Exam #1 Chapter 4: Tissues

Front 1

What are the four major tissue types in the body?

Back 1

* Epithelial

* Connective Tissue

* Muscle Tissue

* Nervous Tissue

Front 2

What are the characteristics of Epithelial Tissue? (5)

Back 2

* Covers organs and body surfaces

* Lines cavities and hollow organs

* Has a free surface on one side and a basement membrane on the other

* Usually lacks blood vessels

* Cells readily divide and are tightly packed

Front 3

What are the functions of Epithelial Tissue? (6)

Back 3

* Protection

* Absorption

* Secretion

* Excretion

* Filtration

* Sensory reception

Front 4

What are the three shapes of Epithelial Tissues?

Back 4

* Squamous (flat)

* Cuboidal (cube shaped)

* Columnar (tall)

Front 5

Describe the two kinds of layers found in Epithelial Tissues.

Back 5

* Simple - one layer of cells

* Stratified - more than one layer of cells

Front 6

Describe Simple Squamous cells? (3)

Back 6

* Single layer of flat cells

* Substances pass easily through

* Found in Kidneys

Front 7

Describe Simple Columnar cells. (6)

Back 7

* Single layer of elongated cells

* Nuclei usually near the basement

* Membrane at the same level

* Sometimes has cilia and microvilli

* Often has goblet cells (secrete mucus)

* Lines stomach, uterus and intestines

Front 8

Describe Simple Cuboidal cells. (5)

Back 8

* Single layer of cube-shaped cells

* Lines kidney tubules

* Covers ovaries

* Lines ducts of some glands

* Secretes and absorbs

Front 9

Describe Pseudostratified Columnar cells. (5)

Back 9

* Single layer of elongated cells

* Nuclei at two or more layers, giving the appearance of being stratified

* Often has cilia

* Often has goblet cells

* Lines respiratory passageways

Front 10

Describe Stratified Squamous Cells. (5)

Back 10

* Many cells layers

* Top cells are flat

* Can accumulate Keratin

* Makes up the outer layer of skin,

* Lines oral cavity, vagina and anal canal

Front 11

Describe Stratified Cuboidal Cells. (3)

Back 11

* Has 2-3 layers

* Cube-shaped cells

* Lines ducts of mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands and the pancreas

Front 12

Describe Stratified Columnar Cells. (3)

Back 12

* Top layer of elongated cells

* Cube shaped cells in deeper layers

* Lines part of the male urethra and part of the pharynx

Front 13

Describe Transitional Cells. (4)

Back 13

* Many cell layers

* Cells change shape under tension

* Cube shaped and elongated cells

* Lines urinary bladder, ureters and part of the urethra

Front 14

What are the three types of Epithelial junctions.

Back 14

* Tight Junctions

* Desmosomes

* Gap Junctions

Front 15

Describe Tight Junctions.

Back 15

* Protein molecules in the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together and form impermeable junctions

Front 16

Describe Desmosomes. (3)

Back 16

* "Rivet" junctions between cells

* Distributes tension throughout cell walls for strength

* Found in cardiac muscle

Front 17

Describe Gap Junctions. (2)

Back 17

* "Communicating" junction between cells

* Hollow tubes that allow things to pass back and forth

Front 18

What are the characteristics of Connective Tissue? (4)

Back 18

* All arises from Mesenchyme

* Has varying degrees of vascularity

* largely nonliving ECM

* Has ground substance, fibers & cells

Front 19

What are the characteristics of Loose & Dense Connective Tissue? (11)

Back 19

* Fibroblasts * Defense Cells

* Fibrocytes * Adipocytes

* Gel-like ECM * Low metabolism

* Fibers: collagen, reticular & elastic

* Binding tissue * Reservoir for water & salts

* Resists mechanical stress

* Nutrient (fat) storage

Front 20

What are the Loose Connective Tissues?

Back 20

* Areolar
* Adipose

* Reticular

Front 21

What are the Dense Connective Tissues?

Back 21

* Regular

* Irregular

* Elastic

Front 22

What are the characteristics of Cartilage? (6)

Back 22

* Chondroblasts * Chondrocytes

* Gel-like ground substance

* Fibers: collagen and some elastic

* Resist compression due to large amounts of water in the matrix

* Cushions & supports bodily functions

Front 23

What are the characteristics of Bone Tissue? (5)

Back 23

* Osteoblasts *Osteocytes

* Gel-like ground substance, calcified with inorganic salts

* Collagen fibers

* Hard tissue that resists compression and tension

* Functions in support

Front 24

What are the three kinds of Cartilage?

Back 24

* Hyaline

* Elastic

*Fibrocartilage

Front 25

What are the characteristics of Blood? (6)

Back 25

* Erythrocytes * Leukocytes

* Platelets

* Plasma

* A fluid tissue

* Carries O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes and other substances

Front 26

What is the major function of Collagen connective tissue? (2)

Back 26

* Made of collagen fibers

* Tough fibers with high tensile strength

Front 27

What is the major function of Elastic connective tissue? (2)

Back 27

* Long thin fibers that form branching networks in the ECM

* Great elasticity needed for skin, lungs and blood vessel walls

Front 28

What are the major functions of Reticular connective tissue? (2)

Back 28

* Short, fine, collagenous fibers that branch extensively forming delicate networks

* Surround small blood vessels and support the soft tissues of organs

Front 29

Describe Skeletal muscle tissue. (4)

Back 29

* CT sheets attached to bones of the skeleton

* Forms the flesh of the body

* As they contract they pull on bones or skin causing body movements

* Voluntary muscle

Front 30

Describe Cardiac muscle tissue. (5)

Back 30

* Only in the walls of the heart

* Contractions propel blood through blood vessels to all parts of the body

* Striated with one central nucleus

* Branching cells fir together tightly at unique junctions called intercalated discs

* Involuntary muscle

Front 31

Describe Smooth muscle tissue. (5)

Back 31

* No visible striations

* Spindle shaped with one central nucleus

* Found in walls of hollow organs (except <3)

* Squeezes substances through organs by contracting and relaxing

* Involuntary muscle

Front 32

Describe the characteristics of nervous tissue. (3)

Back 32

* Main component of the nervous system

* Regulates and controls body functions

* Two cell types: Neurons & supporting cells

Front 33

Describe a Neuron and what it does. (3)

Back 33

* Highly specialized nerve cells that generate & conduct nerve impulses

* Respond to stimuli via dendrites

* Transmit electrical impulses over substantial distances, via axons

Front 34

Describe a Supporting Cells.

Back 34

Non-conducting cells that support, insulate and protect the neurons

Front 35

What is the suffix of a Mature cell?

Back 35

Cyte

Front 36

What is the suffix of Immature cells?

Back 36

Blast

Front 37

What tissue has the highest metabolism?

Back 37

Adipose tissue

Front 38

What are the three types of Glandular secretions?

Back 38

* Merocrine Glands

* Apocrine Glands

* Holocrine Glands

Front 39

Describe a Merocrine gland.

Back 39

* Fluid producing

* Salivary gland

* Pancreas gland

* Sweat gland

Front 40

Describe a Apocrine Gland.

Back 40

* Cellular product

* Mammary glands (milk)

* Ceruminous glands (ear wax)

Front 41

Describe a Holocrine gland.

Back 41

* Secretory product

* Whole cells

* Sebaceous glands

* Pimples