Ephe 201 Midterm 1

Front 1

What is video analysis used for?

Back 1

observational tool used to analyse and provide performance feedback

Front 2

Time resolution?

Clarity resolution?

Back 2

Time - Frame rate (how quickly a camera can capture subsequent images)

Clarity - Pixel count

Front 3

Motion blur?

Back 3

indication frame rate is not fast enough to capture movement

Front 4

pixel resolution?

Back 4

how many pixels camera can develop

High pixel count= very detailed images

Front 5

What time of zoom will disturb pixel resolution?

Back 5

Digital zoom cause it focuses on specific pixels unlike optical zoom which uses lens to amplify the image

Front 6

What is the purpose of physical markers when making videos?

Back 6

For visual reference of anatomical landmarks, markers can often be automatically tracked by video software

Front 7

4 phases of qualitative analysis?

Back 7

Preparation

observation

evaluation/diagnosis

intervention

Front 8

What are the 3 steps of preparation?

Back 8

1.) require tools to properly observe task (understand mechanical principles to describe movement)

2.) knowledge of skill specific considerations

- goal of movement, knowledge of performers(level of athlete), observational bias, knowledge of effective and appropriate instruction

3) develop systematic strategy for observation

Front 9

4 important observational considerations?

Back 9

1. FOR

2. FBD

3. Vectors - how to visualize forces and movement

4. QAA - basic functional anatomy

Front 10

Frame of reference?

Back 10

way to describe an objects position in space and whole body orientation alone and with respect to external landmarks

Front 11

What is the purpose of having parallel axis?

Back 11

Helps show posture imbalances and improper body alignment

- used to determine postural abnormalities in the frontal plane

Front 12

From a frontal plane what postural abnormalities can be viewed using a parallel axis?

Back 12

if one hip or shoulder girdle is higher then the other

Front 13

using a parallel axis what abnormalities can be viewed from a saggital plane?

Back 13

lordosis

Front 14

using the idea of FOR what will you be able to detect?

Back 14

where the performer is ins pace with respect to local and global FOR

how to view movement

Individual movements of body segments
- alignment/misalignment

- balance/imbalance

Front 15

Benefits of FBD?

Back 15

- Removes all unnecessary visual info
- Focus simply on structural movement
- Rigid segments where forces act

Front 16

Limitations of FBD?

Back 16

Perspective - plane of movement

Depth - Is each limb well represented by a 2D stick figure?

ROM

Subjectivity - did we get accurate joint centers, did we misrepresent usefull info

Front 17

Important properties of Vectors?

Back 17

Direction - where the arrow points

Magnitude - length of vector

point of application

Front 18

Magnitude?

Direction?

Line of action?

Point of application?

Back 18

- length of arrow

- relative to an axis

- shaft of an arrow

- where it acts (another object)

Front 19

Internal forces?

Example?

Back 19

Act within the object or system

when you jump and land there is a force from the lower leg onto the upper leg and vice versa

Front 20

Internal pulling forces?

Back 20

Tensile forces
- tension in muscles when lifting weight or jumping

- similar to tension in rope when pulled

Front 21

internal pushing forces?

Back 21

Compressive forces

object being compacted

when tensile or compressive factors on a structure are greater than the structure can withstand, structure will fail..aka broken bones, pulled muscles...

Front 22

External Forces?

Back 22

Forces that act on an object as result of surroundings, contact and non-contact

Gravity, magnetic, electrical

Front 23

What does gravitational attraction depend on?

Back 23

Amount of mass each object has and distance btw 2 objects

Front 24

Contact forces and example

Back 24

Occurs btw objects in contact with each other

- solid or fluid

Front 25

Static friction?

Back 25

Occurs when 2 objects in contact are not moving relative to one another

Front 26

Dynamic friction?

Back 26

Occurs when 2 objects in contact begin to slide relative to one another

Front 27

force summation?

Back 27

Internal forces in body (muscular actions transferred through tendons and ligaments) can add together to act upon an external object to move either the object or ur body

Front 28

Force-motion principle?

Back 28

It takes unbalanced forces to create or modify our motion

- without external forces, body cannot change its general motion

Front 29

3 degrees of freedom for glenohumereal joint?

Back 29

flexion/extension

abduction/adduction

medial/lateral rotation

Front 30

3 directions of scapula?

Back 30

1. elevation/depression

2. protraction/retraction

3. upwarwd/downward rotation

Front 31

movement of the hip?

Back 31

flex/exten

ab/add

med/lat rotation

Front 32

QAA (qualitative anatomical analysis) ?

Back 32

analysis technique to determine which muscles are necessary to produce movements, when they are active and what type of contraction they produce

Front 33

steps of a QAA?

Back 33

1. divide activity into temporal phases

2. identify joints involved and movements at joints

3. types of contractions and active muscles groups

4. instances of rapid joint accelerations and impact

5. identify any extremes in joint ROM's

Front 34

What is motion?

Back 34

change in position

requires space (spatial) and time (temporal)

Front 35

Rotary motion?

Back 35

Circular motion about an axis

Front 36

Rotary motion?

Back 36

Circular motion about an axis

Front 37

General motion?

Back 37

Combo of linear and angular

Front 38

Kinematics?

Back 38

Study of motion exclusive of influences of mass and force, based on displacement and velocity and acceleration

Front 39

Distance?

Back 39

Measure of total path taken

- scalar quantity

- how much ground the object covered on its path

Front 40

Displacement?

Back 40

Measurement of shortest distance from beginning to end of path

-vector quantity, how far out of place an object is from its original position

Front 41

Scalar quantity?

Back 41

Quantities fully described by magnitude alone

Eg. 10 paces (no direction)

Front 42

Vector quantity?

Back 42

Quantity described by both magnitude and direction (always the shortest distance)

Eg. 10 paces east

Front 43

3 important requirements to be able to use video to measure kinematics?

Back 43

1. Camera did not move

2. Movement of object occurred in plane of camera

3. Reference measurement to convert pixels to meters

Front 44

Speed is?

Back 44

How fast object is moving

-scalar quantity

-distance/time

Front 45

Velocity?

Back 45

Rate at which an object changes its position

- displacement/time

- vector quantity (need to identify a direction. eg. east, west)

Front 46

average speed is?

Back 46

total change in distance/ total change in time

> (final distance - initial distance)/(final time - initial time)

Front 47

Average velocity?

Back 47

total change in displacement divided by total change in time

- final - initial

Front 48

Acceleration?

Back 48

Rate at which object changes its velocity

- Vector quantity

- proportional to velocity, inversely proportional to time

accel = change in velocity/change in time

Front 49

Kinetics?

Back 49

Mass, force and energy

Front 50

Kinematics?

Back 50

Displacement, velocity and acceleration

Front 51

What is inertia?

Back 51

Resistance to change in state of motion

Front 52

What is force?

Back 52

A push or pull acting on a body that causes or tends to cause a change in motion of the body

- vector
- magnitude, direction, Point of application, line of action

Front 53

newtons first law?

Back 53

object at rest stays at rest, object in uniform motion stays in uniform motion unless acted on by net external force

Front 54

According to newton what is mass?

Back 54

tendency for an object to resist change in motion

- a measure of inertia

- greater the mass, greater the inertia

therefore, force must overcome mass to get something moving or to stop it from moving

Front 55

Static equilibrium?

Back 55

Sum of forces acting on person in all directions is zero and person will maintain their state of motion

Front 56

Most important rule for conservation of momentum?

Back 56

Sum of momentum before collision must equal sum of momentum after collision

Front 57

Momentum?

Back 57

Tendency for object to resist change in motion, during motion, and continue traveling along its path

P(momentum)= m(inertia)v(in motion)

Vector

Front 58

Elastic collision?

Back 58

when 2 objects collide and bounce off one another

- eg. pool table balls

Front 59

In an elastic collision with objects of different mass, how is mass transferred?

Back 59

From object of more mass to object of lesser mass

Front 60

Inelastic collision?

Back 60

When 2 objects collide and stick together and behave has one object after collision

M1v1+m2v2=(m1+m2)v

Front 61

Coefficient of restitution?

Back 61

Bounciness

Absolute value of the ratio of the velocity of separation to velocity of approach

Front 62

Velocity of separation?

Velocity of approach?

Back 62

VOA- how fast object is moving before it hits the ground

VOS- how fast an object is moving after it hits the ground

Front 63

How can we determine COR?(coefficient of restitution)

Back 63

By observing the drop height relative to the bounce/rebound height

Front 64

Newton's second law?

Back 64

Law of acceleration

If force exerted on object, object will accelerate in direction of net force and acceleration will be proportional to force

- F=m/a

Front 65

If I am holding a tennis ball in my hand how much force must I exert to lift it upwards?

Back 65

Force exerted upwards must be greater then the weight of the tennis ball

- once velocity is changed we only need to match gravity to keep object moving

Front 66

How do we slow down the tennis ball in my hand?

Back 66

Reduce force to a mass less then the force of gravity from the ball

Front 67

Impulse?

Back 67

Measure of the amount of time a force is applied

Impulse=Ft

Front 68

How can we change an objects velocity using impulse?

Back 68

Produce larger force over short time or less force over short time

Front 69

What limitations are there to increasing and decreasing momentum?

Back 69

Limited by force we can apply(muscles etc r only so strong)

Limited by time we can apply it(we are only so fast)

Front 70

Newtons 3rd law?

Back 70

Every action has an opposite and equal reaction

When object 1 exerts force on object 2, object 2 exerts same force back to object 1