Ent 1 Midterm (Part 3)

Front 1

what are the pathways to adaptation?

Back 1

i don't know if the person who wrote this was trolling, but

struggling

??

Front 2

what does "Anthropocene" mean?

Back 2

generally describes current era in which humans make a significant impact on the biological landscape

Front 3

what is contemporary evolution?

Back 3

animal adaptations observed over a "contemporary period" of time in which humans introduced toxic chemicals, or climate change influences animals

Front 4

what is the importance of evolutionary mismatch to contemporary evolution?

Back 4

traits that were once adaptive before or during the evolutionary period have now become mismatched with the present environment

Front 5

what is sustainable development?

Back 5

economical development w/o the depletion of natural resources

Front 6

what is guarding behavior in the soapberry bug world and why did it evolve?

Back 6

in oklahoma, significant probability of guarding

in florida, there is no significance

oklahoma is a colder climate region w/ a greater male to female ratio

males have therefore evolved to guard onto their females more protectively

Front 7

what was the environmental scenario that led to soapberry bug "beaks" evolving in florida?

Back 7

balloon vine host plant -> large beaks

golden rain tree -> small beaks

relates to how deep the soapberry bug has to reach in order to get food

Front 8

why is an understanding of evolutionary biology useful in the everyday citizen's toolkit in the Anthropocene?

Back 8

having become aware that human activity has the most dominant influence on climate and the environment is heading one step closer in protecting the species we live with, esp. those on verge of extinction

Front 9

advantages of exoskeleton?

Back 9

1) cylindrical, adds structural strength

2) chitin is lightweight and versatile

3) highly moldable

4) contributes to color by being pigmented

Front 10

disadvantages of exoskeleton?

Back 10

1) limits size

2) during and after molting, insect is vulnerable

Front 11

describe what you know about the insect circulatory system and respiratory system. how does it differ from ours?

Back 11

-blood circulatory is not fixed w/ blood vessels

blood is pumped into a hemocoel

blood would diffuse back to the cells

-blood is mixed w/ different fluids w/ no separation between them

Front 12

what parts of the insect body are formed by invaginations of the exoskeleton?

Back 12

phragma, which allows for flexible movement

Front 13

what parts of the body are formed by extensions of the exoskeleton?

how are they used?

Back 13

1) mouthparts

2) spines

3) wings

4) legs

5) extensions used as decoys and for mimicry and defense

a) peanut fulgroid uses hollow extension on the head is used for defense against birds

b) caterpillar uses stinging hairs for defense

Front 14

where did insect wings come from?

Back 14

no one knows!

lol!

actually though, no one really knows

Front 15

what types of wings are common?

Back 15

two sets of wings, typically working in tandem

Front 16

why were wings such an important adaptation for insects?

Back 16

gave them another way to escape predators

Front 17

what is unique about beetle wings?

why is this important?

Back 17

-have outer pair of hardened wings (elytra) that cover a membranous pair when at rest

-the membranous pair is in charge of flight

-adaptation gives beetles protection when on the ground

Front 18

what is unique about the wings of flies and mosquitoes?

Back 18

-first pair of wings in charge of flight

- second pair (halteres) are smaller and used like a gyroscope in flight

Front 19

what are the advantages of segmentation?

Back 19

-allows insects to remain flexible even though exoskeleton would limit movement

-allows for functional specialization of different segments

Front 20

what is meant by functional specialization?

Back 20

each part has a special function

Front 21

how do insects develop and grow?

Back 21

molting

Front 22

what are the different types of insect metamorphosis?

Back 22

incomplete and complete

Front 23

incomplete metamorphosis

Back 23

-immature nymph shares same environment as parents

-molt 5 times

-immature: no wings or genitals

-mature: full wings, full reproductive system

-immature and mature look essentially the same

Front 24

complete metamorphosis

Back 24

-immature larvae look nothing like mature adult

caterpillar -> chrysalis -> butterfly

-adults eat different things and live differently from immature insects

-usually indicates more complexity in the species

Front 25

evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of incomplete metamorphosis?

Back 25

disadvantages:

-immature and mature insects in competition

advantages:

-takes less time

Front 26

evolutionary advantages and disadvantages of complete metamorphosis?

Back 26

disadvantages:

-takes longer

advantages:

-no competition between immature and mature insects

Front 27

how does insect know when to molt and how does it know what developmental stage to advance to?

Back 27

-molting process is under hormonal control

limit of exoskeleton met -> hormonal signal -> inner layer of exoskeleton absorbed -> molts

- juvenile hormone level decreases until adulthood or chrysalis stage met and then increases to allow for egg formation

Front 28

what is systematics?

Back 28

scientific study of kinds and diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships to each other

Front 29

what is taxonomy?

Back 29

the theory and practice of classifying organisms

Front 30

how do systematics and taxonomy relate to each other?

Back 30

systematics applies taxonomy phylogenetically

Front 31

what are the four things that systematists do and why are they important?

Back 31

1) descriptive taxonomy

-describe new taxa, redescribe known taxa, make new classifications

2) estimate phylogenetic relationships of taxa

3) study biogeography

-distributions of taxa and explanations for those distributions

4) ID organisms and provide means for other people to ID organisms

Front 32

what is the difference between identification and classification?

Back 32

identification is done using pre-existing classification

Front 33

what kinds of drawings do taxonomists do?

Back 33

1) habitus

- show appearance of insect realistically

2) simplified line drawings

- represent important recognition features in 2D drawing

- dissected structures, different features

Front 34

how are taxonomists' drawings used?

why are they important?

Back 34

- to describe species

- point our hard to discern differences between related species

Front 35

what convention do systematists use in their drawings to most efficiently use space?

Back 35

draw only certain significant parts for comparison

Front 36

what is a species scape?

how do you interpret the info they convey?

Back 36

-scalar representation of organisms present in a specific area

-the bigger the organism is represented in the scape, the more prevalent that organism is

Front 37

in drawings of scale insects, what convention is used to save time, work, and journal space?

Back 37

quickly gives an idea of relative abundance of a species in an area without writing anything

Front 38

what is biodiversity?

Back 38

richness of species in an area

Front 39

why do we care about loss of biodiversity?

Back 39

-ethics

-aesthetics

-direct economic benefits/consequences

-essential services

-sustainable development

Front 40

what are the estimates regarding extinction of insects?

Back 40

impossible to establish a realistic rate of extinction when we have no idea how many species exist on earth

Front 41

why is it important to know how many species there are in the world?

Back 41

in order to fully grasp the impact that loss of species has on overall biodiversity of the world

Front 42

which orders have the most species?

Back 42

1) cleodoptera (beetles)

2) lepidoptera (butterflies and moths)

3) hymenoptera (ants, bees, wasp)

4) diptera (true flies)

Front 43

what are some possibilities to explain why there are so many more species of insects than other animals?

Back 43

-small size

-high level of organization of sensory and neuro-motor systems

-minimal learning capacity and short generation time

-coevolutionary interactions between insects and other organisms

Front 44

when you look at a phylogenetic tree, how do you tell which organisms are most closely related?

what does such a tree tell you about evolution?

Back 44

-more directly connected branches show more evolutionarily connected organisms

-tells you what orders evolved first and from what orders they evolved

Front 45

how are insects classified?

Back 45

kingdom (animalia)

phylum (arthropoda)

class (insecta)

at least 32 orders

Front 46

how many insect species are there on earth?

how does the abundance of insects compare to other taxonomic groups of organisms?

Back 46

-maybe 30 million + species

- 75-95% of animal species are insects

Front 47

why classify insects?

Back 47

-in order to identify and discuss them

-to be able to study and discern them

Front 48

what kind of functional specialization occurs in insects?

Back 48

-head: feeding and sensing

-thorax: locomotion

-abdomen: digestion and reproduction