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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The basic units of all living matter/ essential to life |
Cells |
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A cell is made up of how much water |
85% |
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The cell is made up of proteins by how much |
15% |
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Cell compounds have be divided up into what two categories |
Inorganic and organic |
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Substances that contain carbon atoms |
Organic compounds |
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Organic compounds include: |
Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids |
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Constitute 15% of the cell |
proteins |
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formed by combining amino acids |
proteins |
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The structural unit of proteins are |
amino acids |
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responsible for the growth and repair of body tissue- building blocks of everything |
Protein |
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proteins that catalyze chemical reactions |
Enzymes |
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assist in the recovery of an organism from radiation damage |
Repair enzymes |
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What is the purpose of repair enzymes |
repair damaged molecules |
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Give structure to skin, hair, muscle, etc |
Structural proteins |
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Proteins that allow cells to communicate with each other chemically |
Hormones |
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Proteins of our immune system |
Antibodies |
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Antibodies are created by what |
B lymphocytes |
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Organic compound made up of chains of sugar molecules |
Carbohydrates |
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Provide fuel/energy for cell metabolism |
Carbohydrates |
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Sugars composed of two monosaccharides |
Disaccharides |
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Substances known as fat |
Lipids |
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Serve as a reservoir for the long-term storage of energy, insulate and protect the body, support and protect organs |
Lipids |
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Complex molecules made up of nucleotides |
Nucleic Acids |
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Each nucleotide is composed of a |
nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar molecule, and a phosphate molecule |
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What are the nitrogenous bases |
adenine, guanine, cytosine, or thymine |
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Two types of nucleic acids |
DNA and RNA |
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Composed of two long sugar-phosphate chains that twist around each other in a double helix configuration linked by pairs of nitrogenous bases at the sugar molecules of the chain |
DNA |
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Known as the rails of DNA |
sugar-phosphate chain |
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Known as the rungs of the DNA |
Nitrogenous bases |
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The master chemical that carries the genetic information necessary for cell replication and regulates all cellular activity to direct protein synthesis |
DNA |
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rsembles half of a DNA molecule |
RNA |
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One difference between DNA and RNA |
RNA uses the base pair Uracil instead of Thymine |
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Used to transfer information from DNA to DNA |
RNA |
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Macromolecules means |
Large molecules |
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What are considered macromolecules |
Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids |
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The total amount of genetic material (DNA) contained within the chromosomes of a human being is called the |
Human Genome |
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How many base pairs are there in a human |
3 Billion base pairs- all wound up in the chromosomes |
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Substances that do not contained carbon are considered what type of compounds |
Inorganic compounds |
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What are the inorganic compounds in a cell |
Acids, bases, salts, and water |
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Serves as a medium for chemical reactions within the cell, serves as a transport vehicle, maintains core temperature |
Water |
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Inorganic compound that allows the conduction of electricity throughout the cell |
Salts |
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The reception of food and oxygen and the elimination of waste products, which enables the cell to perform the vital functions of synthesizing proteins and producing energy |
Metabolism |
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Entire cell is encapsulated by a semi-permeable lipid bilayer known as the |
Cell membrane |
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Provides a structural boundary, mechanical support, and regulates what enters and exits the cell |
Cell membrane |
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microscopic cellular membrane protrusions that increase the surface area of cells and are involved in absorption, secretion
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Microvilli |
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The constituents of a cell between the cell membrane and the nuclear envelope |
Cytoplasm |
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The part of the cytoplasm that supports the organelles |
Cytosol |
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also a lipid bilayer- separates the genetic material/DNA within the nucleus from the cytoplasm |
Nuclear membrane |
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containsmost of the cell’sgenetic material – controls cytoplasmic activities and coordinates thereplication of DNA during cell division |
Nucleus |
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acluster of RNA and protein within the cell nucleus that is not membrane bound –manufacture the subunits that combine to form ribosomes |
Nucleolus |
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a network of tubules and vesicles within thecytoplasm that acts as the intra- and extra-cellular passageway and transportmechanism (often considered an extension of the nuclear envelope) |
Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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What are the two types of Endoplasmic reticulum |
Smooth ER and Rough ER |
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Endoplasmic reticulum embeddedwith ribosomes, which are organelles that manufacture proteins fromintra-cellular amino acids |
Rough ER |
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embeddedwith ribosomes, which are organelles that manufacture proteins fromintra-cellular amino acids |
Golgi Apparatus |
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semi-ellipsoidstructures that produce energy for the cell by breaking down (catabolizing)nutrients such as carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins via a process is called oxidation |
Mitochondria |
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structuresthat contain enzymes for digesting excess organelles, food particles, viruses,and bacteria |
Lysosomes |
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the“proteinfactories” ofthe cell – composed of RNA and proteins, and serve the function of translatingmRNA into proteinκ@ |
Ribosomes |
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typicallyfound near the nucleus and serve an important role for cell replication- largelyresponsible for organizing the activity of centrioles, which are tubules that form themitotic spindle during cell division |
Centrosomes |
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similarin function to lysosomes in that they also have enzymes that participate in thedigesting of toxic waste |
peroxisomes |
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Cells that are reproduced by mitosis: aparent cell divides to form two identical daughter cells |
Somatic cells |
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Cells that divide by meiosis- adiploid (2n) cell becomes 4 haploid (n) cells. |
Germ cells |
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What are the phases of the somatic cell cycle |
Interphase 1. prophase 2. metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase |
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Long period in between sequential mitosis |
Interphase |
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Interphase is divided into how many phases |
three |
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What are the three phases of interphase |
1. Gap 1 (G1) 2. Synthesis 3. Gap 2 |
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What happens during the G1 phase of interphase |
RNA synthesis (mRNA + ribosomes) |
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What happens during the S phase of interphase |
DNA synthesis- Chromosomes replicate in preparation for mitosis, two chromatid structure becomes four chromatid |
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What happens during the G2 phase of mitosis |
post DNA synthesis |
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What is the first phase of mitosis |
Prophase |
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What occurs during prophase |
Nucleusenlarges , chromosomestake shape, nuclearenvelope breaks down, spindleformation (centrioles) |
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What is the second phase of mitosis |
Metaphase |
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What occurs during metaphase |
Attachmentand alignment of chromosomes, centromereduplication. |
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What is the third phase of mitosis |
Anaphase |
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What occurs during Anaphase |
Chromaticseparation and migration |
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What is the fourth phase of Mitosis |
Telophase |
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What occurs during Telophase |
chromosomes lose definition, two newly formed nuclei, cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) |
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What are the phases of Meiosis |
prophase 1, metaphase 1, anaphase 1, and telophase 1- then they go right into prohase 2, metaphase 2, etc. |
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Radiations will pass through the DNA molecule and have about three interactions- most likely with water |
Low LET radiations |
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Radiations have more interactions when passing through DNA- higher probability of direct interaction |
High LET radiations |
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What are the different effects that radiation can have on DNA |
single strand break, double-strand break, mutation, or crosslinking |
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What is a single-strand break |
severs a rail or a rung |
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What is a double-strand break |
one or more breaks in each of the two sugar-phosphate chains |
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What is a mutation |
a loss or change in a nitrogenous base on the DNA chain |
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What is cross-linking |
molecules connecting to others on the same chain |
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What are the examples of some effects on the chromosomes |
Chromosome aberrations and chromatid aberrations(restitution, deletion, and rearrangment) |
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What is a chromosome aberration |
happens before synthesis - broken strand will duplicate, daughter cell inherits the damage- more harmful |
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What is a chromatid aberration |
happens after synthesis |
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What is resitution |
One chromatid is hit and breaks, the break rejoins in its original configuration with no visible damage |
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What is deletion |
A part of the chromatid is lost- results in an acentric fragment, the chromatid with the centromere will still divide but be missing some DNA sequence |
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What is rearrangement |
Two separate deletions will join and form a dicentric chromosome- structurally unsound |
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When ionizing particles interact directly with and transfer their energy to vital biological macromolecules and damage occurs |
Direct effect |
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Have excess energy and can travel through the cell creating point lesions some distance from their place of origin |
Free Radicals |
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What is the Target Theory |
Each cell is believed to contain a sensitive or master molecule that maintains normal cell function- when the sensitive target spot is hit with radiation, it will die |
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What will happen to the cell at 1,000 Gy of exposure |
Instant death |
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How much radiation will result in instant death of the cell |
1,000 Gy |
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What will happen to the cell at 1-10 Gy |
Reproductive Death- cell will not die but permanently loses its ability to reproduce |
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What dose results in reproductive death |
1-10 Gy |
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What happens to the cell with 1-2 Gy of exposure |
Interphase death- cell dies without attempting division |
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At what dose will interphase death occur in the cell |
1-2 Gy |
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What happens at .01 Gy of exposure to the cell |
Mitotic Delay |
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At what dose will Mitotic Delay occur in a cell |
.01 Gy |
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What does the law of Bergonie and Tribondeau state |
The radiosensitivity of cells is directly proportional to their reproductive activity and inversely proportional to their degree of differentiation |
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What is the formula for radiosensitivity |
Radiosensitivity = RA/DD |
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What is hematologic depression? |
the reduction of blood cells in the peripheral circulatory system |
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At what dose will hematologic depression occur |
measurable at .25 Gy of radiation |
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A loss in erythrocytes will result in |
anemia |
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What are the most radiosensitive blood cells |
Lymphocytes |
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Lymphocytic depression measurable after what dose |
.25 Gy |
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Granulocytic depression measurable at what dose |
.5 Gy |
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What dose will produce a measurable decrease in thrombocytes (platelets) |
Doses> 0.5 Gy |
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thrombocytic depression will result in |
hemorrhage |
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How radiosensitive are epithelial cells considered |
very radiosensitive |
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What tissue does not divide and is therefore insensitive to radiation |
Muscle cells |
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What tissue is very specialized and therefore radioresistant |
Nervous tissue |
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Are reproductive cells radiosensitive or radioresistant |
very radiosensitive |
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What dose will result in permanent sterility |
5 Gy |
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What dose results in temporary sterility |
2 Gy |
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What are some examples of early deterministic/non-stochastic effects |
Erythema, HematopoieticSyndrome, Gastrointestinal Syndrome, Cerebrovascular Syndrome |
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What are early deterministic/non-stochastic effects |
thosethat appear within minutes, hours, days, or weeks of the time of radiationexposure |
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What is Acute Radiation Syndrome |
acollection of symptoms that occur after whole-body large-dose irradiation |
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What are the four stages of Acute Radiation Syndrome |
Prodromal, latent, manifest, recovery or death |
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Hematopoietic Syndrome occurs at radiation doses of |
1-10 Gy |
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What happens during the Manifest stage of hematopoietic syndrome |
drop in all blood cell counts, infection,hemorrhage |
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At what dose will you get gastrointestinal syndrome |
Whole body dose of 6-10 Gy |
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What happens during the manifest stage of gastrointestinal syndrome |
malaise, anorexia, severe diarrhea,dehydration, electrolyte imbalance |
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At what dose do you get cerebrovascular syndrome |
Whole body dose greater that 50 Gy |
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What happens during the manifest stage of cerebrovascular syndrome |
convulsions, stupor, ataxia, fatigue,coma, etc. |
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What does LD50/30 stand for |
thewhole-body dose of radiation that kills 50% of a population within 30 days |
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What does LD 50/60 stand for |
the whole-body dose of radiation that kills 50% of a population within 60 days |
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What does late non-stochastic effect mean |
appearmonths or years after radiation exposure. |
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What are late non-stochastic deterministic effects |
cataracts and embryologic effects |
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Cataracts can be induced with radiation doses as low as |
.1 Gy |
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What type of dose-response curve does cataracts follow |
Threshold, non-linear |
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What type of effects follow a linear, non-threshold dose response curve |
stochastic non-deterministic effects: cancer |
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What does it mean to follow a linear, non-threshold dose response curve |
The response is directly related to the dose you recieve |
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What type of effects follow a linear, threshold dose response curve |
non-stochastic deterministic- erythema, hematopoietic syndrome, GI syndrome, and CNS syndrome |
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Which molecules in the human body are most commonly directly acted on by ionizing radiation to produce molecular damage through indirect action |
water |
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interaction of ionizing radiation and water and its resulting breakdown is termed |
radiolysis |
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Which of the following cells are the most radioresistant - lymphocytes - intestinal crypt cells - nerve cells - liver cells |
nerve cells |
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Which of the following cells are the most radiosensitive a. brain cells b. intestinal crypt cells c. muscle cells d. nerve cells |
b. intestinal crypt cells |
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What effect does oxygen have on the radiosensitivity of cells |
More oxygen increases the cells radiosensitivity |
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What effect does oxygen have on the radiosensitivity of cells |
More oxygen increases the cells radiosensitivity |
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If a dose of less than 1Gy is received, how long will it take for the cells to repopulate |
Within weeks |
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How long is the recovery period for granulocytic depression |
Months |
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How long is the recovery period for granulocytic depression |
Months |
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What occurs during the prodromal stage of hematopoietic syndrome |
Decrease in WBCs |
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How long is the recovery period for granulocytic depression |
Months |
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What occurs during the prodromal stage of hematopoietic syndrome |
Decrease in WBCs |
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What occurs during the prodromal stage of gastrointestinal syndrome |
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps |
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How long is the recovery period for granulocytic depression |
Months |
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What occurs during the prodromal stage of hematopoietic syndrome |
Decrease in WBCs |
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What occurs during the prodromal stage of gastrointestinal syndrome |
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramps |
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What happens during the prodromal stage of cerebrovascular syndrome |
Nervousness, confusion, loss of consciousness |
