Evolutionary Analysis

Front 1

Which of the following is NOT an observation/postulate of Darwin's mechanism of evolution?

Back 1

This variation is due to differences in genes, for which each individual has two copies (alleles), which assort independently during meiosis.

Front 2

Homology refers to similarity between different species that results from

Back 2

inheritance of traits from a common ancestor

Front 3

Which of the following is NOT an example of evolution?

Back 3

When traveling to high altitude, human physiology changes to accommodate lower oxygen levels.

Front 4

What is it about the biology and evolution of HIV that makes it such a difficult virus to develop treatments for?

Back 4

Its high mutation rate allows HIV to evolve resistance to retroviral drugs rapidly, and any drugs that disrupt viral replication may disrupt host DNA replication as well.

Front 5

Reconstructing the evolutionary history of HIV-1 indicates that HIV has evolved from SIV multiple times following transmission to human hosts. The evidence that suggests this pattern includes the finding that:

Back 5

Each of the three HIV-1 subgroups is most closely related to a different chimp SIV strain.

Front 6

The creationist "argument from design" is based on the idea that complex structures (like vertebrate eyes) and organisms can't arise by chance. This argument fails because, although is random, is not; it is a cumulative process that is directed in the sense of increasing adaptation.

Back 6

mutation/selection

Front 7

Homologous and analogous traits differ because:

Back 7

Analogous traits arise through convergent evolution while homologous traits do not.

Front 8

When two or more groups of organisms have coevolved over hundreds of thousands or millions of years, you would expect their evolutionary trees to reflect

Back 8

evolutionary histories that mirror one another

shared speciation events

Front 9

Which of the following support(s) the concept of descent with modification?

Back 9

All living organisms share a common genetic code.

Many mammals have the same pattern of bones in their forelimbs.

Front 10

According to the basic model of mutation-selection balance ( ), if selection for removal of an allele from the population is weak and the mutation rate is high, the equilibrium frequency of a deleterious allele will be ; when selection for removal is strong and the mutation rate is low, the equilibrium frequency of the allele will be .

Back 10

high/low

Front 11

If migration proceeds unopposed by any other evolutionary processes, the result will be:

Back 11

Homogenization of allele frequencies among populations

Front 12

Allele B mutates to allele b at an extraordinarily high rate of 1 mutant allele arising per 100 gametes formed (i.e., µ = 1/100). Assuming a population starts out with the allele frequency of q = 0.4, what will the frequencies be in the next generation given this high mutation rate?

Back 12

p = 0.594 q = 0.406

Front 13

Which of the following options correctly completes the statement, "If a population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium..."?

Back 13

the allele frequencies will not change from one generation to the next

Front 14

When selection favors heterozygous genotypes over homozygous genotypes (i.e., overdominance)

Back 14

the selective advantage enjoyed by the deleterious allele in heterozygotes balances/offsets the selective disadvantage suffered by homozygous recessive individuals.

both alleles are maintained at a frequency different from that predicted by Hardy-Weinberg principles based on the strength of selection against the recessive allele.

genetic diversity in the population can be maintained, in spite of selection acting against the recessive allele.

Front 15

The Amish populations in the United States demonstrate high incidences of autosomal recessive disorders, including Ellis-van Crevald syndrome. Which of the following processes best explains this situation:

Back 15

Founder effect

Genetic drift

Non-random mating

Front 16

In small, relictual populations of organisms, such as the Lesser Pahoa Kipuka Chicken, evidence that genetic drift has been acting on the individual populations includes which of the following?

Back 16

Individual populations would be fixed for a single genotype, but genotypes would vary among populations.

Average heterozygosity would be very low (or absent) in all populations*. -> . Drift increases the inbreeding coefficient and increases homozygosity as a result of removing alleles.

Front 17

The nearly neutral model of evolution attempts to explain the observation that many genes appear to be evolving at similar rates (i.e., in a clock-like fashion) in different species. Part of the basis for this model is that the higher susceptibility of small populations to genetic drift is offset (compensar) by:

Back 17

the lower susceptibility of large populations to genetic drift

the high number of mutations arising in large populations

the lower number of mutations arising in small populations

Front 18

A trait can be assumed to be an adaptation if...

Back 18

it is shown, in a well-designed scientific study, to have a function and to increase fitness of individuals that have the trait

Front 19

According to the tree below, which of the following statement(s) is/are accurate?

Back 19

Species D, F, I, and A form a monophyletic group.
Species E, D, F form a non-monophyletic group.
Species D is more closely related to species F than either is to species I.

Front 20

Referring to the phylogenetic trees below which statement(s) is/are correct?

Back 20

Tree A proposes that the camera eye of mollusks and vertebrates is homologous; Tree B proposes that the camera eye of mollusks and vertebrates arose through convergent evolution.

Tree B is more parsimonious.

Front 21

Which of the following statements regarding mutation rates is true?

Back 21

High mutation rates can be advantageous in novel environments

Front 22

A substitution that changes one of the first two bases in a codon (e.g. AGT) is called a mutation and will .

Back 22

nonsynonymous mutation; change the resulting amino acid

Front 23

Which of the following are true of the process of retrotransposition and retrotransposons?

Back 23

a. Involves reverse transcription of mRNA back into DNA.

b. Includes integration of reverse transcribed DNA back into genome.

c. Can often be recognized by the lack of introns and regulatory sequences.

Front 24

Chromosomal inversions are important for generating genetic diversity because they:

Back 24

Prevent specific groups of genes in the inverted region from being separated by crossing-over during meiosis, allowing them to be inherited together as "supergenes".

Increase the rate of nucleotide substitution, creating regions of high mutation known as "supergenes".