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163 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Odonata?
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long slender wings
long narrow abdomen minimal antennae |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Blattaria?
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hypognathous head (below thorax, concealed by pronotum)
tegmina (leathery wings) flat spiny legs no pupal stage |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Orthoptera?
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females have ovipositors
tegmina (leathery wings) |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Dermaptera?
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pinching cercae
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Hemiptera?
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"beak" off the front of the head
conspicuous filiform antennae (threadlike) pronotum trapezoidal scutellum triangular |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Homoptera?
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membranous wings or no wings(like aphids)
long antennae cornicles secrete |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Coleptera?
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line between elytra
mandibles |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Diptera?
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**haltiers
most have club-like antennae big wrap-around eyes |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Hymenoptera?
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constricted waist
hamules on wings (holds wings together) stingers (only women- modified ovipositors!!) |
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What are the distinguishing characteristics of Lepidoptera?
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coiled mouthparts
labial palps scaled wings |
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What kind of Colepteran has a snout-like mouth?
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weevils
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What order has hamules?
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Hymenoptera
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cornicle?
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tubular projections from the abdomen of an aphid
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scutellum?
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a small plate on the thorax of insects, posterior to the pronotum
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Tegmina?
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leathery wings
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Differends between dragonflies and damselflies?
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Damselflies hold their wings upright
while dragonflies hold them horizontally. |
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Term describing down-turned mouthparts, as in Blattaria?
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Hypognathous
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define holometabolous
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"complete change" life cycle
from egg to several larval instars to pupa to imago |
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define hemimetabolous
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"half change" life cycle
from egg to several larval instars to imago no pupae |
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define ametabaoulous
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" without change" life cycle
from egg to several larval instars to several imago instars no pupae! |
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define imago
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Adult; the last stage of development of an insect, after the last ecdysis of an incomplete metamorphosis, or after emergence from the pupa where the metamorphosis is complete
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define instar
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developmental stage of arthropods, such as insects, between each molt (ecdysis)
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define sub-imago.
which order is charachterized by this? |
exists in the Ephemeroptera (mayflies). Insects at this stage have functional wings but are not yet sexually mature.
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what kind of life cycle is employed by Ephemeroptera?
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Holometabolism with sub-imago
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Describe the typical reproductive system of insects. (meiosis/mitosis, birth, chromosomes)
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sexual
oviparous diploid with haploid gametes |
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term that means ewgg laying?
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Oviparous
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cell with one set of chromosomes is called ___.
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haploid
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what happens in meiosis 1 & 2?
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1: exchange DNA (2 diploid recombinant cells)
2: create gametes (haploid) |
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Where is an individual egg stored in an insect?
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ovariole (of ovary)
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what is an insects "vagina"?
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genital chamber (copulation takes place)
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What is an accessory gland?
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female repro: provides secretions for egg attachment, protection and nourishment
Male: provide secretions that mix with the sperm to protect and preserve the sperm |
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what is a spermatheca?
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stores spermatozoa or spermatophore
associated with a spermathecal gland which provides secretions |
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What is the general term for an external organ of a male organism that is specialized to deliver sperm during copulation?
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Intromittent organ
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What is an insect intromittent organ?
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the male aedeagus, whose function is directly analogous to that of the vertebrate penis.
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paired organs which help the male hold on to the female during copulation are called...?
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claspers
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aphids exhibit what kind of polymorphism?
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cyclical polymorphism
spring & summer: asexual repro & apterous autumn: sexual and winges winter: eggs |
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a ____ founds a new colony in the spring.
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foundress (as in aphids)
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migratory locusts exhibit what kind of polymorphism?
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phase polymorphism
-solitary and gregarious phases (differences in color & shape are hormone induced) |
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eusocial hymenopterans exhibit what kind of polymorphism?
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caste polymorphism
winged founders, workers, drones, queen |
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what are 2 examples of insects that exhibit sexual dimorphism?
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stag beetles, dobsonflies
males have big mandibles |
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what is the term used to indicate the number of broods or generations of an organism in a year?
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voltinism
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what are the respective terms for 1 generation per year, 2 generations per year or more than 2 generations per year?
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univoltine
bivoltine multivoltine |
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what is meant by the term "semi-voltine"?
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generations born every other year
(large insects, some cicadas take many years) |
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most common strategy for mate finding?
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pheromones
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How do crickets find mates?
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auditory
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How can sperm transfer be direct or indirect?
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transfer directly to female
or leave it behind on leaf or stalk for her to pick up |
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live birth is called ____.
And what orders exhibit? |
vivapary (vivaparous insects)
some Diptera, aphids, Dermaptera, Blattaria |
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The mode of reproduction in animals in which embryos develop inside eggs that are retained within the mother's body until they are ready to hatch...?
And what orders exhibit? |
ovovivipary
Thysanoptera(thrips), Coleoptera, Diptera, Blattaria |
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development without fertilization is called...?
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parthenogenesis
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what is it called when 1 ewgg has more than 1 embryo?
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polyembryony
(some hymenopterans, all the same!) |
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male and female organs in 1 individual (but they work) is called
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functional hermaphroditism
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when males are absent, females repro asexually, when males are present, they switch to sex. This is called _______.
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faculatative parthenogenesis
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when the only option is parthenogenesis, it is called...?
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obligatory parthenogenesis (as opposed to faculatative parthenogenesis)
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aging after maturity is called...?
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senescence
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reasons for lifespan variation among species?
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body size
habitat productivity nutrient density of food |
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Reasons for lifespan variation within a species?
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temp/climate
habitat productivity food quality |
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a stage during adverse conditions when metabolism slows but life functions continue??
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Quiescence
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a stage of prolonged dormancy during which endocrine functions change, slow then stop?
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Diapause
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The kind of complete insect metamorphosis in which the different larval instars represent two or more different forms of larva?
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hypermetamorphosis
(usually exhibited in parasitoid insects) |
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what is a biological population?
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an interbreeding populatiion
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aspects of populations that ecologists are interested in?
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most importantly: size over time/population growth/dynamics
also population size density age structure gender distributions behaviors (of popul.) |
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define population dynamics.
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changes in population over time
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equation for population size?
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previous pop size + births - deaths + immigration - emigration.
OR: N_t =( N_t-1) +b -d +i -e |
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term for births per unit time?
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natality
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Term for deaths per unit time?
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mortality
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term for natality of an organism (but can apply to populations)
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fecundity
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exponential growth must slow as N reaches ______.
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K: carrying capacity
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name & describe the 2 types of hypothetical growth.
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additive: a constant amount added
exponential: constant growth rate (can compile & compound) |
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a hypothetical population at equilibrium is called____.
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characteristic abundance
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define outbreak
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a population that rapidly rises above characteristic abundance. Usually only happens when colonizing a new habitat or under optimal conditions.
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What is the name for an s shaped curve?
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logistic growth curve or "sigmoid curve"
(N slopes off as it approaches K) |
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define altricial
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Greek: requiring nourishment
refers to a pattern of growth and development in organisms which are incapable of moving around on their own soon after hatching or being born *characteristic of K-selected species |
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characteristics of K selected species?
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few offspring
high survivorship best suited to stable environments usually larger bodied altricial (slow development) |
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characteristics of R selected species?
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many offspring
low survivorship more likely to outbreak- as they can quickly take advantage of good environmental conditions |
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survivorship curves: type 1
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eg: human
most die off in old age |
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survivorship curves: type 2
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death is as likely at any time of life
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survivorship curves: type 3
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most die before maturity
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the time it takes to reach reproductive age is called...?
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generation time
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word for a generation ( all individuals born at the same time)?
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cohort
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What problem does generational lag time pose to future cohorts?
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cohorts may not be able to adapt to changing conditions
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when "N" exceeds "K" this is called...? and why is it a problem
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a population overshoot: overconsumption of resources
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3 possible results of an population overshoot?
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oscillations, settling to equilibrium or crash
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term for local extinction
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extirpation
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possible repercussions of a population crash?
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very low numbers
genetic bottle-necking, not enough mates, especially in harems extirpation (local extinction) |
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Density dependent positive feedback effects with an "N" increase?
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potential natality increase
competing species may decline |
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Density dependent negative feedback effects with an "N" increase?
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intraspecific competition for mates & resources
predation & parasitism increase |
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environmental factors such as temp, moisture, nutrient avail & natural disasters are density _____.
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independent factoirs
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Temperatures:
range necessary for enzyme function, and optimal range? |
enzymes: 22-35
optimal: 32-35 |
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species interaction where both are harmed?
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competition
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species interactions where one benefits and the other is harmed?
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parasitism and predation
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species interaction where both benefit?
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mutualism
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species interaction where one benefits and the other is unaffected?
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comensalism
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describe pollen
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packet containing generative nucleus (sperm) and tube nucleus in a protective coating
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Plants and animals have been coevolving since the ____era ____MYA.
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Mesozoic era, 265-245 MYA
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What nutrients does the plant provide for a co-evolved insect?
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sugars and nutrients in nectar
protein rich pollen. |
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red flowers are ____pollinated.
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bird or butterfly- other insects can't see red.
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"landing lights" flowers provide for insects?
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nectar guides
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4 orders that are the most common pollinators?
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Coleoptera
Diptera Hymenoptera Lepidoptera |
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______ insects are secialists to one type of flower
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monolectic (eg orchid moths)
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______ insects are generalists and visit many types of flowers.
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polylectic (eg bees)
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what are the advantages of monolectic and polylectic strategies?
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monolectic- reduce competition, specialized food to suit insects needs through coevolution.
polylectic- many and diverse food sources |
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How many species of bee worldwide?
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30K
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what is a good source of nutrients for egg production?
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pollen (protein)
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bee adaptations:
What are the clusters of hairs on tibia for polen collection? |
pollen brushes
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bee adaptations:
ring of setae within which pollen is packed. |
pollen baskets
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bee adaptations:
branched hairs that can pick up more pollen with higher surface area |
plumose hairs
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bee adaptations:
tongue-like mouthpart for tapping and feeding on nectar? |
glossa
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a fig is an internal ___that is always pollinated by a ______ ______.
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inflorescence
monolectic wasp |
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When orchids cheat male insects with pheromones it is called...?
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pseudocopulation
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describe the ant acacia relationship.
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mutualism- plants provide shelter ands food, ants provide protection from predators.
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list 5 basic trophic levels
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primary producers
primary consumers (eg insects) secondary consumers (eg insectivores) tertiary consumers detritivores (bacteria & fungi) |
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50% of species are ______, (meaning plant eaters)
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phytophagous
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list a few phytophagy strategies
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leaf chewers
sap & cytoplasm suckers flower, pollen & nectar feeders leaf miners borers gall formers |
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plant resistance to pytophagy:
nutritional defenses |
large quantity of low nutrition tissue
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plant resistance to pytophagy:
physical defense |
hard seed coats
lots of sticky sap or resin |
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plant resistance to pytophagy:
chemical defenses |
secondary metabolites made to inibit phytophagy from various insects
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plant chemical defenses:
which can block digestion? |
protease inhibitors
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plant chemical defenses: a seed insecticide
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pyrethrins (in pyrethrum seeds)
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plant chemical defenses: repellants made by symbiotic fungi of grasses
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certain alkaloids
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plant chemical defenses: hormone mimics that can interfere with insects growth, nervpous system, repro, etc.
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insect growth regulators
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insects that are host plant specific are called
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monphagous
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4 steps of phytophagous feeding behavior?
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host plant recognition
bite/pierce feeding cessation, dispersal |
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plant chemicals that produce negative stimuli
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repellants
arrestants supressants anti-feeding comounds |
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plant chemicals that produce poititive stimuli
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attractants
incitants phagostimulants (eating stimuli) |
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what is a negative stimulus for most insects is usually a positive for the correct _________.
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monophagous insect
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give 4 examples of insectivorous plants
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pitfall traps (pitcher plants)
snap traps (venus fly trap) sticky traps (sundew) aquatic suction traps (bladderwort) |
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eating insects is called...?
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entomophagy
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when predators contribute to the control of phytophagous insects this is called...?
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top down control
(predator's predators can eliminate top down control though!) |
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which order consists of ALL predators?
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Odonata
(nymphs and adults) |
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the most common strategy for predacious insects is....?
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random searching
less common: ambush, hunting/stalking |
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the rarest type of predation strategy?
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trapping (eg cave glowworm)
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name for a parasite that kills the host (only 1 host)
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parasitoid
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_____ _____parasitoids hunt for victims, usually near victims preferred food plant.
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adult females
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when parasitoids victimize other parasitoids these are called...?
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hyperparasitoids
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Parasitoid wasps often have a long _______ which can _____the host with toxins.
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ovipositor
paralyze |
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parasitoid fly larvae are deposited where?
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attched to outside of host- no ovipositor
(hypermetamorphic first instar must find host) |
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a parasite that feeds on a specific host permanantly is called...?
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continuous parasite
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a parasite that feeds on host temporarily is called...?
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transitory parasite
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most insect parasites are blood eating, aka ______ and are from the orders ___,___ & ____.
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hematophagous
Diptera, Siphonaptera (fleas) and Phthiraptera |
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parasitism that steals resources from another species?
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kleptoparasite
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parsitism in which the parasite lays thier eggs in another's nest in order to get free care & feeding of offspring
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cuckoo parasitism
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parasitism in which a social hymenopteran enters anothers nest and takes over the queens role. workers feed the imposters offspring
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social parasitism
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parasitism in which certain ants steal worker pupae from another species to work in a foreign colony
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slavery
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term for the theft from weaker colonies by stronger colonies of same species.
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intraspecific theft
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term for infection by parasitic fly larvae feeding on the host's necrotic or living tissue?
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myiasis
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term for larvae living inside the gut?
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enteric myasis (rare)
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word for "active at twilight"
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crepuscular (eg. mosquitoes)
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defense by hiding in soil, plants, or constructed cases is aclled...?
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concealment
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camouflage colotration anatomy or behavior is called....?
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crypsis
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types of camouflage coloration?
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substrate mimickry
outline disruption |
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startle coloration strategies?
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eyespots can provide false targets or mimick larger animal
flash colors startle & confuse predators |
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cryptic behavior examples?
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motionlessness
sudden escape (drop to ground) |
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examples of chemical defenses against predators?
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unpalatability (poisonous or nauseating secretions)
repulsive odor |
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examples of physical defenses against predators?
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spiny surfaces
stinging biting |
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unpalatability is often accompanied by ________ colors and behaviors (to warn away predators)
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aposematic
(Greek: sign away from) |
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aposematic behaviors include ....?
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conspiucuous gregarious behavior
flying in full view warning movements, smells, sounds, sluggish effort to escape, repulsive taste & durable bodice |
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mimicry in which 2 unpalatable species look alike?
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Mullerian Mimicry
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mimicry in which one palatable species looks like the unpalatable species
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Batesian mimicry
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3 types of detritivorous/saprophagous insects?
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dead plant eaters (eg. termites)
Dead animal eaters (eg Diptera) Feces eaters (dung beetles) |
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name for an organisms that eats the bactera and fungi on decaying plant tissue?
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shredders
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the importance of detrivores/saprophages?
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aid decomposers (fungi & bactera) in recycleing nutrients
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forensic entomologists use _____ of maggots to determine time of death.
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ontogeny :)
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_____ _____ clean bones for taxidermists.
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dermestid beetles (yuck)
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