Emt-I Emergency Pharmacology

Front 1

drug

Back 1

chemical used to diagnose, treat, or prevent disease.

Front 2

pharmacology

Back 2

the study of drugs and their interactions with the body.

Front 3

assay

Back 3

test that determines the amount and purity of a given chemical in a preparation in the laboratory.

Front 4

bioequivalence

Back 4

relative therapeutic effectiveness of chemically equivalent drugs.

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bioassay

Back 5

test to ascertain a drug's availability in a biological model.

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teratogenic drug

Back 6

medication that may deform or kill the fetus.

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free drug availability

Back 7

proportion of a drug available in the body to cause either desired or undesired effects.

Front 8

pharmacokinetics

Back 8

how drugs are transported into and out of the body.

Front 9

pharmacodynamics

Back 9

how a drug interacts with the body to cause its effects.

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active transport

Back 10

requires the use of energy to move a substance.

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carrier-mediated diffusion
or facilitated diffusion

Back 11

process in which carrier proteins transport large molecules across the cell membrane.

Front 12

passive transport

Back 12

movement of a substance without the use of energy.

Front 13

diffusion

Back 13

movement of solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Front 14

osmosis

Back 14

movement of solvent in a solution from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration.

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filtration

Back 15

movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressure.

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ionize

Back 16

to become electrically charged or polar.

Front 17

bioavailability

Back 17

amount of a drug that is still active after it reaches its target tissue.

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blood-brain barrier

Back 18

tight junctions of the capillary endothelial cells in the central nervous system vasculature through which only non-protein-bound, highly lipid-soluble drugs can pass.

Front 19

placental barrier

Back 19

biochemical barrier at the maternal/fetal interface that restricts certain molecules.

Front 20

metabolism

Back 20

the body's breaking down chemicals into different chemicals.

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biotransformation

Back 21

special name given to the metabolism of drugs.

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prodrug (parent drug)

Back 22

medication that is not active when administrated, but whose biotransformation coverts it nto active metabolites.

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first-pass effect

Back 23

the liver's partial or complete inactivation of a drug before it reaches the systemic circulation.

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oxidation

Back 24

the loss of hydrogen atoms or the acceptance of an oxygen atom. This increases the positive charge (or lessens the negative charge) on the molecule.

Front 25

hydrolysis

Back 25

the breakage of a chemical bond by adding water, or by incorporating a hydroxyl (OH-) group into one fragment and a hydrogen ion (H+) into the other.

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enteral route

Back 26

delivery of a medication through the gastrointestinal tract.

Front 27

parenteral route

Back 27

delivery of a medication outside of the gastrointestinal tract, typically using needles to inject medication into the circulatory system or tissues.

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receptor

Back 28

specialized protein that combines with a drug resulting in a biochemical effect.

Front 29

affinity

Back 29

force of attraction between a drug and a receptor.

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efficacy

Back 30

a drug's ability to cause the expected response.

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second messenger

Back 31

chemical that participates in complex cascading reactions that eventually cause a drug's desired effect.

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down-regulation

Back 32

binding of a drug or hormone to a target cell receptor that causes the number of receptors to decrease.

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up-regulation

Back 33

a drug causes the formation of more receptors than noormal.

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agonist

Back 34

drug that binds to a receptor and causes it to initiate the expected response.

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antagonist

Back 35

drug that binds to a receptor but does not cause it to initiate the expected response.

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agonist-antagonist (partial agonist)

Back 36

drub that binds to a receptor and stimulates some of its effects but blocks others.

Front 37

competitive antagonism

Back 37

one drug binds to a receptor and causes the expected effect while also blocking another drug from triggering the same receptor.

Front 38

noncompetitive antagonism

Back 38

the binding of an antagonist causes a deformity of the binding site that prevents an agonist from fitting and binding.

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irreversible antagonism

Back 39

a competitive antagonist permanently binds with a receptor site.

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side effect

Back 40

unintended response to a drug.

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drug-response relationship

Back 41

correlation of different amounts of a drug to clinical response.

Front 42

plasma-level profile

Back 42

descrives the lengths of onset, duration, and termination of action, as well as the drug's minimum effective concentration and toxic levels.

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onset of action

Back 43

the time from administration until a medication reaches its minimum effective concentration.

Front 44

minimum effective concentration

Back 44

minimum level of drug needed to cause a given effect.

Front 45

duration of action

Back 45

length of time the amount of drug remains above its minimum effective concentration.

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termination of action

Back 46

time from when the drug's level drops below its minimum effective concentration until it is eliminated from the body.

Front 47

therapeutic index

Back 47

ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50% of the population to its effective dose for 50% of the population.

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biologic half-life

Back 48

time the body takes to clear one half of a drug.

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autonomic ganglia

Back 49

groups of autonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system.

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pre-ganglionic nerves

Back 50

nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia.

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post-ganglionic nerves

Back 51

nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues.

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neuroeffector junction

Back 52

specialized synapse between a nerve cell and the organ or tissue it innervates.

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neurotransmitter

Back 53

chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse.

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cholinergic

Back 54

pertaining to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

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adrenergic

Back 55

pertaining to the neurotransmitter norepinephrine.

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parasympathomimetic

Back 56

drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also called cholinergic.

Front 57

parasympatholytic

Back 57

drug or other substance that blocks or inhibits the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. Also called anticholinergic.

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sympathomimetic

Back 58

drug or other substance that causes effects like those of the sympathetic nervous system. Also called adrenergic.

Front 59

sympatholytic

Back 59

drug or other substance that blocks the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. Also called antiadrenergic.