Eppp: Clinical Psych

Front 1

What is Remoralization?

Back 1

A client's feelings of hopelessness and desperation respond quickly to therapy, with remoralization usually being accomplished during the first few sessions.

Front 2

What is Remediation?

Back 2

During the second phase of therapy, the focus is on the symptoms that brought the client to therapy. Symptomatic relief usually requires about 16 sessions.

Front 3

What is Rehabilitation?

Back 3

The third phase focuses on "unlearning, troublesome, maladaptive, habitual behaviors and establishing new ways of dealing with various aspects of life."

Front 4

What did Sue et al. (1991) find regarding therapist-client matching?

Back 4

Ethnic matching reduced premature termination rates for Asian, Hispanic, and White Americans but not for African Americans and that matching was associated with improved treatment outcomes for Hispanic American clients only.

Front 5

What did Maramba and Nagayama Hall (2002) find regarding therapist-client matching?

Back 5

Ethnic matching has a small, but not significant, positive effect on number of therapy sessions attended.

Front 6

What is "diagnostic overshadowing?"

Back 6

The tendency of health professionals to attribute all behavioral, social, and emotional problems to mental retardation in individuals with this diagnosis. Subsequent research has shown that diagnostic overshadowing is not related to a professional's theoretical orientation, expertise, or experience and that it applies to other diagnoses and situations.

Front 7

What is the goal of alloplastic intervention?

Back 7

To make changes in the environment so that it better accommodates the individual.

Front 8

What is the goal of autoplastic intervention?

Back 8

To change the individual so that he/she is better able to function effectively within his/her environment.

Front 9

What age range for both men and women is the largest proportion of admissions to psychiatric hospitals?

Back 9

25-44

Front 10

Schizophrenia is the most common diagnosis for psychiatric inpatients in what age rage?

Back 10

18-44

Front 11

Sue & Sue (2003) found that American Indian and Alaskan Native individuals are likely to (5 points)

Back 11

-exhibit a spiritual and holistic orientation to life that emphasizes harmony with nature and regards illness as the result of disharmony;
-place greater emphasis on the extended family and tribe than on the individual and adhere to a consensual collateral form of social organization and decision-making;
-perceive time in terms of personal and seasonal rhythms rather than in terms of the clock or calendar and be more present- than future-oriented;
-exhibit a strong sense of cooperation and generosity;
-consider listening more important than talking.

Front 12

Root (1998) and Sue & Sue (2003) found that Asian Americans were more likely to (4 points)

Back 12

-place greater emphasis on the group (family, community) than on the individual;
-adhere to a hierarchical family structure and traditional gender roles;
-emphasize harmony, interdependence, and mutual loyalty and obligation in interpersonal relationships;
-value restraint of strong emotions that might otherwise disrupt peace and harmony and/or bring shame to the family.

Front 13

Casas and Vasquez (1989) and Sue & Sue (2003) found that Hispanic and Latino individuals were more likely to (3 points)

Back 13

-emphasize family welfare over individual welfare and stress allegiance to family over other concerns;
-view interdependence as both healthy and necessary and highly value connectedness and sharing;
-consider discussing intimate personal details with strangers (e.g., a therapist) as highly unacceptable and believe that problems should be handled within the family or other natural support system.

Front 14

Paniagua (1994) recommends what type of therapy for Hispanic/Latino clients and why?

Back 14

Family therapy because "it reinforces their view of 'familismo' and the extended family."

Front 15

Other guidelines for the treatment of Hispanic/Latino clients recommend emphasis of what?

Back 15

"personalismo" (except during initial contacts when "formalismo" is preferred

Front 16

What is internalized homophobia?

Back 16

It occurs when LGBT individuals "accept heterosexual society's negative evaluations of them and incorporate these into their self-concepts" (Renzetti, 1997, p. 290).

Front 17

What did Jordan and Deluty (1998) find in their study of lesbians "coming out?"

Back 17

The more widely lesbians disclosed their sexual orientation to others, the more likely they were to report higher levels of self-esteem and positive affectivity, lower levels of anxiety, and a reduced likelihood of engaging in anonymous socializing (going to gay and lesbian bars to spend time with people they don't know).

Front 18

What did Morris, Waldo, and Rothblum (2001) find in their study of lesbian and bisexual women?

Back 18

A higher degree of "outness" was associated with lower levels of psychological distress.

Front 19

Sue and Sue (2003) describe cultural competence as involving what 3 competencies?

Back 19

Awareness, knowledge, and skills

Front 20

What is Awareness?

Back 20

Culturally competent therapists are aware of their assumptions, values, and beliefs--e.g., they are aware of their own cultural heritage and of values, attitudes, and beliefs that may be detrimental to members of culturally diverse groups.

Front 21

What is Knowledge?

Back 21

Culturally competent therapists attempt to understand the worldviews of culturally diverse clients--e.g., they have an understanding of the history, experiences, and values of various groups including knowledge about the impact of oppression.

Front 22

What are Skills?

Back 22

Culturally competent therapists use therapeutic modalities and interventions that are appropriate for culturally different clients--e.g., they don't automatically use the same techniques for all clients and recognize their limitations with regard to helping clients from diverse groups.

Front 23

What is indigenous healing?

Back 23

"culture-specific ways of dealing with human problems and distress" (Sue & Sue, 2003)

Front 24

What is Curanderismo?

Back 24

A holistic system of healing that is practiced in some Latin American countries and Hispanic American communities in the United States. It is based on the assumption that illness can arise from either natural or supernatural forces that affect physical, emotional, and/or spiritual functioning. Healing sessions are led by a male or female healer (curandero or curandera) and combine religious and spiritual rituals with herbal medicine, massage, and traditional methods of healing.

Front 25

What is Ho'oponopono?

Back 25

A traditional Hawaiian spiritual healing ritual for restoring harmony among family members by resolving a current conflict or other interpersonal problem. It entails a structured process that is conducted by a senor family member or other respected elder and begins with identifying the problem, followed by discussions that lead to confession, restitution, and forgiveness (Ka'imikaua, 2008). Family members often share a meal as part of a termination ritual that completes the process.

Front 26

What is the sweat lodge ceremony?

Back 26

A traditional Native American healing practice that takes place in a domed structure (the sweat lodge) built around a pit containing stones that are heated several hours before the ceremony begins. During the ceremony, participants sit in a circle around the pit and water is poured on the stones to create steam and intensify the heat. Use of the sweat lodge is based on the assumption that sweating combined with prayers and chanting, storytelling, and other rituals cleanses the body, mind, and spirit of impurities.

Front 27

What is Acculturation?

Back 27

The degree to which a member of a culturally diverse group accepts and adheres to the values, attitudes, behaviors, etc., of his/her own group and the dominant (majority) group.

Front 28

What are the 4 categories of Acculturation?

Back 28

Integration, assimilation, separation, marginalization

Front 29

What is Integration?

Back 29

The person maintains hi/her own (minority) culture but also incorporates many aspects of the dominant culture (some authors refer to this as biculturalism).

Front 30

What is Assimilation?

Back 30

The person accepts the majority culture while relinquishing his/her own culture.

Front 31

What is Separation?

Back 31

The person withdraws from the dominant culture and accepts his/her own culture.

Front 32

What is Marginalization?

Back 32

The person does not identify with his/her own culture or with the dominant culture.

Front 33

How does Sue (1978) describe Worldview?

Back 33

It is how a person perceives his/her relationship to nature, other people, institutions, and so on. It is impacted by the person's cultural background and experiences and is determined by two factors: the person's locus of control and locus of responsibility.

Front 34

What is Cultural Encapsulation as defined by Wrenn (1985)?

Back 34

When therapists a) define everyone's reality according to their own cultural assumptions and stereotypes; b) disregard cultural differences; c) ignore evidence that disconfirms their beliefs; d) rely on techniques and strategies to solve problems; and e) disregard their own cultural biases.

Front 35

What is Emic Orientation?

Back 35

Culture-specific theories, concepts, and research strategies; attempting to see things through the eyes of the members of that culture.

Front 36

What is Etic Orientation?

Back 36

Refers to phenomena that reflect a universal (culture-general) orientation. Involves viewing people from different cultures as essentially the same. Traditional psychological theories and practices usually reflect an etic perspective.

Front 37

What is High-Context Communication?

Back 37

It is grounded in the situation, depends on group understanding, relies heavily on nonverbal cues, helps unify a culture, and is slow to change.

Front 38

What is Low-Context Communication?

Back 38

Relies primarily on the explicit, verbal part of a message. It is less unifying than high-context communication and can change rapidly and easily.

Front 39

What are 3 possible consequences of racial oppression on the mental health of African Americans, according to Landrum and Batts (1985)?

Back 39

Internalized oppression, conceptual incarceration, and split-self syndrome

Front 40

What is Internalized Oppression, according to Landrum and Batts (1985)?

Back 40

It can involve a system of beating (acting out against the system), system blaming, total avoidance of Whites, and/or denial of the political significance of race. The latter may be manifested as attempting to earn acceptance by the conspicuous consumption of material goods, using status and educational degrees to elevate one's self-worth, and/or escaping through the use of drugs, food, etc.

Front 41

What is Conceptual Incarceration, according to Landrum and Batts (1985)?

Back 41

Involves adopting a White, Anglo-Saxon Protestant worldview and lifestyle.

Front 42

What is Split-Self Syndrome, according to Landrum and Batts (1985)?

Back 42

Polarizing oneself into "good" and "bad" components, with the bad components representing one's African American identity.

Front 43

What is Cultural Paranoia, according to Ridley (1984)?

Back 43

A healthy reaction to racism, when he/she doesn't disclose to a white therapist due to a fear of being hurt or misunderstood.

Front 44

What is Functional Paranoia, according to Ridley (1984)?

Back 44

An unhealthy condition that itself is an illness when he/she is unwilling to disclose to any therapist, regardless of race or ethnicity, due to general mistrust and suspicion.

Front 45

What is Intercultural Nonparanoiac Discloser (Low Functional Paranoia, Low Cultural Paranoia), according to Ridley's model?

Back 45

A client in this category is willing to self-disclose to an African American or Anglo therapist.

Front 46

What is Functional Paranoiac (High Functional Paranoia, High cultural Paranoia), according to Ridley's model?

Back 46

Clients are nondisclosive to both African American and Anglo therapists, and their nondisclosure is due primarily to pathology.

Front 47

What is Healthy Cultural Paranoiac (Low Functional Paranoia, High Cultural Paranoia), according to Ridley's model?

Back 47

Clients self-disclose to an African American therapist but are reluctant to disclose to an Anglo therapist due to past experiences with racism and/or to the White therapist's attitudes and beliefs.

Front 48

What is Confluent Paranoiac (High Functional Paranoia, High Cultural Paranoia), according to Ridley's model?

Back 48

Client is nondisclosing to African American and Anglo therapists, with nondisclosure being due to a combination of pathology and the effects of racism.

Front 49

What is Heterosexism?

Back 49

Cultural ideologies which are "systems that provide the rationale and operating instructions" that promote and perpetrate antipathy, hostility, and violence against homosexuals; includes beliefs about gender, morality, and sexuality that define sexual minorities as deviant or threatening and is inherent in language, laws, and other cultural institutions.

Front 50

The multisystems model is an appropriate approach for what group?

Back 50

African American families

Front 51

What is the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model according to Atkinson, Morten, & Sue (1993)?

Back 51

It distinguishes between 5 stages that people experience as they attempt to understand themselves in terms of their own culture, the dominant culture, and the oppressive relationship between the two cultures. Each stage reflects changes in how the person views the self, others of the same racial/cultural group, members of other racial/cultural groups, and members of the dominant group.

Front 52

Name and describe Stage 1 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model according to Atkinson, Morten, & Sue (1993).

Back 52

Conformity: characterized by positive attitudes toward and preference for dominant cultural values and depreciating attitudes toward one's own culture. A client in this stage is likely to prefer a therapist from the majority group.

Front 53

Name and describe Stage 2 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model according to Atkinson, Morten, & Sue (1993).

Back 53

Dissonance: marked by confusion and conflict over the contradictory appreciating and depreciating attitudes that one has toward the self and toward others of the same and different groups. People in this stage are likely to prefer a therapist from a racial/cultural minority group and usually perceive their personal problems as being related to racial/cultural identity issues.

Front 54

Name and describe Stage 3 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model according to Atkinson, Morten, & Sue (1993).

Back 54

Resistance and Immersion: actively rejecting the dominant society and exhibiting appreciating attitudes toward the self and toward members of their own group. A person in this stage prefers a therapist from the same racial/cultural group and is likely to perceive personal problems as the result of oppression.

Front 55

Name and describe Stage 4 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model according to Atkinson, Morten, & Sue (1993).

Back 55

Introspection: characterized by uncertainty about the rigidity of beliefs held in Stage 3 and conflicts between loyalty and responsibility toward one's group and feelings of personal autonomy. People in this stage continue to prefer therapists from their own group but are more open to therapists who share a similar worldview.

Front 56

Name and describe Stage 5 of the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model according to Atkinson, Morten, & Sue (1993).

Back 56

Integrative Awareness: experience a sense of self-fulfillment with regard to their cultural identity and have a strong desire to eliminate all forms of oppression. They also adopt a multicultural perspective and objectively examine the values, beliefs, etc. of their own group and other groups before accepting or rejecting them. Place greater emphasis on similarity in worldview, attitudes, and beliefs than on ethnic, racial, or cultural similarity.

Front 57

How did Cross describe Identity Development in the original (1971) Black Racial (Nigrescence Identity Development Model)?

Back 57

It involves a shift from Black self-hatred to Black self-acceptance and consisted of 5 stages: pre-encounter, encounter, immersion-emersion, internalization, and internalization-commitment.

Front 58

What did Cross's 1991 revision of the Black Racial (Nigrescence Identity Development Model) introduce?

Back 58

The idea of "race salience" and reduced the number of stages to 4.

Front 59

What did Cross and Vandiver's 2001 revision of the Black Racial (Nigrescence Identity Development Model) change?

Back 59

They included the revision as part of their construction of the Cross Racial Identity Scale (CRIS). This version includes the same 4 stages as the 1991 version but expanded the pre-encounter stage to include assimilation, miseducation, and self-hatred identities and the internalization stage to include two multiculturalist orientations (multiculturalist racial and multiculturalist inclusive).

Front 60

What is the Pre-Encounter stage of the Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model?

Back 60

Race and racial identity have low salience during the pre-encounter stage. Individuals in the assimilation substage have adopted a mainstream identity, while those in the anti-Black substage have accepted negative beliefs about Blacks and, as a result, are likely to have low self-esteem. Individuals in the pre-encounter stage usually prefer a white therapist.

Front 61

What is the Encounter stage of the Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model?

Back 61

Exposure to a single significant race-related event or series of events leads to greater racial/cultural awareness and an interest in developing a Black identity. In this stage, the individual is likely to prefer a therapist of the same race.

Front 62

What is the Immersion-Emersion stage of the Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model?

Back 62

Race and racial identity have high salience during this stage. A person in the immersion substage idealizes Blacks and Black culture and feels a great deal of rage toward Whites as well as guilt and anxiety about his/her own previous lack of awareness of race. Durimg the emersion substage, intense emotions subside, but the individual rejects all aspects of the White culture and begins to internalize a Black identity. Cross refers to the attitudes associated with these two substages as intense Black involvement and anti-White, respectively.

Front 63

What is the Internalization stage of the Black Racial (Nigrescence) Identity Development Model?

Back 63

Race continues to have high salience, and individuals in this stage have adopted 1 of 3 identities: a pro-Black, non-racist (Afrocentric) orientation; a biculturist orientation that integrates a Black identity with a White or other salient cultural identity; or a multiculturalist orientation that integrates a Black identity with two or more other salient cultural identities. Individuals in this stage may actively work to eradicate racism and, in therapy, may exhibit healthy cultural paranoia.

Front 64

What is the White Racial Identity Development Model, according to Helms (1990, 1995)?

Back 64

According to Helms, racism is a central part of being White in America. The model proposes that identity development involves two phases: abandoning racism (statuses 1-3) and developing a nonracist White identity (statuses 4-6). Each status is characterized by a different information-processing strategy (IPS), which refers to the methods the individual uses to reduce discomfort related to racial issues.

Front 65

What is Contact Status, according to the White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1990, 1995)?

Back 65

The individual has little awareness of racism and of his/her racial identity and may show unsophisticated behaviors that reflect racist attitudes and beliefs. The IPS for this status is oblivousness and denial.

Front 66

What is Disintegration Status, according to the White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1990, 1995)?

Back 66

Increasing awareness of race and racism leads to confusion and emotional conflict. To reduce internal dissonance, the person may over-identify with members of minority groups, act in paternalistic ways toward them, or retreat into White society. The IPS for this status is suppression of information and ambivalence.

Front 67

What is Reintegration Status, according to the White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1990, 1995)?

Back 67

The individual attempts to resolve the moral dilemmas associated with the disintegration status by idealizing White society and denigrating members of minority groups. He/she may blame minority group members for their problems and view Whites as the victims of reverse discrimination. The IPS for this status is selective perception and negative out-group distortion.

Front 68

What is Pseudo-Independence Status, according to the White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1990, 1995)?

Back 68

A personally jarring event or series of events causes the person to question his/her racist views and acknowledge the role that Whites have had in perpetrating racism. The person is interested in understanding racial/cultural differences but does so only on an intellectual level. The IPS for this status is selective perception and reshaping reality.

Front 69

What is Immersion-Emersion Status, according to the White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1990, 1995)?

Back 69

The individual explores what it means to be White, confronts his/her own biases, and begins to understand the ways he/she benefits from White privilege. This status is characterized by increased experiential and affective understanding of racism and oppression. The IPS for this status is hypervigilence and reshaping.

Front 70

What is Autonomy Status, according to the White Racial Identity Development Model (Helms, 1990, 1995)?

Back 70

The individual internalizes a nonracist White identity that includes an appreciation of and respect for racial/cultural differences and similarities. He/she actively seeks out interactions with members of diverse groups. The IPS for this status is flexibility and complexity.

Front 71

Troiden (1988) discusses what identity development model?

Back 71

Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model

Front 72

What is the name and description for Stage 1 of the Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model (Troiden, 1988)? During what period of life does this Stage usually occur?

Back 72

Sensitization: Feeling Different. Usually characteristic of MIDDLE CHILDHOOD. The individual feels different from his/her peers.

Front 73

What is the name and description for Stage 2 of the Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model (Troiden, 1988)? During what period of life does this Stage usually occur?

Back 73

Self-Recognition: Identity Confusion. At the onset of PUBERTY. The individual realizes that he/she is attracted to people of the same sex and attributes those feelings to homosexuality, which leads to turmoil and confusion.

Front 74

What is the name and description for Stage 3 of the Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model (Troiden, 1988)?

Back 74

Identity Assumption. The individual becomes more certain of his/her homosexuality and may deal with this realization in a variety of ways--e.g., by trying to "pass" as heterosexual, by aligning him/herself with the homosexual community, or by acting in ways consistent with society's stereotypes about homosexuality.

Front 75

What is the name and description for Stage 4 of the Homosexual (Gay/Lesbian) Identity Development Model (Troiden, 1988)?

Back 75

Commitment: Identity Integration. Individuals in this stage have adopted a homosexual way of life and publicly disclose their homosexuality.