Evolutionary Analysis Ch 2

Front 1

Steps of the scientific method

Back 1

observe, question, hypothesis (alternate, null), experiment & materials, collect data, conclude

Front 2

what is and why do we use the scientific method

Back 2

it is a process to study the world around us, to evolve, advance, and grow

Front 3

what is a hypothesis

Back 3

possible answer to the question, it is a statement. testable or falsifiable

Front 4

why are not all hypothesis conductive to controlled experiments

Back 4

money, resources, ethical reasons

Front 5

what is the difference between a model, theory, law

Back 5

model-some evidence to support but under certain conditions

theory-tested over and over again but not universal

law- universally accepted

Front 6

What was the big test in Diamond's statement

Back 6

big test- polynesia as a whole, the small test was the maori vs the maoriari, their conflict showed societal differences due to different environmental conditions, different historical and societal environments. Maori Chatham- hunter gathers, no hierarchy. Maoriari New Zealand- fishers, came up with theory.

Front 7

what did Darwin believe

Back 7

all life descended from a common ancestor

Front 8

whats uniformitarian geology

Back 8

a theory that changes the earths surface have occurred gradually over long periods of time

Front 9

process of geologic speciation

Back 9

a new species can develop when a population becomes geographically isolated from its parental species

Front 10

gradualism

Back 10

an existing species could give rise to a new species by a sudden leap or saltation

Front 11

vertical evolutionism

Back 11

deals with adaptive changes in the time dimension

Front 12

horizontal evolutionism

Back 12

origin on incipient species and how species as populations move into new environments

Front 13

horizontal thinking about speciation permitted the solution of 3 problems, which were they?

Back 13

1.why and how species multiply

2. why there are discontinues of major groups of organisms, when concept of gradualism implies countless graduation between all groups

3. how higher taxa could evolve

Front 14

theory of common descent

Back 14

all organisms were part of a single linear scale of ever growing perfection, continuing divergence and multiplication of species

Front 15

biogeography

Back 15

change in the position of a man

Front 16

what are darwins 5 theories

Back 16

1. evolution as such: world is not constant but steadily changing

2. common descent: every group of organisms descended from a common ancestor, from a single origin of life on earth

3. multiplication of species: explains origin of enormous organic diversity

4. gradualism: evolutionary change through population

5. natural selection: evolutionary change comes from production of genetic variation in every generation

Front 17

evidence of speciation

Back 17

new lineages from old, interbreed

ligers; hybrid cannot breed

Front 18

evidence of microevolution

Back 18

change through time, stickleback,

vestigal structure; an anatomical feature that no longer seems to have a purpose in the current form of an organism of a given species

tail bone

Front 19

evidence of macroevolution

Back 19

new form from old, transitional forms.

ex: archaeopteryx has flight feathers like bird and dinosaur like skeleton with teeth and long tail

Front 20

evidence of common ancestry

Back 20

all life forms are related; human, mole, horse

Front 21

three differences in stickleback

Back 21

ocean; more plates, bigger eyes, larger fins

Front 22

what does standard deviation tell you

Back 22

The standard deviation provides some idea about the distribution of scores around the mean (average). The smaller the standard deviation, the more narrow the range between the lowest and highest scores or, more generally, that the scores cluster closely to the average score.

Front 23

law of succession

Back 23

the general pattern of correspondance between fossil and living forms from the same local

Front 24

transitional forms

Back 24

species showing mix of features, traits from ancestral populations and later in descendants

archaeopteryx and dinosaur

Front 25

why are the spine of stickleback important

Back 25

when a larger fish tries to eat a marine stickleback, the stickleback defends itself by extending the spines on its back and pelvis

Front 26

2 components of special creation

Back 26

1. all species are immutable (do not change since their origin), species were recently created, and variation among individuals is limited.

2. All species were created separately and are genealogically unrelated to each other.

Front 27

difference between horizontal and lateral evolution

Back 27

Horizontal gene transfer is any process in which an organism transfers genetic material (i.e. DNA) to another cell that is not its offspring. By contrast, vertical transfer occurs when an organism receives genetic material from its ancestor, e.g. its parent or a species from which it evolved.

Front 28

ring species

Back 28

Ring species is two species populations that are living in the same region but do not interbreed but is connected by a geographic ring of populations that interbreed.

Front 29

what were the external factors that influenced the acceptance of Darwin's theories

Back 29

social economic vs. ideologice

Front 30

difference between population thinking and essentialism

Back 30

population thinking: different bird from a general bird

essentialism: ideal bird is a bird

Front 31

what influenced darwin toward gradualism

Back 31

the differences between the mockingbird populations, the slight differences among many varieties and species of animals, barnacle researchers

Front 32

what led to darwin's theory of common descent

Back 32

galapagos mockingbird, every group of organisms descended form an ancestral species

Front 33

difference between saltational and gradualism

Back 33

gradualism: the belief of advancing toward a goal by slow stages

saltational: sudden change from one generation to the next