipids in humans
|
– Fatty acids – Triglycerides – Phospholipids – Eicosanoids – Steroids
|
|
|
– Chains of 4-24 carbon atoms with carboxyl group on one end and methyl group on the other – Saturated fatty acids have a lot of hydrogen – Unsaturated fatty acids contain some double bonds between carbons in chain (potential to add hydrogen) • Polyunsaturated fatty acids have multiple double bonds between carbons in chain – Essential fatty acids must be obtained from food
|
Fatty Acids
|
|
|
– Three fatty acids linked to glycerol – Each bond formed by dehydration synthesis – Broken down by hydrolysis
|
Triglyceroids
|
|
|
similar to neutral fats except one fatty acid is replaced by a phosphate group
|
Phosphlipids
|
|
|
The parent steroid from which the other steroids are synthesized
|
Cholesterol
|
|
|
– Lower ratio of lipid to protein – May help to prevent cardiovascular disease
|
HDL (high-density lipoprotein):
|
|
|
―bad cholesterol – High ratio of lipid to protein – Contributes to cardiovascular diseas
|
LDL (low-density lipoprotein)
|
|
|
Amino Acid
|
central carbon with three attachments
|
|
|
Peptides named for the number of amino acids
|
– Dipeptides have 2 – Tripeptides have 3 – Oligopeptides have fewer than 10 or 15 – Polypeptides have more than 15 – Proteins have more than 50 |
|
|
extreme conformational change that destroys function
|
Denaturation
|
|
|
Substrate
|
substance enzyme acts upon
|
|
|
Enzyme
|
proteins that function as biological catalysts
|
|
|
Plasma membrane functions
|
maintains shape separates cell from external environment gatekeeper |
|
|
4 Components
|
Phospholipids Proteins Steroids/Cholesterol Glycolipids |
|
|
Functions of membrane proteins include
|
Receptors, second-messenger systems, enzymes, channels, carriers, cell-identity markers, cell-adhesion molecules
|
|
|
Membrane Proteins
|
1.Receptors 2.Secondary Messengers 3.Enzymes 4.Channels 5.Carriers 6.Cell Identity Markers 7.Cell Adhesion Molecules |
|
|
Extensions of membrane (1–2 m) • Gives 15 to 40 times more surface area • Best developed in cells specialized in absorption • Some microvilli contain actin filaments that are tugged toward center of cell to milk absorbed contents into cell • “brush border”
|
Microvilli
|
|
|
Tail of a sperm—only functional flagellum in humans• Whip-like structure with axoneme identical to cilium’s • Much longer than cilium• Movement is undulating, snake-like, corkscrew • No power stroke and recovery strokes
|
Flagella
|
|
|
• Single, nonmotile primary cilium found on nearly every cell • “Antenna” for monitoring nearby conditions • Helps with balance in inner ear; light detection in retina • Multiple nonmotile cilia • Found on sensory cells of nose • Motile cilia—respiratory tract, uterine tubes, ventricles of brain, ducts of testes
|
Cilia
|
|
|
Largest organelle
|
The Nucleus
|
|
|
double membrane around nucleus • Perforated by nuclear pores formed by rings of proteins
|
Nuclear Envelope
|
|
|
—material in nucleus • Chromatin (thread-like) composed of DNA and protein • Nucleoli—masses where ribosomes are produced
|
Nucleoplasm
|
|
|
• Parallel, flattened sacs covered with ribosomes • Continuous with outer membrane of nuclear envelope • Produces phospholipids and proteins of the plasma membrane • Synthesizes proteins that are packaged in other organelles or secreted from cell
|
Rough ER
|
|
|
• Lack ribosomes • Cisternae more tubular and branching • Cisternae thought to be continuous with rough ER • Synthesizes steroids and other lipids • Detoxifies alcohol and other drugs • Calcium storage
|
Smooth ER
|
|
|
• Small granules of protein and RNA • Found in nucleoli, in cytosol, and on outer surfaces of rough ER and nuclear envelope
|
Ribosomes
|
|
|
A system of cisternae that synthesizes carbohydrates and puts finishing touches on protein synthesis • Receives newly synthesized proteins from rough ER • Sorts proteins, splices some, adds carbohydrate moieties to some, and packages them into membrane-bound Golgi vesicles
|
Golgi Complex
|
|
|
Package of enzymes bound by a membrane • Produced by Golgi • Intracellular hydrolytic digestion of proteins, nucleic acids, complex carbohydrates, phospholipids, and other substances
|
Lysozomes
|
|
|
“Powerhouses” of the cell • Energy is extracted from organic molecules and transferred to
|
Mitochondria
|
|
|
• Cristae – inner folds • Matrix – spaces between cristae |
|
|
|
Short cylindrical assembly of microtubules arranged in nine groups of three microtubules each
|
Centrioles
|
|
|
Two centrioles lie perpendicular to each other within the centrosome • Small clear area in cell • Plays important role in cell divisio
|
Centresomes
|
|
|
Includes interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
|
The Cell Cycle
|
|
|
• condensation of chromatin into visible chromosome during prophase of mitosis • 2 identical sister CHROMATIDS joined at a CENTROMERE which has 2 kinetochores - one on each side
|
Mitosis
|
|
|
Stages of interphase
|
• G1phase—the first gap phase • Interval between cell birth (from division) and DNA replication • Cell carries out normal tasks and accumulates materials for next phase • S phase—synthesis phase • Cell replicates all nuclear DNA and duplicates centrioles • G2phase—second gap phase • Interval between DNA replication and cell division • Cell repairs DNA replication errors, grows and synthesizes enzymes that control cell division• G0 (G zero) phase—describes cells that have left the cycle and cease dividing for a long time (or permanently) 4
|
|
|
• Genetic material condenses into compact chromosomes • Easier to distribute to daughter cells than chromatin • 46 chromosomes, 2 chromatids per chromosome • Nuclear envelope disintegrates • Centrioles sprout spindle fibers (long microtubules) • Spindle fibers push centriole pairs apart • Some spindle fibers attach to kinetochores of centromeres of chromosomes
|
Prophase
|
|
|
• Chromosomes are aligned on cell equator• Spindle fibers complete mitotic spindle (lemon-shaped)• Shorter microtubules from centrioles complete an aster which anchors itself to inside of cell membrane
|
Metaphase
|
|
|
• Enzyme cleaves two sister chromatids apart at centromere• Single-stranded daughter chromosomes migrate to each pole of the cell as motor proteins in kinetochores crawl along spindle fibers
|
Anaphase
|
|
|
• Chromosomes cluster on each side of the cell• Rough ER makes new nuclear envelope around each cluster• Chromosomes uncoil to chromatin• Mitotic spindle disintegrates• Each nucleus forms nucleoli
|
Telophase
|
|
|
• Division of cytoplasm into two cells • Telophase is the end of nuclear division but overlaps cytokinesis • Achieved by myosin protein pulling on actin in the terminal web of cytoskeleton• Creates cleavage furrow around the equator of cell• Cell eventually pinches in two
|
Cytokinesis
|
